Appendix 9.5 – Assessment of the Battlefield of Winwick

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Former Parkside Colliery,

Newton-le-Willows

Assessment of the Battle of Winwick

www.bwbconsulting.com

Former Parkside Colliery,

Newton-le-Willows

Assessment of the Battle of Winwick

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BWB Consulting Ltd : Registered in England 5265863 FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

DOCUMENT ISSUE RECORD

Revision Date of Issue Status Author: Checked: Approved:

November K. Carter / J. 1 Draft J. MacQueen J. MacQueen 2017 MacQueen

November Revised K. Carter / L. 2 J. MacQueen J. MacQueen 2017 Draft Robinson

November K. Carter / L. 3 Final J. MacQueen J. MacQueen 2017 Robinson

Limitations

The assessments and interpretation have been made in line with legislation and guidelines in force at the time of writing, representing best practice at that time.

All of the comments and opinions contained in this report, including any conclusions, are based on the information obtained by BWB during our investigations.

There may be other conditions prevailing on the site which have not been disclosed by this investigation and which have not been taken into account by this report. Responsibility cannot be accepted for conditions not revealed by the investigation.

Except as otherwise requested by the Client, BWB is not obliged and disclaims any obligation to update the report for events taking place after:

a) the date on which this assessment was undertaken; and b) the date on which the final report is delivered.

BWB makes no representation whatsoever concerning the legal significance of its findings or to other legal matters referred to in the following report.

This report has been prepared for the sole use of Parkside Regeneration LLP. No other third parties may rely upon or reproduce the contents of this report without the written permission of BWB. If any unauthorised third party comes into possession of this report they rely on it at their own risk and the authors do not owe them any Duty of Care or Skill.

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CONTENTS PAGE

DOCUMENT ISSUE RECORD 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2 3.0 BATTLEFIELDS DESIGNATION 4 Principal Designation Considerations 4 Historical Significance 4 Location 4 Other Designation Considerations 5 Topographic Integrity 5 Archaeological Potential 5 Documentation 5 Military Innovations 5 Biographic Associations 5 Commemoration 5 4.0 ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED DESIGNATION 6 Historical Significance 6 Location 7 Topographic Integrity 9 Archaeological Potential 10 Documentation 14 Military Innovations 14 Biographic Associations 14 Commemoration 14 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15 6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 16

List of Figures

Figure 1: Proposed Registration area for Winwick Battlefield Figure 2: Illustrative plan showing key battlefield elements and topographical features mentioned in historical accounts Figure 3: Showing the extent of Parkside Colliery on the 1972-1978 1:10,000 Ordnance Survey Map Figure 4: Plan illustrating the extent of the spoil heaps within the former Parkside Colliery site Figure 5: Geophysical Survey Results showing disturbed areas Figure 6: Disturbed Areas

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Figure 7: Site location showing trenches and areas of metal detector survey and areas of previous archaeological work

List of Plates

Plate 1: 1961 Aerial photograph showing the southern part of the colliery site1961. Clearly visible is the extent of disturbance across the site. Plate 2: Landscape between the edge of Winwick and Hermitage Green Lane which shows the retained landscape. Plate 3: Shows the 20th century development that has occurred to the north of Winwick Church. Plate 4: Close up view of the development to the north of Winwick Church. Plate 5: Oblique aerial view showing the disused colliery landscape which is in stark contrast to the wide landscape to the north. Plate 6: View of one of the former colliery soil heaps looking towards Hermitage Green. Plate 7: Section of Trench 1 looking south-west showing areas of disturbance. Plate 8: Trench 4 looking north. Plate 9: Features within Trench 10, probably modern wheel ruts, looming southeast. Plate 10: General shot of Trench 16 showing sandstone natural, looking southeast. Plate 11: 1974 Aerial photograph showing manholes to drains traverse the southwestern part of the former Colliery Area in a southwest to north east direction. Plate 12: 1984 Aerial photograph showing manholes to drains traverse the southwestern part of the former Colliery Area in a southwest to north east direction.

List of Appendices Appendix 1 Magnetometer Survey Report prepared by Phase Site Investigations\

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 This assessment has been prepared by BWB Consulting Ltd on behalf of Parkside Regeneration LLP. It provides an assessment of the proposal to include the Battle of Winwick on Historic England’s Battlefield Register. This is the subject of Historic England’s Consultation Report dated 24th October 2017 (Case Number 1412178). 1.2 The objective of this assessment is to review the case for registering the battlefield and assesses the merits for the inclusion of the section which lies within the former Parkside Colliery. Figure 1 shows the proposed area to be registered. To aid this a number of elements have been assessed including:  historical accounts and documents;  historic and recent cartographic maps including the full Ordnance Survey map series;  oblique and vertical aerial photographs;  topographical data; and  the Historic Environments Record. 1.3 Specifically the following sources of information have been consulted.

Archaeological archives and databases

1.4 Information on previous archaeological finds and investigations within the assessment area was obtained from the Cheshire and Merseyside Historic Environments Records. 1.5 The holdings of St Helens and Warrington Local Studies Library and Archives were consulted for historic maps and plans, antiquarian histories and other relevant documentary sources.

Published and unpublished sources

1.6 A range of published and unpublished material has been researched and consulted. This includes academic articles together with general sources on the area and its wider archaeological and historical background. These are listed in the bibliography. 1.7 To assist the assessment a detailed walkover survey was undertaken on 17th November 2017. This covered the area proposed for inclusion on the register as set out in the map produced by Historic England on 24th October 2017. The wider area to the west and east was also covered. 1.8 Initially the northern section of the battlefield was walked in a north south direction and then the area was walked west to east. Following this the section to the south of the former Parkside Colliery was walked in a north south direction towards Winwick Church. This was then undertaken in reverse. 1.9 The purpose of the walkover was to:  identify landmarks/ forms, buildings and, structures identified in the historical accounts;  assess the topography in the current landscape and as far as reasonably possible identify the topographical changes that have occurred since the late 17th century;  assess the legibility of the battlefield against the changes that occurred within the landscape; and

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 determine the presence of any archaeological features that would allude to battlefield activities. 1.10 In addition to the research undertaken a programme of archaeological works was commissioned within the section of the battlefield that lies within the former Parkside Colliery. The purpose of this was to determine the presence of finds or features relating to the battlefield and establish the extent to which this has been compromised by the development of Parkside Colliery. 1.11 This assessment has been written with due regard to the Designation Selection Guide, Battlefields published by Historic England in 2012, the Battlefield Archaeology: A Guide to the Archaeology of Conflict (Guide 8) published by BAJR in 2005 and guidelines set out by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists in 2014.

2.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 The historical background to the battle is set out within the Historic England (Designation) Consultation Report (24th October 2017) and a number of historical accounts which allow for identification of its location and combatants. The principal documentary sources, websites and research studies which have informed this background are noted in the bibliography. It is not the intention to restate this information, however, a summary is provided below by way of context. 2.2 During the Second Civil War a large royalist force was recruited in the north of England and included Scottish forces under the command of the Duke of Hamilton. During 1648 these forces marched southwards and elements of the army suffered a heavy defeat at Preston on the 17th August 1648. Accounts suggest that around 7,000 infantry and 4,000 mounted troops marched southwards in retreat spending the night of the 18th August at Wigan. 2.3 The retreat was harried by elements of the parliamentarian New Model Army and Northern Association commanded by Oliver Cromwell with accounts suggesting around 3,000 infantry and 2,500 mounted troops. A number of skirmishes and engagements are reported during the retreat and combined with desertions the royalist force by the time of the defensive stand at Winwick is thought to have been between 4,000 and 6,000 infantry under the command of General Baillie. Hamilton and the mounted troops continued south to Warrington with the intention to mount a re- organised defence around the Mersey Bridge crossing. The infantry stand at Winwick was mounted as a holding action to allow this re-organisation to take place. 2.4 Cromwell’s letters to parliament and the accounts of the parliamentarian soldier Captain John Hodgson refer to Winwick as the location of the battle. Hodgson states that “we pursued to Winwick, where we found the horse was fled to Warrington Bridge and the foot drawn up in a most advantageous place.” (Hodgson’s Memoirs in Slingsby, 122). Ward considers the route taken by the forces from Wigan to Winwick noting two possible options, the post road from Warrington to Wigan or a ‘lesser road’ between Wigan and Winwick passing through Hermitage Green and therefore by- passing the Red Bank area as marked as the location of the battle on the later mapping record (see Figure 1). Heath also references the battle as having taken place at “Red-bank” and Ward concludes that the reference to “a most advantageous” place for the stand of the royalist forces would indicate that the post road route, broadly aligned with the A49 was the route taken. The Red Bank area is located where the then post-road between Wigan and Warrington crossed a valley over a tributary of Newton Brook known as Oswald’s Brook (some accounts also refer to Hermitage Brook) via a bridge ford. This area around the road provided a narrow pass through two areas of high ground to the south of the

