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Libera Prestazione Dei Servizi E Mercato Interno ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - UNIVERSITA' DI BOLOGNA DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN DIRITTO DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA XXV CICLO Settore Concorsuale di afferenza: 12/E1 Settore Scientifico disciplinare: IUS/14 La circolazione dei servizi in una economia sociale di mercato Presentata da: dott. Mattia Bosio Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Lucia Serena Rossi Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Alessandra Zanobetti Esame finale anno 2014 1 Al mio babbo ed alla mia mamma. Ed a chi diede il La che ancora risuona nel vento... "Je refuse une Europe qui ne serait qu'un marché, une zone de libre- échange sans âme, sans conscience, sans volonté politique, sans dimension sociale. Si c'est vers ça qu'on va, je lance un cri d'alarme." Jacques Delors 2 INDICE Introduzione Parte I: Il regime giuridico conflittuale del diritto europeo dei servizi in una economia di mercato Capitolo I. Una disciplina giuridica comunitaria in favore del principio del Paese di origine SEZIONE I. La portata estensiva della libera prestazione dei servizi ai sensi del diritto primario. § 1. La nozione di servizio: una accezione essenzialmente comunitaria § 2. Gli elementi costitutivi della prestazione comunitaria di servizi a) L’esercizio temporaneo b) ... di un'attività economica autonoma c) ...che comporti l'attraversamento di una frontiera interna. § 3. I Soggetti beneficiari della libera prestazione § 4. L'efficacia diretta della clausola di libera prestazione § 5. Le restrizioni vietate: misure discriminatorie e misure indistintamente applicabili § 6. Il rapporto con le altre libertà fondamentali: il mercato unico dalle merci ai servizi § 7. Relazioni complementari con il diritto di stabilimento: il livello di controllo esercitato sugli operatori transfrontalieri dal Paese ospitante § 8. Libera prestazione dei servizi e libera circolazione dei lavoratori SEZIONE II. Un regime giuridico circoscritto dalla disciplina interna del Paese ospitante: l a preservazione della disciplina dello Stato di destinazione del servizio e la riaffermazione della sovranità nazionale § 1. Le eccezioni al principio della parità di trattamento nel diritto primario: ordine pubblico, sicurezza pubblica, sanità pubblica ed esercizio di pubblici poteri. a) L'ordine pubblico b) La Pubblica sicurezza c)La Sanità pubblica d)L'esercizio di pubblici poteri § 2. Le ragioni imperative di interesse generale che giustificano una restrizione indistintamente applicabile. SEZIONE III. Libera prestazione, Mutuo riconoscimento ed equivalenza: un approccio in favore dell'integrazione e del Principio del Paese di origine § 1. Il diritto primario tra regola del trattamento nazionale, principio di non discriminazione e clausola di libera prestazione § 2. I principi dedotti dalla giurisprudenza: equivalenza e Mutuo riconoscimento 3 § 3. Portata ed effetti dei principi: verso l'affermazione esplicita del principio del Paese di origine Capitolo II. Il diritto derivato: alla ricerca di un compromesso tra Principio del Paese di origine e disciplina del Paese di destinazione tra codificazione, coordinamento e tentativi di armonizzazione SEZIONE I. Una normativa comune per tutte le attività di servizi: libera prestazione e libertà di stabilimento § 1. Il campo di applicazione della direttiva servizi § 2. L'oggetto della direttiva ed il rapporto con la normativa preesistente § 3. Le disposizioni sostanziali in materia di libertà di stabilimento a) I regimi di autorizzazione. b) I requisiti. § 4. Libera prestazione dei servizi, normativa applicabile ed ipotesi di deroga a) Il principio del Paese di origine nella proposta di direttiva. b) La clausola della libera prestazione: un mutuo riconoscimento rafforzato. c)Le riserve specifiche. d)Un breve codice di consumo. § 5. Gli adempimenti di natura tecnico – amministrativa a carattere funzionale SEZIONE II. Il distacco dei lavoratori nell'ambito di una prestazione di servizi § 1. L'utilizzo transfrontaliero di manodopera dipendente nell'ambito di una prestazione di servizi § 2. La direttiva 96/71: un instabile equilibrio tra libera concorrenza e protezione dei lavoratori a) Campo di applicazione e destinatari delle disposizioni obbligatorie b) Le norme inderogabili in caso di distacco: individuazione delle fonti ed ipotesi di deroga. c) Cooperazione amministrativa e tutela giurisdizionale. § 3. Il rapporto della direttiva sul distacco con la direttiva servizi ed il diritto internazionale privato § 4. Il distacco alla prova pratica: la definizione giurisprudenziale del nocciolo duro di tutela applicabile ai lavoratori distaccati SEZIONE III. L'eccezione della direttiva sul distacco conferma la regola di preferenza in favore del Principio del Paese di origine § 1. La versione integralista