11.Biotechnological Advances in Chickpea Research
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Biology of Cicer arietinum (Chickpea) Prepared by : Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) and jointly with Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur and International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad under UNEP/GEF supported Phase II Capacity Building Project on Biosafety Material from this publication may be used for educational purpose provided due credit is given Compiled by: Dr. N.P. Singh Dr. H. C. Sharma Dr. Mamta Sharma Director, Principal Scientist (Entomology) Principal Scientist (Grain Legumes Pathology) Indian Institute of Pulses Research International Crops Research Institute for International Crops Research Institute for Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, Hyderabad the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, Hyderabad Dr. S K Chaturvedi Dr. P. M. Gaur Head (Division of Crop Improvement) Principal Scientist (Chickpea Breeding) Indian Institute of Pulses Research International Crops Research Institute for Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, Hyderabad Dr. Alok Das Dr. Shivali Sharma Scientist (Plant Biotechnology) Senior Scientist (Germplasm) Indian Institute of Pulses Research International Crops Research Institute for Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, Hyderabad Reviewed by: Dr. Ranjini Warrier National Project Coordinator, Phase II Capacity Building Project on Biosafety, Advisor, MoEF&CC Dr. O P Govila Former Professor of Genetics, Indian Agriculture Research Institute Dr. Michael Wach Senior Scientist, Program Manager, Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment-ILSI Research Foundation Dr. Vibha Ahuja Chief General Manager, Biotech Consortium India Limited (BCIL) Consultation process: The inputs and comments provided by the following institutions are gratefully acknowledged • National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi • Directorate of Research Services, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur • Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad • University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru • Directorate of Research Services, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior Assisted in co-ordination & printing by: Dr P. Hareesh Chandra, Project Consultant and Ms Sonia Kaushik, Senior Project Executive, BCIL Project Coordination Unit, Phase II Capacity Building Project on Biosafety For further information, please contact: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Government of India, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh Road, Aliganj, New Delhi 110003 Email: [email protected] CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 General Description ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Nutritional Value of Chickpea ......................................................................... 2 2. TAXONOMY, GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN AND GENOMIC EVOLUTION .......... 3 2.1 Taxonomy ....................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Geographical Origin and Distribution ............................................................ 3 2.3 Chickpea Gene Pool and Species Complex ...................................................... 4 2.4 Germplasm Diversity ...................................................................................... 6 3. GENERAL PLANT CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................... 8 3.1 Vegetative Growth Stages................................................................................. 9 3.2 Reproductive Growth Stages............................................................................ 11 3.3 Floral Biology .................................................................................................. 11 3.4 Pollination and Fertilization ............................................................................. 14 3.5 Seed Dispersal ................................................................................................. 15 3.6 Mating Systems ............................................................................................... 15 3.7 Methods of Reproductive Isolation .................................................................. 15 4. CROSSABILITY BETWEEN CICER SPECIES AND HYBRIDIZATION ................. 16 4.1 Interspecific Crosses ........................................................................................ 16 4.2 Wild Relatives in India .................................................................................... 18 5. ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS ..................................................................... 18 5.1 Outcrossing and Gene Flow ............................................................................ 18 5.2 Volunteers and Weediness ............................................................................... 18 6. HUMAN HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................ 19 7. CHICKPEA CULTIVATION IN INDIA.............................................................. 19 8. AGROCLIMATIC ZONES AND VARIETAL TESTING SYSTEM ......................... 20 9. INSECT PESTS, DISEASES AND WEEDS .......................................................... 21 9.1 Diseses of Chickpea ......................................................................................... 21 9.2 Insect Pests of Chickpea ................................................................................... 22 9.3 Parasitic Weeds ................................................................................................. 25 10. CHICKPEA IMPROVEMENT OBJECTIVES AND CHALLENGES ..................... 25 11. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN CHICKPEA RESEARCH .................... 26 12. REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 27 BIOLOGY OF Cicer arietinum L. (CHICKPEA) 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Description contributes to the sustainability of cropping systems in the cereal-legume crop rotations. Chickpea crop Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. belongs to the meets 80% of its nitrogen (N) requirement from family Fabaceae, within the tribe Cicerae. It is symbiotic nitrogen fixation and can fix up to 140 a self-pollinated, diploid, annual grain legume kg N ha/1 from air. It leaves a substantial amount crop. The global production of chickpea is of residual nitrogen for subsequent crops and nearly 11 million tonnes and India is the major adds plenty of organic matter to maintain and producer accounting for 64% of the total chickpea improve soil health. Because of its deep tap root production (FAOSTAT, 2012). It is a major source system, chickpea can withstand extended periods of high quality protein in human diet and also of drought by extracting water from deeper layers provides high quality crop residues for animal feed. of the soil. Chickpea is classified into two broad types,desi Chickpea is eaten fresh as a green vegetable or and kabuli. Most of the desi types are small in size, parched, fried, roasted, or boiled seeds. Dal (split angular in shape with dark seed color and rough chickpea without seedcoat) and flour are used seed coat, while kabuli have large beaked seeds extensively in India as a thick soup for making with white or beige seed coat colour and larger in breads. Sprouted seeds are eaten as a vegetable or size with smoother seed coat. Kabuli type chickpea added to salads. Young seedlings and green pods is mostly grown in the temperate regions, while are also eaten. Chickpea seeds may be milled or the Desi type chickpea is grown in the semi-arid directly used for animal feed. Leaves yield an indigo tropics (Muehlbauer and Singh, 1987; Malhotra et like dye. Acid exudates from the leaves can be used al., 1987). However, several early-maturing Kabuli as a medicine or used as vinegar. Chickpea seeds chickpea varieties have been developed recently, contain 21% starch, which is suitable for textile which can be cultivated in tropical regions (Gaur sizing, giving light finish to silk, wool and cotton et al. 2005). cloth (Duke, 1981). Among the temperate pulses, chickpea is the Chickpea is grown in more than 50 countries most tolerant crop to heat and drought stress (89.7% area in Asia, 4.3% in Africa, 2.6% in and is suitable for cultivation in low fertility Oceania, 2.9% in the Americas and 0.4% in soils. Chickpea also helps to maintain soil Europe). India is the largest producer accounting fertility through biological nitrogen fixation and for 64% of the total chickpea production (Fig. 1). Biology of Cicer arietinum L. (CHICKPEA) 1 The other major chickpea producing countries 1.2 Nutritional Value of Chickpea are Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Myanmar, Australia, Chickpea is an excellent source of essential Ethiopia, Canada, Mexico and Iraq. nutrients, protein, minerals, fiber, unsaturated fatty acids and β-carotene (Table 1). Chickpea is considered as one of the most nutritious food grain legumes for human consumption with potential health benefits. High fiber content in chickpea has the ability to lower cholesterol and prevent blood sugar levels from rising too rapidly after a meal and thus, making it a healthy food for diabetic patients. Chickpea also contains raffinose-type oligosaccharides, which cause flatulence. However, these effects can be neutralized by boiling or soaking the seeds in water. The nutrient profile of the chickpea varieties with smaller seeds is different, especially in