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Brook (Figure 2). To the east was a valley traversed by Oswald’s Brook and likely a track, now Hermitage Green Lane, to the south. The south side of the valley rose steeply as a sandstone rock outcropping and to north rose more gently as a man-made bank formed in connection with Newton Parks, a hunting park established possibly as early as the 11th century. To the west side of the crossing from the north land fell gently past Red Bank Mill towards Newton Brook and rises as an outcropping beyond the loop of the brook rising up to Cop Holt Wood and New Hey Farm towards Cop Halt Farm beyond (Figure 2). The latter has been speculated as the headquarters of the royalist forces although documentary evidence of this location is absent. This topography, combined with the swollen watercourses following an unseasonably wet summer, appears to have provided the “advantageous” defensive position south of the Winwick Pass for the royalist stand. 2.5 The precise disposition of forces is not known although Ward suggests that Cromwell’s troops were formed up within Newton Park, bounded by Coppice Wood, to the east of the post-road and to the west within the Manor of Hey, however, there is no documentary evidence to support this. To the south royalist forces were possibly ranged along a more open area of agricultural land between the valley and village of Winwick and to the west of the post-road between the Newton Brook and Cop Halt Farm (Figure 2). 2.6 Accounts identify two main phases of battle separated by a retreat of royalist forces south to Winwick. Cromwell’s account, quoted in Carlyle, summarises the battle: “….the enemy made a stand at a passe near Winwicke. We held them in some dispute till our army came up, they maintaining the passe with great resolution for many hours, ours and theirs coming to push of pike and very close charges, and forced us to give ground, but our men, by the blessing of god, quickly recovered it, and charging very home upon them, beat them from their standing, where we killed about a thousand of them, and tooke (as we believe) about two thousand prisoners.” 2.7 The first phase of battle was focused around the crossing of the brook (now culverted) at Winwick Pass and lasted for three to four hours. This involved close quarter combat although accounts do reference musket and cannon exchanges across the valley itself whilst Cromwell awaited the arrival of additional forces from the north. From the archaeological fieldwork undertaken there is no physical evidence for this within the area that lies within the former Parkside Colliery. Through either local intelligence or scouting an alternative route to the east was identified and Cromwell dispatched mounted troops on a flank march to the east and south, likely in part along the alternative “lesser route” to Winwick via Hermitage Green (Figure 2). This combined with the introduction of the newly arrived foot regiment of Colonel Thomas Pride to the fight at the pass, led to the retreat of the royalist forces southwards towards Winwick (Figure 2) in an area of open land to the north side of the church at Winwick, possibly influenced by the boundaries of Winwick Park to the west of the post-road and village. During the course of the retreat and in fighting around the church and through Winwick around 1,000 royalist troops were killed (although Hodgson suggest 1,600), the rest being taking prisoner or managing to flee to Warrington. 2.8 There are a number of memoirs which detail the end of the battle. Heath’s describes the battle as: “…at a place called Red-bank, in a narrow lane, they made a stand with a Body of Pikes, and lined the Hedges with Muskets, who so rudely entertained the pursuing Enemy, that they were compelled to stop (having lost abundance of men, and Col. Thornhill himself) until the coming up of Col. Pride's Regiment of Foot, who after a sharp dispute put those brave Fellows to the run. They were Commanded by a little Spark in a blue Bonnet, that performed the part of an excellent Commander, and was killed on the place. After this, they never turned Head, but ran, crying, Mercy, Mercy, (so that the noise thereof was heard at 5 Miles distance) until they came to Warrington-Bridge,

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where Baily made Conditions for Quarter, and rendred himself and 4000 of them Prisoners (Page 178)”.

2.9 Hodgson’s Memoirs in Slingsby (pg 122) states that: “….We pursued to Winwick, where we found the horse was fled to Warrington bridge, and the foot drawn up in a most advantageous place, and snaffled our forlorn, and put them to retreat. So we being drawn up, horse and foot, to give them a charge, their horse appeared upon the muir from Warrington bridge; but their foot threw down their arms, and run into Winwick church, about four or five thousand; and there we set a guard about them….”. 2.10 Following the battle Cromwell continued onwards towards Warrington where Baillie’s remaining infantry force surrendered the day after the Winwick Pass conflict. Hamilton continued in a disorganised retreat southwards through Cheshire to Malpas and Stone, harried by Cromwell’s mounted troops and elements of the Midlands militia, but eventually surrendered at Utoxeter on the 25th August 1648. Royalist outposts in the south soon surrendered, most notably Colchester where forces capitulated to Lord Fairfax on the 28th August. The siege and encirclement of Colchester had lasted for around 11 weeks. Northern royalist forces in Carlisle surrendered in October. Resistance was maintained, under siege, at Pontefract Castle until March 1649. Hamilton was tried and sentenced as a traitor during February 1649 and executed.

3.0 BATTLEFIELDS DESIGNATION

3.1 Principal guidance on the designation of battlefield sites is contained within the Historic England document, Designation Selection Guide, Battlefields published in April 2012. The guidance sets out broad criteria for the designation of battlefield sites building upon earlier work which led to the established of the English Heritage Register of Historic Battlefields in 1995. 3.2 The guidance notes that the Civil Wars of England during the mid-17th century saw the most widespread and hard fought period of conflict ever known in the British Isles. Over half the registered sites relate to this period and the understanding of the significance of the site is aided by comparatively more detailed written accounts and visual records, through a greater understanding of the historic landscape at the time and by the fact that recoverable debris, in the form of musket balls and over projectiles, becomes more commonplace. 3.3 The guidance sets out a number of principal designation considerations to assist the assessment of battlefield sites and their merits for inclusion on the national register. These are summarised below.

Principal Designation Considerations

Historical Significance

3.4 The most important factor relates to the historic significance of the particular battle considered within the national context. For example, the Civil Wars changed the role of both the monarchy and parliament.

Location

3.5 In order to be registered, a battle’s location must be “securely identified”. Whilst boundaries are rarely precise the area where troops drew up, deployed and fought

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while in battle formation must be capable of definition on the ground and a reasonable boundary to this area must be defined. The guidance continues by stating that “…it remains a requirement for designation that a battle can be placed within a specific and particular topographic location with a fair degree of probability.” 3.6 Events beyond the area of engagement can also hold significance for example areas of pursuit following the collapse of battle formations or the location of camps. Register entries will generally use existing land boundaries to provide a clear definition of the battlefield area.

Other Designation Considerations

Topographic Integrity

3.7 The guidance notes that the topography of a battlefield plays a critical role in military strategy and tactics. Retained physical features present at the time of the battle help to inform how events unfolded and a clear landscape context allows a battle to be understood. The degree of survival or alteration of this landscape is a “critical consideration” in deciding upon designation and the greater its integrity the more suitable a site will be for registration.

Archaeological Potential

3.8 The potential presence of archaeological features adds to significance and may allow for deployments and events to be reconstructed. This includes the use of lead for projectile weapons from the latter 15th century and the guidance states that: “During individual Civil War battles tens of thousands of shot were discharged; expertly locating and plotting these can locate precisely not only battlefields, but also deployments and phases of actions within them.”

Documentation

3.9 Documentation is crucial to the location of battles and in order to understand their significance. These include letters, memoirs and accounts which allow for interpretation of the battlefield and can be assisted by modern archaeological reports or academic studies.

Military Innovations

3.10 Some battles may highlight innovations in terms of tactics or technology.

Biographic Associations

3.11 A battle may hold significance to the historical reputations of kings and political leaders for example through an important military victory or death of a great figure.

Commemoration

3.12 Battles may often be commemorated or reflected in memorials or monuments erected on or near the battlefield. Place names may also reflect a particular battle or phase within it. 3.13 The Historic England guidance notes that ongoing research can challenge the accepted understanding of particular battles and their battlefields. Reviews of designation will be taken forwarded where demanded by significant new

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understanding particularly when development issues arise which demand clarity on significance.

