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Suponn" BINTANG MENGULAR (OPHIUROIDEA) DI EKOSISTEM

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Suponn Oseana, Volume XXXVll, Nomor 1, Tahun 2012: 1-6 ISSN 0216-1877 BINTANG MENGULAR (OPHIUROIDEA) DI EKOSISTEM TERUMBU KARANG Oleh Suponn" ABSTRACT BRITTLE STARS (OPHIUROIDEA)ONCORAL-REEFS. Brittlestars are the group of echinoderms that are often detected living on coral reef ecosystems. These organisms are often founded to associate with other biota i.e. algae, sponges and live coral colony. This article describes the association of brittle stars with other marine biota on coral reef ecosystem. PFNDAHULUAN 2. Reef flat; merupakan daerah papa ran Ekosistem terumbu karang adalah terumbu karang yang dipengaruhi oleh ekosistem perairan dangkal yang banyak pasang surut air laut dengan kedalaman dijumpai di sepanjang garis pantai daerah tropis. kurang lebih I meter. Area ini mulai terjadi Indonesia memiliki kawasan terumbu karang perubahan komunitas dengan adanya yang luas dan memiliki potensi yang sangat beberapa koloni kecil karang, karang besar untuk dikembangkan baik dari aspek bercabang dan submasif. Fauna keanekaragaman biota yang hidup didalamnya ekhinodermata yang banyak ditemukan di maupun nilai estetika untuk aspek pariwisata area ini antara lain dari kelompok bintang (MAWARD!, 2003) laut (LinckiaJaevigata),kelompok bulu babi Ekosistem terumbu karang tersusun oleh (Echinometra mathaei) yang berscmbunyi komunitas yang hidup di dalamnya dan di karang mati, serta kelompok bintang menempati habitat tersendiri sesuai pembagian mengular (Ophiothrix sp.) yang banyak dalam ekosistem tersebut. TOMASCIK et al. ditemukan dicelah karang bercabang. (1997) membagi peoggolongao habitat biota 3. Reef crest; merupakan daerah tubir yang berdasarkan geomorfologinya antara lain: umumnya di dominasi olehjenis karang yang 1. Back reef; merupakan daerah terumbu dapat bertahan terhadap hempasan karang bagian dalam yang terlindung. gelombang air [aut. Kedalaman area ini Umumnya area ini masih di domioasi oleh berkisar antara 2-3 meter. Pada daerah ini lamun atau makrofita lainnya dengan banyak ditemukan biota laut yang meJimpah kedalaman antara 1-2 meter. Pada daerah ini mulai dari alga, sponge, moluska, krustasea banyak dihuni fauna echinodermata dari dan ikan. Jenis-jenis ekhinodermata yang kelompok bulu babi Diademasetosum,jenis sering ditemukan didaerah ini umumnya Mespillia dan bintang laut Protoreaster jenis ekhinodermata dengan ukuran tubuh nodusus. yang besar antara lain Linckia sp. 1>uPT Loka Konservasi Biota Laut LIPl, Bitung 1 4. Reef slope; merupakan daerab lereng yang mengular dan ioang (host) sebagai tempat landai atau curam. Kedalamannya berkisar bidup, bersembunyi maupun untuk meocari 3-10 meter dan didominasi oleh biota bentik, makan secara langsung menghasiLkan asosiasi Di daerab ini sering ditemukan jenis aotara keduanya. Beberapa pakar sudab ekhinodermata yang berasosiasi dengan melaporkan jenis-jenis asosiasi bintang organisme lain seperti kelompok bintang mengular dengan inangnya, namun masih mengular yang banyak ditemukan menempel banyak juga yang belum diteliti. Berikut adalah pada sponge, gorgonian dan celah karang beberapa asosiasi bintang mengular dengan bercabang. Kelompok bintang laut yang biota lain. banyak dijumpai adalah jenis Fromia monilis, Fromia indica dan Ce/erina ASOSIASI BlNTANG MENGULAR DAN heffemani. ALGA 5. Fore-reefs/ope atau Reef base ; merupakan Penelitian mengenai asosiasi bintang lanjutan daerab lereng dan hanya merupakan mengular dengan alga sudah diteliti di perairan dasar merata yang tertutup oleh sedimentasi, timur Indonesia pada tahun 1992-1995.AZIZ& substrat berpasir dan patahan-patahan SUSETIONO (1998) melaporkan bahwa karang. Kedalaman area ini di atas 10 meter ditemukan kurang lebih 2522 individu bintang dan di domioasi oleh invertebrata bentik, mengular dikoloni algae. Pada umumnya bintang Jenis echinodermata yang biasanya dijumpai menguJar berasosiasi dengan koloni algae untuk di daerah ini adaJah dari kelompok teripang memperoleh makanan maupun untuk yaitu The/enola anax dan Stichopus sp. perlindungan. Penelitian khusus mengenai (AZIZ,1981). asosiasi bintang mengular dengan alga masih relatifjarang. Beberapa ahli melaporkan tentang Pola ioteraksi antara organisme yang asosiasi antara bintang mengular (Ophiactis hidup di ekosistem terumbu karang secara savignyl) dan alga marga Halimeda, Amphiora ekologi dikategorikan ke dalam beberapa bentuk dan Gracilaria di Teluk Discovery Jamaica, interaksi dasar yaitu mutuaLisme,komensalisme namun tidak menyebutkan maofaat bagi dan parasitisme. Selain itu masih banyak keduanya (HENDLER&LITTMAN, 1986, interaksi antara dua organisme yang belum MLADENOV &EMSON, 1988). Keduapakar diketahui sifat asosiasinya apakah banya tersebut banya menyatakan bahwa jenis alga bersifat bentbik atau