del Principio del Paese di origine nella proposta Bolkestein § 2. Il principio mascherato. Libera prestazione nella direttiva servizi § 3. L'armonizzazione delle ragioni imperative in concreto: le prime (timide) interpretazioni § 4. Una soluzione di compromesso dettata dalla peculiarità del distacco: tra protezione dei lavoratori e garanzia di circolazione dei servizi 4 Parte II: Il mercato europeo dei servizi: alla ricerca di una nuova dimensione sociale dell'economia Capitolo I. Libera circolazione dei servizi e protezione dei diritti sociali dei lavoratori: il conflitto sbilanciato. SEZIONE I . Dumping sociale e concorrenza tra ordinamenti in un mercato europeo senza frontiere interne § 1. La portata del dumping sociale nell'ordinamento giuridico comunitario § 2. Libertà di stabilimento e concorrenza tra imprese: alla ricerca del vantaggio competitivo § 3. Libera prestazione dei servizi, distacco e concorrenza tra lavoratori § 4. Le azioni collettive dei lavoratori come strumento di contrasto ai fenomeni di dumping SEZIONE II. Viking e Laval : conflitto ad armi impari? La giurisprudenza comunitaria bilancia i diritti sociali con le libertà economiche § 1. I fatti di causa all'origine delle controversie a) Il caso Viking b) Il caso Laval § 2. La similarità dei fatti di causa e delle questioni pregiudiziali proposte quali ragioni per una trattazione parallela § 3. Azioni collettive e campo di applicazione della disciplina comunitaria in materia di servizi § 4. L'effetto diretto orizzontale delle disposizioni in materia di libera prestazioni di servizi e di libertà di stabilimento. § 5. L'esistenza di una restrizione alla libera circolazione § 6. La giustificazione dell'azione collettiva: il riconoscimento del diritto di sciopero come diritto fondamentale § 7. La tutela del lavoro come esigenza imperativa § 8. La valutazione di proporzionalità: la finalità delle azioni sindacali a) Le funzioni dell'azione sindacale nel caso Viking b) Protezione dei lavoratori distaccati e lotta al dumping nel caso Laval SEZIONE III. Laval e Viking : incidente di percorso o nuovo filone giurisprudenziale? § 1. I Risultati del bilanciamento tra strumenti del mercato e finalità sociali alla luce della giurisprudenza § 2. Quanti indizi fanno una prova? Libera circolazione e diritto di negoziazione collettiva a) La causa Ruffert b) La causa Commissione c. Lussemburgo c) La causa Commissione c. Germania § 3. Frattura o bilanciamento tra economia di mercato e modello sociale? Dove non può il legislatore, arriva la Corte. 5 Capitolo II. Oltre il Trattato di Lisbona, verso un nuovo approccio al conflitto tra mercato europeo dei servizi e politiche sociali SEZIONE I. Libertà di circolazione e diritti fondamentali § 1. Il ruolo dei diritti fondamentali nel processo europeo di integrazione: da limite esterno a principio interno che può giustificare una restrizione § 2. La complessa relazione tra diritti fondamentali e mercato interno: ipotesi di conflitto ed inattese alleanze § 3. Il carattere fondamentale di diritti e libertà: alla ricerca di una conciliazione non gerarchica § 4. Il bilanciamento in concreto alla luce del test di proporzionalità nella giurisprudenza comunitaria: le sentenze Schmidberger ed Omega SEZIONE II. Il bilanciamento tra mercato interno e politica sociale nel diritto primario § 1. La dimensione sociale delle competenze comunitarie: dalla “frigidità” al modello sociale europeo § 2. L'anima sociale del Trattato di Lisbona tra novità sostanziali e dichiarazioni formali: a) Le novità in materia di protezione dei diritti fondamentali: dalla Carta all'adesione alla CEDU b) La solidarietà tra i valori e gli obiettivi generali dell'UE: la creazione di una “economia sociale di mercato altamente competitiva” c) La clausola sociale orizzontale § 3. Il Trattato di Lisbona come strumento di sintesi e contemperamento delle diverse finalità comunitarie SEZIONE III . Gli effetti del Trattato di Lisbona sul bilanciamento tra libertà economiche e diritti sociali fondamentali § 1. Il ripensamento dell'approccio al bilanciamento alla luce del nuovo quadro giuridico § 2. Le dissenting opinions di taluni avvocati generali: suggerimenti inascoltati. § 3. Verso il superamento dell'integrazione negativa: primi segnali di risveglio del legislatore § 4. Dalla Corte al legislatore: influenza della giurisprudenza in materia di distacco e bilanciamento sui nuovi sviluppi normativi a) La proposta di direttiva concernente l'applicazione della direttiva sul distacco b) La proposta di regolamento sull'esercizio di azioni collettive nel quadro del mercato interno Conclusioni Bibliografia 6 Introduzione Premessa metodologica. Tra solidarietà e competitività: l'approccio comunitario all'economia sociale di mercato nell’ambito della libera circolazione di servizi. Il Trattato di Lisbona1 (articolo 3, paragrafo 3 del TUE), così come faceva
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