4.0 ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED DESIGNATION

4.1 As detailed above the Historic England (Designation) Consultation Report proposing the designation of the Winwick battlefield, provides a summary of the historic context to the battle and considers within its assessment historical sources, topography and retained features and archaeological potential. In defining the boundaries of the proposed registered area it indicates that, wherever possible, boundaries follow modern boundaries and exclude areas of later development. The proposed registered area is indicated on a plan accompanying the Report and the rationale for the boundaries is summarised, drawing from the Report, below:

 The northern boundary mainly follows modern property boundaries and the boundary between St. Helen’s and Warrington. The Report states that the northern part of the battlefield includes the location of the engagement between the two forces and the “probable” lines along the northern and southern edge of the Newton and St. Oswald’s Brooks;  The eastern boundary is formed by the western edge of the A573 (Goldorne Road) the likely route of the flanking manoeuvre performed by the parliamentarian cavalry;  The southern boundary is defined by the churchyard extending along Hollins Lane; and  The western boundary is defined by field boundaries, the edge of Asps Wood, the western edge of Cop Holt Farm and part of the promontory formed by Newton Brook. The latter was included to include the possible left flank of the royalist army.

4.2 Consideration of the proposed registration of the site, having regard to the Historic England Battlefield guidance summarised above, is set out below. For consistency the selection criteria used within the guidance is adopted.

Historical Significance

4.3 The battle at Winwick followed the defeat, on 17th August 1648, of the northern royalist and Scottish Engager army (commanded by the Duke of Hamilton) at Preston by Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army and Northern Association regiments. In retreat the royalist army marched southwards through Wigan (18th August 1648) and just north of Winwick elected to make a defensive stand of infantry under the command of Lieutenant General William Baillie. Hamilton and the remaining mounted troops continued south towards Warrington where the intention was to defend the bridge crossing over the Mersey.

4.4 In considering historic significance it is clear that the battle at Winwick was one of a series of engagements and skirmishes which marked the retreat of royalist forces following the battle at Preston. The battle of Preston was clearly the decisive engagement which precipitated the retreat and subsequent actions, including the royalist holding action at Winwick. Therefore it is clear that the battle at Winwick should not be considered in isolation. Whilst clearly a major engagement it is evident that the full forces of the opposing armies were not present at Winwick (Hamilton and the mounted royalist forces has retreated to Warrington for example) and the selection of the battlefield was opportunistic during the southward retreat. Skirmishes continued after the Winwick engagement and included siege actions throughout the country.

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4.5 In the light of this it would be inappropriate to consider the historical significance of the battle at Winwick in isolation from the decisive engagement which had taken place at Preston. On this basis it is not considered that the battle of Winwick would have sufficient significance in isolation to meet the national selection criteria.

Location

4.6 As detailed, Historic England guidance indicates that for inclusion on the Register a battle’s location must be capable of being securely identified.

4.7 Documentary accounts, including those from both Cromwell and Hodgson, identify Winwick as the location of the battle and the broad location of the first phase of engagement, at “Red Bank”, has been identified. Heath’s Chronicles for example describe the location as:

“At a place called Red Bank near Winwick Church, two miles from Warrington, the Scots made a stand with a body of pikes and lined the hedges with muskets….”

4.8 Support for this location can also be drawn from the Ordnance Survey maps which annotates the site of the battle to the south-east of the junction of Hermitage Green Lane with Newton Road (A49). The subsequent retreat of royalist forces to the south towards Winwick Church is also well documented.

4.9 Whilst it is logically assumed that the route of the royalist retreat was through the landscape between Red Bank and Winwick Church, there is no documentary reference to to this or any evidence to suggest any physical engagement within the middle part of the area to be registered.

4.10 To the south of the valley formed by the Oswald Brook and to the south of Newton Brook, the historic landscape of the battle remains broadly legible. The valley itself, whilst to some extent altered by the widening of Hermitage Green Lane retains a strong sense of the defensive positions possibly adopted by the royalist forces and the “Red Bank” formation sandstone outcropping remains a strong character element. The outcropping was likely truncated to the west during works to raise and realign the route of the former post-road, possibly during the 18th century in connection with the creation of the Warrington to Wigan turnpike road in around 1726. The embanking of the A49 and culverting of the Oswald Brook has also altered the topography of the pass. At this point the legibility of the historic landscape becomes less clear and Ward notes that the bridge crossing of Newton Brook in 1648 was further upstream of its current location. Some sense of the landscape present at the time of the battle to the west of the A49 is however present in the rising promontory to the south of Newton Brook and the site of Cop Hall Farm likely the headquarters of the royalist forces.

4.11 To the south, whilst the route of the former post-road appears to have been embanked, it remains legible in the route of the current A49 and the historic openness and topography between the valley and Winwick is largely retained (Plate 4). Substantial development has however taken place to the north of the Church (development, including Winwick School, had occurred by the time of the first edition OS map published in 1849, surveyed 1845 -1847) and the character of the historic landscape has been lost (Plate 5 and Plate 6). It is notable that, notwithstanding intervening built form, the Church spire remains a prominent landmark and destination point in the approach towards the village from the Red Bank.

4.12 To the north of the Newton Brook and Oswald Brook Valley the legibility of the historic landscape present at the time of the battle has been substantially altered. By the time of the 19th century mapping records development around Red Bank Mill, a cotton mill

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with associated weir and mill race as depicted on the 1849 Ordnance Survey map. A farmstead is also shown to the north of the mill by the time of the 1893 edition. Also shown by the end of the 19th century is the Winwick and Golborne Branch Line Railway to the west and, to the north the Liverpool Juvenile Reformatory Farm School. Newton Park is indicated as a more extensive farmstead, its access from Mill Lane (A49) now bridged over the rail line and terraces of houses, likely associated with the Newton Paper Mills, have been built to the north at Bunkers Hill. The row of semi-detached houses fronting onto Winwick Road were likely constructed during the 1930s or 1940s and are shown on the 1955 -1965 Ordnance Survey map with gardens extending to the east.

4.13 The most significant influence upon the landscape to the north of the valley has been the construction of the Parkside Colliery in 1957 which remained operational until 1993. The 1961-1965 Ordnance Survey map shows the extent of the colliery site (Figure 3; Plate 1, Plate 7a and Plate 7b) which comprised two shafts, with Koepe winding towers, and included a coal preparation plant, sub-station, office and administrative blocks and extensive rail sidings ranged to the west between the colliery and the M6 Motorway. Substantial spoil tips formed part of the colliery landscape, and are evident as made- ground today to the east and south and these radically altered the topography of the landscape in the immediate area (Figure 4; Plate 8). Supporting the colliery was an array of infrastructure including roads and services which are evident on various aerial photographs.

4.14 The land to the south/ south west of the colliery site and to the immediate east of the houses fronting Winwick Road appears from photographic records to have been, in part, in agricultural use during the mine operation. However mapping suggests the use of much of this land for lagoon areas for the colliery. Following the closure of the colliery and subsequent demolition this area of land became unused and much of it to the east of the houses is now obscured by self-seeded vegetation. It is also possible that top soil has been replaced, possibly as part of the restoration works following closure of the colliery. This is suggested by the trenching undertaken by WYAS in 2017. Whilst retaining a degree of visual connectivity with the northern bank of the Oswald Brook Valley the setting of this land has been substantially altered by later development to the west and north and by topographical changes arising from the raised levels of the spoil tips to the east.

4.15 Analysis of an aerial photograph taken of the site in 1961 (HSL UK 61 109; Plate 1) demonstrates that part of the battlefield which lies within the former Parkside Colliery has been previously stripped of all topsoil and overburden. There are also indications that the very south-western field of this area on the north side of St Oswald’s Brook has also been stripped. A clear diagonal strip passes through the southern field and would appear to be the course of a known modern service. This was identified by the geophysical survey undertaken by Phase Site Investigations in 2017. Towards the southeast of this strip there is a further area of disturbance which looks to be either topsoil storage or a discrete area of stripping again reducing these areas potential and significance. Comments from a former Colliery employee stated that this disturbance was associated with the installation of an air shaft in this area.

4.16 Analysis of the 1974 and 1984 aerial phoographs show the line of the aforementioned modern services. Also shown are further diagonal lines which run parallel with that visible on the 1961 aerial photograph. Evident along the course of these area are a number of uniform features which are the manhole covers to the inspection chambers to the services.

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4.17 The extent of disturbance was in part highlighted by the geophysical survey undertaken by Phase Site Investigations between June and September 2017 (Figure 5). The disturbed area of the former colliery is highlighted in Figure 6.