parasit. Secara umum, yang sering ditempati oleh bintang mengular interaksi antar organisme di ekosistem terumbu adalah Halimeda opuntia. AZIZ & SUSETIONO karang terjadi secara aJami dirnulai dengan (1998) menyebutkan bahwa jenis alga yang organisme yang memanfaatkao host (inang) sering didapatkan berasosiasi deogan kelompok hanya sementara, atau interaksi yang bersifat bintang mengular adalah jenis alga yang permanen dimana organisme tersebut mencari berthalus rimbun dan rapat, sebingga makan dan berkembang biak di host (inang) memberikan kemudahan untuk bin tang (BRUCE.1982). mengular hidup berlin dung dan bergerak bebas. Bintang mengular merupakan kelompok Frekuensi kebadiran asosiasi bintang mengular echinodermata yang banyak dijumpai di di koloni alga dilaporkan Jebih tinggi ekosistem terumbu karang. Biota ini mempunyai dibandingkan asosiasi bintang mengular kebiasaan hidup bersembunyi diantara dengan koloni karang bidup (SLOAN, 1982). percabangan karang, patahan karang mati dan Penelitian mengenai preferensi bintang mengular bongkahan karang (MLADENOV & EMSON, terhadap koloni alga belum banyak dilaporkan, 1988). Kebiasaan bidup hewan antara bintang sehingga belum diketahui secara jelas jenis asosiasi di antara keduanya. 2 ASOSIASI BlNTANG MENGULAR DAN Jenis asosiasi antara gorgonia dan OKTOKORAL (KARANG LUNAK) organisme lain bervariasi mulai dari jenis Istilah oktokoral diidentikkan sebagai parasitisme, komensalisrne dan jenis asosiasi nama umum dari karang lunak. COLIN & yang belum diidentifikasi. GOH et al. (1999) ARNESSON (1995) menyatakan bahwa melaporkan tingkat kepadatan biota yang sebenarnya karang lunak terdiri dari tiga berasosiasi dengan gorgonia di ekosistem kelompok besar yaitu karang lunak (soft cora!), terumbu karang perairan Singapura relatif'tinggi, gorgonia (sea fan) dan "sea pen". Kelompok yaitu ditemukan 31 famili, 23 genus dan 23 oktokoral merniliki bentuk tubuh berupa "polip" spesies yang masuk ke dalam tujuh filum. Salah (seperti bunga kecil) (MANUPUTTY, 2008). satu biota yang berasosiasi dengan gorgonia OlctokoraJ umumnya memiliki habitat di laut adaJah echinodermata (teripang dan bintang dalam dan merupakan inang (host) bagi mengular). Jenis teripang yang ditemukan invertebrata untuk bersimbiosis. MORTENSEN berasosiasi dengan gorgonia (Ctenocelia (2004) melaporkan bahwa tingkat simbiosis yang cf. umbraculum) adalah Colochirus terjadi di koral laut daJam mencapai 32% dari quadrangularis. Sejauh ini belum diketahui total persentase tersebut 53% diantaranya jenis asosiasi an tara keduanya. Hasil bersifat parasit dan 47% bersifat komensal. pengamatan GOH et al. (1999) menyatakan Bintang mengular jenis Ophiocreas oedipus bahwa aktivitas makan teripang merusak polip ditemukan berasosiasi dengan Metallogorgia gorgonia. Teripang tersebut memakan detritus melanotracos (MOSHER & WATLING,2009). yang terperangkap oleh cairan sekresi gorgonia, Bintang mengular tersebut memanfaatkan akibatnya pergerakan dari kaki tabung teripang mukus (cairan sekresi) dari koloni koraJ sebagai tersebut menyebabkan kerusakao pada cabang makanannya. Selain itu, bintang menguJar juga gorgonia. memakan plankton yang terperangkap di Kelompok bintang mengular yang cabang-cabang koloni koral. memiJiki asosiasi yang unik dengan gorgonia adaJah dari genus Ophiotbela. Jenis Ophiothela ASOSJASIBINTANG MENGULAR spp. dapat ditemukan dalam jumlah ratusan DENGAN GORGONIA (seafan) dalam satu jenis gorgonia. Beberapa ahli Gorgonia memiliki morfologi tubuh menyatakan bahwa asosiasi antara kedua bercabang dan cabang-cabang terse but dapat organisme ini bersifat komensalisme, yaitu memanjang jauh dari substrat dasar perairan. bintang mengular memperoleh dua keuntungan Morfologi tersebut memberikan keuntungan diantaranya selain mendapatkan makanan juga karena cabang-cabang gorgonia dapat sebagai pelindung dari predator (pATTON, menangkap makanan yang terbawa oleh arus 1972), sedangkan gorgonia tidak dirugikan yang lewat di atasnya. Polip gorgonian memiliki dengan adanya asosiasi ini. Umumnya bintang mengular menempel dengan melingkarkan orientasi tegak IUTUS dengan arus air sehingga memungkinkan memperoleh akses makanan lengannya di cabang-cabang gorgonia. melalui arus yang mengalir melewati cabang• Sebaliknya,SNELl (1985) menyatakan bahwa cabang koloni gorgonia. Hal ini juga asosiasi bintang mengular dan gorgonia memberikan keuntungan bagi organismefeeding menghasilkan keuntungan bagi keduanya. filter yang berasosiasi dengan gorgonian (GOB Pergerakan bintang mengular di percabangan et al., (999). Selain itu organisme feeding filter gorgonia mencegah adanya akumuJasi sedimen juga memperoleh detritus, diatom dan bakteri yang terbawa oleh aliran arus, sehiogga polip yang terperangkap oleh cairan sekresi dari gorgonia bisa bertahan hidup. lenis-jenis cabang gorgon ian (MORTON, 1995). bintang menguJar
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