4.18 During the detailed site visit undertaken on 16th November 2017 it is evident that the profile of parts of the northern bank to the Oswald Brook Valley were altered through the creation of spoil tips. The extent of made-ground surrounding the colliery was also evident and this is clearly seen from topographical mapping (Figure 4). In addition to this it is noted that none of the original 17th century buildings which formed Baillie’s headquarter during the battle survive.

4.19 In assessing the ability of the current landscape to illustrate the extent of the battlefield or deployments within it, the inclusion of land to the north side of the Oswald Brook Valley is not supported. Whilst likely that the Parliamentarian forces were drawn up to the west and east of the Wigan to Warrington post-road (A49) to the north of the Winwick Pass and the Oswald Brook Valley, the precise positions are unknown and not historically documented. These areas have been much altered through changes to topography and by built development which has removed evidential value. This has included the loss of visual and physical connectively between the areas of engagement and, for example, the suggested route of the Parliamentarian cavalry flanking march to the east. Whilst these difficulties have to some degree been acknowledged by Historic England it is considered that the inclusion of land to the north of the valley, which itself takes in known operational areas of the colliery, is inappropriate. This is further supported by the absence of archaeological evidence within this area for areas of deployment or, for example, areas of musket exchange during the engagement.

4.20 On the basis of the above the area of the proposed designation within the former Parkside Colliery should be excluded because it fails to meet the relevant Historic Criteria as its location beyond Red Bank cannot be securely identified. Specifically the suggested northern boundary is inappropriate since it is not based upon any clear historical landscape or topographic reference, rather, it follows a nominal boundary which was not present at the time of the battle. On this basis it is considered that the northern limit registration should be revised to follow the more clearly legible line of the northern back of the Oswald Brook valley.

4.21 Similarly parts of the western boundary whilst including or respecting landmarks and structures referred to in documentary accounts, it does not represent an accurate assessment of the boundaries of the battlefield although it is acknowledged that without a sketch or plan drawn at the time of the battle, this is difficult to ascertain. Similarly topographical boundaries on early maps including the Winwick and Newton Tithe maps published between 1838 and 1839 are not followed. Such early cartographic sources provide the best topographical indicators of the landform and boundaries of the battlefield at the time.

Topographic Integrity

4.22 A number of significant topographical features remain legible within the current landscape and provide an understanding of the events of the battle (Figure 2). Foremost of these are the watercourses of the Newton Brook and its tributary Oswald Brook running along a valley defined by the sandstone outcropping of Red Bank to the south and the man-made slopes, historically associated with Newton Parks to the north. The broad location of the Winwick Pass remains legible through the route of the A49 which largely follows the path of the historic post-road and the rising landform to the west including a promontory to the south of the curved route of Newton Brook. Elements of woodland are retained to the north and south of the valley including Cop

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Holt Wood to the south of Newton Brook. The possible location of the royalist headquarters is evidenced by the retained farmstead of Cop Holt Farm although the buildings original buildings no longer remain. The sloping landform surrounding the A49 as it passes over the, now, culverted brook illustrates the funnelling effect of the Winwick Pass illuminating the nature of the first engagement. Landform to the south towards Winwick appears to be little altered and illustrates the topography of the ground over which the royalist retreat moved towards the village. However development to the north of the church has removed historic topography and effectively bisected the wider battlefield.

4.23 As noted above the topography of the landscape to the north of the valley has been substantially altered through later development most notably that of the colliery workings which have changed landform and fragmented the visual setting of the battlefield. The land is physically and visually disconnected with the wider extent of the battlefield and has a considerably altered contemporary setting in comparison to land to the south. Housing along the Winwick Road has also removed a visual sense of the relationship of this land to the location of the first engagement at Winwick Pass. No significant topographical elements within this area are retained which would inform the possible boundaries of a registered site.

4.24 Having regard to topographical considerations it is clear that the proposed designation within the former Parkside Colliery should be excluded because it fails to meet the relevant Historic Criteria. The landscape in this locality has largely lost its context and it lacks historical integrity. Subsequently it is considered that the northern limit of registration should be revised to follow the more clearly legible line of the northern back of the Oswald Brook valley.

Archaeological Potential

4.25 In considering this area, Historic England suggest that enough of the battlefield survives undeveloped to suggest that there is potential for archaeological evidence which would contribute to an understanding of the battle when analysed in conjunction with documentary evidence. In particular it highlights potential evidence of small arms and artillery fire and for organic material within the marshy valleys.

4.26 Having regard to the documentary accounts of the battle and the suggested disposition of forces, a programme of archaeological works were commissioned in November 2017 to determine the presence of finds and features from the battle. This took into account the results of previous archaeological work which were undertaken to assess parts of the former colliery site.

Geophysical Survey

4.27 In 2007 Stratascan undertook a Magnetic Susceptibility survey within the former Parkside Colliery. The survey determined that the fields to the east had a higher susceptibility than those to the west. Stratascan indicated that this may be due to increased human activity in this area or pedological variance. Within the area covered by the proposed registered battlefield area there was limited areas of higher susceptibility and no suggestion of battlefield activity.

4.28 A magnetometer survey was undertaken by Phase Site Investigations within the southwestern extent of the former Parkside Colliery area between June and September 2017 (Appendix 1). The survey area was restricted due to the area covered by the former colliery spoil heaps and the semi-mature vegetation covering the south western part of the colliery site.

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FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

4.29 The majority of the anomalies identified by the survey were interpreted as being related to modern material/ objects, agricultural and drainage activity and geological/ pedological variations (Figure 5). Apparent in the eastern part of the survey area is a very strong and extensive area of magnetic disturbance. This suggests the presence of made ground or colliery spoil. There are several relatively large isolated bipolar responses within the disturbed area which relate to discrete strongly magnetic features or concentrations of strongly magnetic material. It is possible that some of these responses could be related to infilled shafts. There are a number of anomalies that are indicative of drainage features and those relating to former mining activity. No features or anomalies which infer to the battlefield were found.

Metal Detecting

4.30 A metal detecting survey was undertaken between the 17th and the 24th November 2017 by West Yorkshire Archaeology Service (WYAS). The survey was carried out by suitably qualified and experienced metal detector operators who were using high performance metal detectors with GPS. The models used had a discrimination mode to allow for the identification of non-ferrous and ferrous metals.

4.31 A staged approach to the survey was undertaken to ensure comprehensive ground coverage within the metal detecting survey area, and appropriate targeting of resources. Detailed survey of the area along the southern boundary of the former Parkside colliery heading towards Winwick Pass was included.

4.32 An appropriate working offset was employed either side of any upstanding metal fences, powerlines or other obstructions in order to avoid unnecessary interference. The survey area was divided into transects, positioned parallel and 10m apart and following methods used by the Battlefield Trust.

4.33 At the start of the survey transects and baselines were set out using a GPS system accuracy of ± 50 mm. All detector readings where an object has been recorded and/or where the object was still buried beneath topsoil was recorded and allocated a unique ID number.

4.34 In the first instance the metal detectors were set to the non-ferrous function to allow for the identification 17th century battle material including pistol and musket balls dropped or fired during the battle. Following this a second survey for all metals was undertaken to detect the presence of battlefield accoutrements including badges.

4.35 No artefacts were recovered which would suggest battlefield activity within the area. Similarly none of the finds recovered related to earlier activity. Those metal artefacts that were found comprised 22 modern iron objects including nuts, bolts and large irregular lumps of iron. In addition to this a modern copper pipe fitting was recovered. During the survey modern debris including food cans were found.

4.36 A summary of the results of the metal detecting is detailed below and the distribution of finds is shown on Figure 7.

Table 1. Summary of results of the metal detecting survey

Find No. Description Date 1 Fe ring (60mm diameter) agricultural item Modern 2 Fe bolt square in shape 25mm by 25mm by 25mm Modern 3 Fe object, Nail end or bolt, 54mm in length Modern 4 Fe object, iron pin 105mm in length with slight point Modern

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Find No. Description Date 5 Fe object corroded iron object Modern 6 Fe object modern staple, 35mm in length Modern 7 Copper alloy pipe (20mm diameter, 35mm long) modern pipe Modern 8 Fe object corroded iron object Modern Metal object, modern fitting roughly triangular in shape 110mm by 9 Modern 100mm with a hole towards one end. 10 Fe object, small modern nail Modern 11 Fe object, modern tin can Modern 12 Fe object small modern nail Modern 13 Fe object modern tin can Modern 14 Fe object modern tin can Modern 15 Fe object small modern nail Modern 16 Fe object modern tin can Modern 17 Fe object, corroded iron plate 800mm in length 600mm in width Modern 18 Fe object corroded iron bar 115mm in length Modern 19 Fe object corroded iron bar 600mm in length Modern 20 Fe object, one a small lump of corroded iron Modern 21 Fe object a 90mm long iron rod heavily corroded Modern 22 Fe object (possible hammer head) Modern 23 Fe object, small corroded iron object Modern

Trial Trenching

4.37 Recorded within the section of the battlefield that lies within the former Parkside Colliery Area was a curvilinear feature (HER No. 9138) and a sub-rectangular anomaly (9133). These were identified by the Merseyside Historic Environments Record from aerial photographs. The features were evaluated by Matrix Archaeology in 2001 and were suggested to be geological in origin. During the works no evidence for archaeological finds or features relating to the battlefield were encountered. Further trenching was undertaken within the area by WYAS in November 2017 which comprised the excavation of 17 trenches (Figure 7).

4.38 All trenches were set out and the limits resurveyed using a Trimble VRS differential GPS accurate to +/-0.01cm. The trenches were opened in a controlled manner using a mechanical excavator using a flat-bladed ditching bucket under direct archaeological supervision. All topsoil deposits were removed in level spits with the topsoil and subsoil being separated to allow for re-instating in reverse order. Machining stopped at the first archaeological horizon or natural deposits, whichever was encountered first. All excavations of archaeological deposits were undertaken manually with the stripped surface being cleaned and investigated for archaeological remains.

4.39 The topsoil recorded within all of the trenches consisted of thin layers of silty clays and patches of a dark silty material. No artefacts including sherds of pottery or bits of animal bone to indicate historic manuring was found in its matrix. Similarly no ferrous or non-ferrous artefacts were recovered during a metal detecting scan of the material excavated from the trenches. The top soils morphology suggests that it is an imported/ dumped topsoil as it bears none of the characteristics of a post-medieval or earlier agricultural soil that would be expected for an undisturbed battlefield site.

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4.40 Features were recorded within some of the trenches which were associated with land use across the site during the 20th century, such as the wheel ruts or shallow linear features including those in Trenches 9, 10 and 13. Former field boundaries were also recorded in Trenches 7 and 16. No evidence for the battlefield was encountered.

4.41 The features investigated had a good correlation with the geophysical survey and the known former field boundaries.

4.42 The results of the trenching are summarised in the table below and some of the trenches are shown on Plates 7-10).

Table 2 Summary of Trial Trenching Results

Trench Topsoil Subsoil Dimensions (m) Orientation Observations No. Depth (m) Depth (m) Areas of disturbance in 1 50 x 2 E-W 0.30 0.20-0.25 natural 2 50 x 2 NE-SW 0.14-0.18 0.30-0.50 No Archaeology 3 50 x 2 NE-SW 0.10-0.15 0.35-0.45 No Archaeology 4 50 x 2 N-S 0.20-0.25 0.40-0.45 No archaeology 5 Unable to excavate due to dense vegetation and tree cover 6 50 x 2 NE-SW 0.10-0.15 0.15-0.30 No archaeology Shallow linear at eastern end of trench. Feature was 1.26m wide and 7 50 x 2 E-W 0.30-0.40 0.15-0.25 0.43m deep, single fill. No finds. Corresponds with former field boundary in eastern part of site 8 50 x 2 NE-SW 0.30 0.20 No Archaeology Shallow irregular linear with trench orientated east to west possible 9 50 x 2 N-S 0.30 0.20 wheel rut. Areas of animal disturbance to natural also noted. Shallow linear orientated 10 50 x 2 NW-SE 0.30-0.35 0.10-0.15 east to west possible wheel rut Shallow linear with trench 11 50 x 2 N-S 0.30-0.35 0.20-0.25 orientated east to west possible wheel rut 12 50 x 2 NW-SE 0.30 0.05 No Archaeology Linear feature shallow 13 50 x 2 NE-SW 0.30-0.35 0.10 furrow or wheel rut 14 50 x 2 N-S 0.30 0.05 No Archaeology 15 50 x 2 E-W 0.30 0.00-0.20 No Archaeology Areas of rooting towards centre of trench 16 50 x 2 NW-SE 0.30-0.35 0.10-0.25 associated with former field boundary. Imported material within 17 50 x 2 N-S 0.30 0.45-0.60 trench re-deposited

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Trench Topsoil Subsoil Dimensions (m) Orientation Observations No. Depth (m) Depth (m) sandstone and coal fragments No archaeology – 18 50 x 2 E-W 0.30 0.35 imported material also present

4.43 The corpus of archaeological works undertaken have found no physical evidence for the battlefield including small arms and artillery fire and personal effects. This throws into question whether this part of the landscape formed part of the battlefield or suggests that the use of the landscape for the colliery has removed any trace of it in this locality. Without such archaeological evidence, events such as deployments detailed in the historical account cannot be verified or reconstructed. Based on the evidence it would seem more plausible that if battlefield archaeology did survive this would be in the locations to the south and west of the site which have not been affected by modern development.

4.44 Given the absence of physical evidence for the battlefield and the disturbance from the former colliery, it is clear that the proposed designation within the former Parkside Colliery should be excluded because it fails to meet the relevant Historic Criteria. Subsequently it is considered that the northern limit of registration should be revised to follow the more clearly legible line of the northern back of the Oswald Brook valley. It is considered that the landscape to the south of this will have a greater degree of archaeological potential.

Documentation

4.45 As noted above the location of the battle, combatants and events are relatively well documented and researched although this is somewhat hampered by the lack of a plan or sketch produced after the battle. Primary sources of information are listed in the bibliography and provide a broad understanding of the historical context of the battle. Much of this evidence is from accounts and letters which are not definitive and open to interpretation. It is also noted that the location and disposition of opposing forces is not recorded and as such the significance of retained topography or archaeological potential becomes important in assessing the merits of registration.

Military Innovations

4.46 Documentary records, research and the corpus of archaeological works undertaken to date does not suggest any particular technological or tactical innovation although this may be illuminated by further archaeological survey and investigation to the north of the church although modern development will have compromised this.

Biographic Associations

4.47 Significance can be attributed to the battle through the associations with both Cromwell and Hamilton and the wider consequences of the battle of Preston engagement for the outcome of the Second Civil War.

Commemoration

4.48 To date no physical commemoration of the battle exists although the battle is an important event noted locally and through the historic mapping record.

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FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 It is considered that the Battle of Winwick holds historic significance given its part in the decisive engagement that took place at Preston. If the battle is viewed in isolation it is not considered that it would have sufficient significance to meet the national selection criteria.

5.2 Having regard to the contemporary landscape, topography of the site and the absence of archaeological evidence, it is evident that the battlefield retains greater legibility in areas to the south of Winwick Pass, within the valley of the Oswald Brook and Hermitage Green Lane and within the open land to the south towards Winwick although not extending as far as the Church.

5.3 The boundaries of the proposed registration area lack credibility as some of these are not based on any clear topographical landscape or topographic reference. Specifically the northern boundary is considered inappropriate as it follows a nominal boundary which was not present at the time of the battle.

5.4 Historical accounts and contemporary research provide indications of the location of the battle although the disposition of forces is not documented in sufficient detail to allow contemporary identification. Similarly the lack of a sketch or plan drawn up at the time makes any interpretation difficult. In addition to this it is noted that defining a location is clouded as the personal accounts and letters are not definitive and are open to subjective interpretation and bias. Subsequently it is our opinion that the former Parkside Colliery should be excluded because it fails to meet the relevant Historic Criteria.

5.5 The landscape within the former Parkside Colliery is a much altered landform which has significantly changed through the workings and associated operations of former colliery. This includes large areas of made ground from the former spoil tips to the south and west of the colliery main site. In combination with later development to the north along the route of A49 these workings have removed the legibility of the area of possible deployment of the Parliamentarian forces and removed clear historical boundaries which could be used to securely identify the extent of the battlefield.

5.6 A corpus of archaeological works has been undertaken to understand the archaeological potential within the proposed registration area. There is no physical evidence for the battlefield in part due to the disturbance from the colliery. However, it is acknowledged that the landscape to the south will have a greater degree of archaeological potential.

5.7 Through a review of historical and archaeological information, the site walkover and the assessment of disturbance caused by the former Parkside Colliery, in association with the Designation Selection Guide, it is our opinion that designation within the former Parkside Colliery should be excluded. This is on the basis that it fails to meet the relevant Historic Criteria. Subsequently it is considered that the northern limit of registration should be revised to follow the more clearly legible line of the northern bank of the Oswald Brook valley.

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6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

ASWYAS 2014. Archaeological Recording Manual. Internal guideline. CIfA, 2014. Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Geophysical Survey. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists DCLG, 2012. National Planning Policy Framework. Department of Communities and Local Government Heath J: A Chronicle of the Late Intestine War in the Three Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland with the Intervening Affairs of Treaties and Other Occurences Relating Thereunto (1676) Historic England 2008. Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment. Archaeological Excavation (PPN3) Historic England (Designation): Consultation Report, Battle of Winwick (also known as the Battle of Red Bank) 1648 (24th October 2017) Ormerod, George: Tracts Relating to Military Proceedings in Lancashire During the Great Civil War (1844) Robert A. Philpott 1988National Museum & Galleries on Merseyside Occasional Papers Liverpool Museum No. 3 Historic Towns of the Merseyside area: a survey of urban settlement to c. 1800 Robinson, Major Edward: A Discourse of the War in Lancashire (1864) Slingsby, Sir Henry, Original Memoirs, Written During the Great Civil War: Being the Life of Sir Henry Slingsby and Memoirs of Captain Hodgson (1806) The Hamilton Papers: Being Selections From Original Letters In The Possession Of His Grace The Duke Of Hamilton And Brandon, Relating To The Years 1638—1650. Edited By Samuel Rawson Gardiner. Printed For The Camden Society. M.DCCC.LXXX. (1880) Cartographic Sources Yate’s Map of Lancashire 1786 Greenwood’s Map of Lancashire 1818 1838 Tithe Map of Newton within Mackerfield [Newton-Le-Willows] (township in the Parish of Winwick), Lancashire 1839 Tithe Map of Winwck within Hulme (township in the Parish of Winwick), Lancashire Ogilby’s Post-Road Map, London-Carlisle 1675 Ordnance Survey map series Aerial Photographs 1961HSL UK 61 109 20 June 61 5280 6 13 Websites

Ward, Richard: The Battle of Winwick Pass: webpage http://ourlocalvoice.co.uk/local- history/moments-in-time

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FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

Plates

FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

PLATES

Plate 1: 1961 Aerial photograph showing the southern part of the colliery site1961. Clearly visible is the extent of disturbance across the site. FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

Plate 2: 1974 Aerial photograph showing manholes to drains that traverse the southwestern part of the former Colliery area in a southwest to north east direction.

FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

Plate 3: 1984 Aerial photograph showing manholes to drains that traverse the southwestern part of the former Colliery area in a southwest to north east direction.

FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

Plate 4: Landscape between the edge of Winwick and Hermitage Green Lane which shows the retained landscape.

Plate 5: shows the 20th century development that has occurred to the north of Winwick Church. FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

Plate 6: Close up view of the development to the north of Winwick Church.

Plate 7a: Oblique aerial view showing the disused colliery landscape which is in stark contrast to the wide landscape to the north FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

Plate 7b: Oblique aerial views showing the disused colliery landscape which is in stark contrast to the wide landscape to the north.

FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

Plate 8: View of one of the former colliery soil heaps looking towards Hermitage Green.

Plate 9: Section of Trench 1 looking south-west showing areas of disturbance. FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

Plate 10: Trench 4 looking north.

Plate 11: Features within Trench 10, probably modern wheel ruts, looming southeast. FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

Plate 12: General shot of Trench 16 showing sandstone natural, looking southeast.

FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

Figures

Newton Brook

A49/ Post road

Newton Park Farm

Coppice Wood Brook?

Parkside Colliery

Oswald's/ Hermitage Brook

Crossing Cop Holt Wood

Hermitage Green Lane

Cop Holt Farm Goldborne Road

A49/ Post road

Figure 2 Illustrative plan showing key battlefield elements and topographical features mentioned in historical accounts (1:8,000 @ A3)

Figure 3 Showing the extent of Parkside Colliery on the 1972-1978 1:10,000 Ordnance Survey Map

Figure 4 Plan illustrating the extent of the spoil heaps within the former Parkside Colliery site -

AREA 2

AREA 1 AREA 3

Figure 5 Geophysical Survey Results showing disturbed areas 7 13 TRIAL TRENCH

BATTLEFIELD OUTLINE

METAL DETECTOR SURVEY

18 FINDS

HER SITES

1

HER SITE 9138 1 9 2 10 12 17 13 11 8 18 14 14 3 19 21 20 15 16 22

4 15 7 12 23 17 6 5 16

7 HER SITE 9133

6 2 18 4 3 13 8 10 11 9

Figure 7. Site location showing trenches and area of metal detector survey, finds and areas pf previous archaeological work (1:2000 @ A3) FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY ASSESSMENT OF THE BATTLE OF WINWICK NOVEMBER 2017

Appendix 1

Geophysical Survey Report

Former Parkside Colliery Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside

Archaeological geophysical survey Project No. ARC/2138/769

October 2017

© Phase Site Investigations Ltd, 703A Whinfield Drive, Aycliffe, Business Park, Newton Aycliffe, DL5 6AU Former Parkside Colliery, Newton-le-Willows Archaeological geophysical survey

Former Parkside Colliery Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside

Archaeological geophysical survey Project No. ARC/2138/769

Report prepared by Report checked by Mark Whittingham Nicola Fairs Name Name BSc MA MCIfA BSc MSc DIC CGeol FGS

Signature Signature

Date 16/10/17 Date 17/10/17

Project No. ARC/2138/769 16/10/2017 Former Parkside Colliery, Newton-le-Willows Archaeological geophysical survey

Table of Contents 1. SUMMARY 1 2. INTRODUCTION 2 2.1 OVERVIEW 2 2.2 SITE DESCRIPTION 2 2.3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 2 2.4 SCOPE OF WORK 3 SURVEY METHODOLOGY 4 2.5 MAGNETIC SURVEY 4 2.6 DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION 4 3. RESULTS 6 3.1 GENERAL 6 3.2 AREA 1 6 3.3 AREA 2 7 3.4 AREA 3 9 4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 10

DRAWINGS ARC_2138_769_01 Site location map ARC_2138_769__02 Location of site showing magnetic gradient data ARC_2138_769__03 Greyscale plots of magnetic gradient data ARC_2138_769__04 Interpretation of magnetic gradient data

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES 11

APPENDIX 1 Magnetic survey; technical information 12

DIGITAL COPY OF REPORT CAN BE FOUND ON CD ATTACHED TO BACK COVER

Project No. ARC/2138/769 16/10/2017 Former Parkside Colliery, Newton-le-Willows Archaeological geophysical survey

1. SUMMARY Phase Site Investigations Ltd was commissioned to carry out a magnetic gradient survey at the former Parkside Colliery site, Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside. The aim of the survey was to help establish the presence / absence, extent, character, relationships and date (as far as circumstances and the inherent limitations of the technique permits) of archaeological features within the survey area.

The survey was undertaken using a combination of a Phase Site Investigations Ltd multi- sensor array cart system (MACS). The MACS comprised 8 Foerster 4.032 Ferex CON 650 gradiometers with a control unit and data logger. The MACS data was collected on profiles spaced 0.5 m apart with readings taken at between 0.1 and 0.15 m intervals. The majority of the anomalies identified by this survey relate to modern material / objects, agricultural and drainage activity and geological / pedological variations. In the east of the survey area there is very strong and extensive magnetic disturbance that indicates the presence of made ground or colliery spoil. There are several relatively large isolated bipolar responses within the disturbance related to discrete strongly magnetic features or concentrations of strongly magnetic material. It is possible that some of these responses could be related to infilled shafts. There are a number of anomalies that are suggestive of drainage features and others probably indicate the presence of post-medieval structural remains (possibly related to mining activity) but there are numerous other anomalies of uncertain origin, some of which could be related to the remnants of infilled features. However, there is no clear pattern to the distribution or relationship of these anomalies that would allow a more definitive interpretation.

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2. INTRODUCTION

2.1 Overview Phase Site Investigations Ltd was commissioned by BWB Consulting Ltd to carry out an archaeological geophysical survey at a site at the former Parkside Colliery, Newton-le- Willows, utilising magnetic gradiometers.

The aim of the survey was to help establish the presence / absence, extent, character, relationships and date (as far as circumstances and the inherent limitations of the technique permits) of archaeological features within the survey area.

The location of the site is shown in drawing ARC_2138_769_01.

2.2 Site description The site is situated approximately 2 km to the south-east of Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside. (centred at NGR SJ 597 943). The survey area was located within a wider development site and covered an area of approximately 9.1 ha of ‘scrub’ ground.

A shallow ditch and fence divided the survey area and the extents of the areas that could be surveyed were defined by dense vegetation. The ground was uneven in places and the east of the survey area covered a large mound. The survey was undertaken over several visits due to access problems relating to dense vegetation which was partially cleared in several phases. In total three separate areas could be surveyed and the location of these is shown in drawing ARC_2138_769_02.

The geology of the site consists of mudstone of the Manchester Marls Formation in the east of the survey area and sandstone of the Chester Formation in the central and western parts of the area. The majority of the survey area is overlain by glacial till with no recorded superficial deposits in the east and possibly the far north of the survey area (British Geological Survey, 2017). The soils of the site are described as freely draining slightly acid sandy soils (Soilscapes, 2017). The survey area is located within a former colliery site and there is potential for mining spoil and made ground to be present within the survey area

2.3 Archaeological background A summary of the archaeological potential of the site is provided in a geophysical survey specification (BWB Consulting, 2017). This highlights that a number of archaeological sites and findspots are present within the general area. These include cropmarks, probably related to prehistoric activity, within the wider site. The site was once part of a park or hunting grounds of medieval origin. The land was used for farming from the 17th century onwards. The hunting park may also have been the location of a Civil War battle in 1648. The survey area could be affected by recent mining activity, as it is located immediately to the south of the main buildings of the former Parkside Colliery.

Historic maps (old-mpas.co.uk, 2017) indicate that the survey area has been sub-divided into smaller fields at various times during the 1900s.

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2.4 Scope of work The survey area was specified by the client. Dense vegetation cover and uneven ground meant that parts of this area could not be surveyed.

The survey was carried out in three phases which resulted in three discrete areas being surveyed. During the initial site visit on 12 and 13 June 2017 the majority of the survey area was under dense vegetation. A reasonably large area in the eastern part of the survey area was relatively clear of vegetation and so this was surveyed (Area 3), as were several isolated patches in the east of the area, although these smaller areas were later covered by a subsequent phase of work.

The second phase took place on 21 June 2017, when a strip in the west of the area was surveyed after it had been partially cleared (Area 1). This area was cleared by flaying the vegetation which resulted in some areas still having patches of relatively dense vegetation and an uneven ground surface.

The third phase occurred on 28 September 2017 and covered the central parts of the survey area (Area 2). The vegetation had been cut to ground level prior to the commencement of this phase and the surface was relatively level. A strip of dense vegetation had been left uncut between Areas 1 and 2 and the area around Area 3, on the mound, had not been cleared at all.

The area accessible for survey from the three phases of work was approximately 6.0 ha, the extents of which are shown in drawing ARC_2138_769_02.

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SURVEY METHODOLOGY

2.5 Magnetic survey The survey was undertaken using a Phase Site Investigations Ltd multi-sensor array cart system (MACS).

The MACS comprised 8 Foerster 4.032 Ferex CON 650 gradiometers with a control unit and data logger. The Foerster gradiometers do not require balancing as each sensor is automatically ‘zeroed’ using the control unit software. The MACS utilises an RTK GNSS system which means that survey grids do not have to be established. Instead an area is surveyed over a series of continuous profiles and the position of each data point is recorded using an RTK GNSS system. The sensors have a separation of 0.5 m which means that data was collected on profiles spaced at 0.5 m apart. Readings were taken at between 0.1 m and 0.15 m intervals. Data is collected on zig-zag profiles along the full length or width of a field, although fields can be sub-divided if they are particularly large. Marker canes are set-out along field boundaries at set intervals and these are used to align the profiles. The survey profiles are usually offset from field boundaries, buildings and other metallic features by several metres to reduce the detrimental effect that these surface magnetic features have on the data. The location of the MACS data is converted direct to Ordnance Survey co-ordinates using the UK OSTN 02 projection. As the survey is referenced direct to Ordnance Survey National Grid co-ordinates temporary survey stations are not established.

2.6 Data processing and presentation The MACS data was stored direct to a laptop using in-house software which automatically corrects for instrument drift and calculates a mean value for each profile. A positional value is assigned to each data point based on the sensor number and recorded GNSS co-ordinates. The data is gridded using in-house software and parameters are set based on the sensor spacing and mean values. No additional processing is required. The gridded data is then displayed in Surfer 9 (Golden Software) and image files of the data are created.

The data was exported as raster images (PNG files) and are presented in greyscale format with accompanying interpretations at a scale of 1:1500. All greyscale plots were clipped at -2 nT to 3 nT. Greyscale plots have been ‘smoothed’ using a visual interpolation but the data itself has not been interpolated.

The data has been displayed relative to a digital base plan provided by the client as drawing ‘S14076-T.dwg'. The base plan was in the Ordnance Survey National Grid co-ordinate system and as the survey data were referenced directly to National Grid co-ordinates the data could be simply superimposed onto the base plan in the correct position.

X-Y trace plots were examined for all of the data and overlain onto the greyscale plot to assist in the interpretation, primarily to help identify dipolar and bipolar responses that will probably be associated with surface / near-surface iron objects. However, X-Y trace plots have not been presented here as they do not show any additional anomalies that are not visible in the greyscale data. A digital drawing showing the X-Y trace plot overlain on the greyscale plot is provided in the digital archive.

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All isolated responses have been assessed using a combination of greyscale and X-Y trace plots. There are a large number of ‘iron spike’, isolated dipolar anomalies present in the data. There is no evidence to suggest that they are associated with archaeological features and so responses of this type have not been shown in the interpretation.

Anomalies associated with possible agricultural regimes are present in the data but each individual anomaly has not been shown on the interpretation. Instead the general orientation of the regime is indicated. The data was examined over several different ranges during the interpretation to ensure that the maximum information possible was obtained from the data. The anomalies have been categorised based on the type of response that they exhibit and an interpretation as to the cause(s) or possible cause(s) of each anomaly type is also provided.

A general discussion of the anomalies is provided for the entire site and then the results are discussed on an area by area basis. A discussion of the general categories of anomaly which have been identified by the survey is provided in Appendix 1.5.

The geophysical interpretation drawing must be used in conjunction with the relevant results section and appendices of this report.

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3. RESULTS

3.1 General The data quality across the majority of the survey area is good allowing the data to be viewed at a narrow range of readings to better identify weak anomalies. There are several areas that have a more disturbed magnetic background but this is due to the presence of magnetic material in the topsoil or sub-surface, rather than low data quality.

The data in Area 1 shows a slight striping effect and there is one linear response that is caused by a sensor error (due to a jolt or significant movement of the sensor). These are a product of the uneven ground surface that was present when this area was surveyed but they have not significantly affected the overall data quality or the reliability of the interpretation.

The categories of anomaly, and their possible causes, which have been identified by the survey are discussed in detail below.

3.2 Area 1 Basic topography: Relatively flat but uneven under foot. Field description: Scrub vegetation that had been partially cleared. Bounded by bushes, trees and dense vegetation. Survey date: 21 June 2017 Summary of anomalies: Numerous isolated dipolar and small bipolar responses, that are all thought to be associated with modern material. Those have not been shown on the interpretation. A strong linear response that is an artificial data product. This is related to a sensor movement or jolt caused by rough ground. This response is not related to a sub-surface feature and its presence has not affected the reliability of the survey or interpretation. An area of magnetic disturbance associated with relatively modern material. Linear bipolar anomalies associated with modern linear magnetic feature sub-surface utility apparatus (pipes or cables). Very strong responses associated with strongly magnetic modern features / material. The feature / material causing the response may be located beyond the survey area. Weak positive linear responses are present, possibly associated with a relatively modern ploughing regime(s). Two weak, intermittent linear responses that broadly correspond with former field boundaries shown on historic maps and which are probably related to these features. A broad area of positive / negative responses, associated with a natural feature or variations.

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Numerous isolated positive responses, the majority of which are probably geological / pedological in origin or related to relatively modern deeper buried ferrous / fired material. Positive linear / curvi-linear responses and trends of uncertain origin. Some responses may be related to agricultural or drainage activity / features but others may be caused by infilled linear / curvi-linear features. Further discussion / additional information: There are two short, relatively strong positive linear anomalies (Anomalies A) in the north- east of this area. The linearity and strength of the responses suggests that they are associated with relatively modern features. Responses of this type are often associated with drainage features, although in this instance it is possible that they are associated with features relating to mining activity. There are several weak trends in this area whose cause is not certain (Anomalies B). They could be associated with the remnants of infilled features, and as such have archaeological potential, but they could also be caused by agricultural or drainage features or be related to more modern activity. In the north-east of the area there are several interconnected positive linear anomalies (Anomalies C). It is possible that these anomalies are caused by infilled ditches but they could also be associated with sub-surface structural remains or foundations. The strength of the responses and their regularity suggests that they may be relatively modern. It is likely that they are associated with post-medieval structures, possibly associated with mining activity but as they are located on the edge of the survey area a more definitive interpretation cannot be made.

3.3 Area 2 Basic topography: Relatively level. Field description: Field out of use. Vegetation cleared. Firm underfoot overall, soft towards the east. Bounded by bushes, trees and dense vegetation. Barbed wired fence to the east.

Survey date: 28 September 2017 Summary of anomalies: Numerous isolated dipolar and small bipolar responses, that are all thought to be associated with modern material. Those have not been shown on the interpretation. Two larger isolated bipolar responses. These will be related to concentrations, or larger objects / features, of relatively modern ferrous or fired material. Ares of magnetic disturbance associated with relatively modern material. Linear bipolar anomalies associated with modern linear magnetic feature sub-surface utility apparatus. The stronger anomalies will be related to sub-surface pipes or cables while the weaker responses may be associated with field drains.

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Very strong responses associated with strongly magnetic modern features / material. The feature / material causing the response may be located beyond the survey area. Weak positive linear responses are present, possibly associated with a relatively modern ploughing regime(s). Weak, intermittent linear responses that broadly correspond with former field boundaries shown on historic maps and which are probably related to these features. A broad area of positive / negative responses, associated with a natural feature or variations. Numerous isolated positive responses, the majority of which are probably geological / pedological in origin or related to relatively modern deeper buried ferrous / fired material. Positive linear / curvi-linear responses and trends of uncertain origin. Some responses may be related to agricultural or drainage activity / features but others may be caused by infilled linear / curvi-linear features. Further discussion / additional information: The area of magnetic disturbance in the east of the area is indicative of significant made ground or colliery spoil, rather than a surface spread of material. There are two larger / stronger isolated bipolar responses (Anomalies D) that are caused by strongly magnetic discrete features / material. These could be related to random distributions of relatively modern objects / material but given the historic use of the site it is possible that one or both of these responses is related to mining activity (including the potential for infilled shafts). There are several short, relatively strong positive linear anomalies (Anomalies A) in the north-west of this area. The linearity and strength of the responses suggests that they are associated with relatively modern features. Responses of this type are often associated with drainage features, although in this instance it is possible that they are associated with features relating to mining activity. There are several weak trends in this area whose cause is not certain (Anomalies B). They could be associated with the remnants of infilled features, and as such have archaeological potential, but they could also be caused by agricultural or drainage features or be related to more modern activity. In the north-west of the area there are a number of fragmented trends. These do not form a clear pattern but are in proximity to the regular responses of Anomalies C and they could indicate a continuation, albeit more fragmented, of the relatively modern activity related to Anomalies C. A weak curvi-linear trend (Anomaly E) is present in the northern and central part of this area. The broad and diffuse nature of the response is suggestive of a natural feature or variation but it is possible that the anomaly is related to the remnants of an infilled feature. There are several relatively short positive responses and trends in the south of the area (Anomalies F). These anomalies do not form a clear pattern that would allow a reliable interpretation and their cause is not certain. It is possible that the anomalies are related to agricultural or drainage features but they could also be caused by infilled features. If the

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latter is the case, it is not known if they could be archaeological or relatively modern in origin. In the south-east of the area there are a number of relatively short linear positive anomalies and trends (Anomalies G). These anomalies are located in proximity to strong responses from adjacent utilities (pipes or cables) and other modern features / material and so the cause of the responses cannot be determined with any certainty.

3.4 Area 3 Basic topography: A large mound. Field description: Light vegetation across the part of the mound that could be surveyed and dense vegetation surrounding it. Firm underfoot.

Survey date: 12 /13 June 2017 Summary of anomalies: Several large, very strong isolated bipolar responses. These will be related to discrete features or a concentration of relatively modern ferrous or fired material. A large area of magnetic disturbance associated with a concentration of relatively modern material. Further discussion / additional information: The area is dominated by very strong magnetic disturbance indicative of significant made ground or colliery spoil. There are three possible large isolated bipolar responses present within the disturbance. These could be caused by a greater concentration of magnetic material within the made ground / spoil but it is possible that they are caused by discrete features and so possibly could indicate the presence of infilled shafts.

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4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The majority of the anomalies identified by this survey relate to modern material / objects, agricultural and drainage activity and geological / pedological variations. In the east of the survey area there is very strong and extensive magnetic disturbance that indicates the presence of made ground or colliery spoil. There are several relatively large isolated bipolar responses within the disturbance related to discrete strongly magnetic features or concentrations of strongly magnetic material. It is possible that some of these responses could be related to infilled shafts. There are a number of anomalies that are suggestive of drainage features and others probably indicate the presence of post-medieval structural remains (possibly related to mining activity) but there are numerous other anomalies of uncertain origin, some of which could be related to the remnants of infilled features. However, there is no clear pattern to the distribution or relationship of these anomalies that would allow a more definitive interpretation.

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REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION OF THE ORDNANCE SURVEY ON BEHALF OF THE CONTROLLER OF HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. © CROWN COPYRIGHT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. LICENCE NUMBER 100047783.

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THIS DRAWING AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED Client THEREIN IS ISSUED IN CONFIDENCE AND IS THE COPYRIGHT OF PHASE SITE INVESTIGATIONS LIMITED. BWB CONSULTING DISCLOSURE OF THIS INFORMATION TO THIRD PARTIES AND UNAUTHORISED COPYING OR REPLICATION OF THIS LEEDS DATA WITHOUT APPROVAL IS FORBIDDEN. Site FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY NEWTON-LE-WILLOWS, MERSEYSIDE

Title SITE LOCATION MAP Phase Site Investigations Ltd, 703A Whinfield Drive, Aycliffe Business Park, Newton Aycliffe, County Durham, DL5 6AU Job No T: +44 [0] 01325 311 751 ARC_2138_769 E: [email protected] W: www.PhaseSI.com Drawn CW Chk. NF Date 16/06/2017 N NOTES 1. THIS DRAWING MUST BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE ACCOMPANYING REPORT (ARC_2138_769_RPT. DOC) WHICH PROVIDES DETAILS OF THE TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED, THEIR INHERENT LIMITATIONS AND ANY SITE SPECIFIC ISSUES. 2. THIS DRAWING IS BASED UPON DRAWING 'S14076-T.dwg' PROVIDED BY THE CLIENT. THE Direction of north 3 ORDNANCE SURVEY CO-ORDINATES OBTAINED FOR taken from drawing THIS SURVEY WERE MEASURED USING THE 'S14076-T.dwg' UKOSTN02 PROJECTION. THIS PROJECTION SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IF THE SURVEY GRID IS RELOCATED. 3. PHASE SITE INVESTIGATIONS CANNOT ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE RELIABILITY OR ACCURACY OF ANY INFORMATION PROVIDED BY A THIRD PARTY. 4. THIS DRAWING AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED THEREIN IS ISSUED IN CONFIDENCE AND IS THE COPYRIGHT OF PHASE SITE INVESTIGATIONS LIMITED. DISCLOSURE OF THIS INFORMATION TO THIRD PARTIES AND UNAUTHORISED COPYING OR REPLICATION OF THIS DATA WITHOUT APPROVAL IS -2 FORBIDDEN. nT ALWAYS EXERCISE CAUTION WHEN EXCAVATING KEY

APPROXIMATE EXTENT OF SURVEY AREA AREA 2

Phase Site Investigations Ltd, 703A Whinfield Drive, Aycliffe AREA 1 Business Park, Newton Aycliffe , County Durham, DL5 6AU AREA 3 T: +44 [0] 01325 311 751 E: [email protected] W: www.PhaseSI.com

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Site FORMER PARKSIDE COLLIERY NEWTON-LE-WILLOWS, MERSEYSIDE

Title LOCATION OF SITE SHOWING MAGNETIC GRADIENT DATA

Job No ARC_2138_769

Surveyed JW, KS, AB Drawn JW Chk. MW Date 28/09/2016