Homelessness in Our Cities
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Homelessness in Our Cities A Report by Penang Institute March 2015 1 CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 2 2.0 Homelessness in Kuala Lumpur ........................................................................................................ 2 3.0 Causes of Homelessness ................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Systemic Problem or Individual Choice? ....................................................................................... 7 3.1.1 Low Wages ................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.2 Lack of affordable housing/transportation .................................................................................. 7 3.1.3 Lack of mental health services ..................................................................................................... 7 3.1.4 Issues with the lost / replacement of / storage of documentation ............................................. 8 3.1.5 Other factors ................................................................................................................................ 8 4.0 Present Strategies to deal with the Homeless in Malaysia ............................................................... 8 4.1 The Destitute Persons Act 1977 .................................................................................................... 8 4.1.1 The Criminalization of Homeless Persons ............................................................................. 9 4.2 Anjung Singgah ............................................................................................................................ 10 4.2.1 Pros and Cons of Anjung Singgah ........................................................................................ 11 4.3 Ops Qaseh, ‘Zero Homelessness’ and the Criminalization of Alms-giving .................................. 12 5.0 Soup Kitchen Outreach and Other Initiatives ................................................................................. 14 5.1 Beyond Food-sharing Programmes ............................................................................................. 17 6.0 Case Studies .................................................................................................................................... 19 6.1 Case Study 1: Public reaction towards Tengku Adnan’s proposals .................................................. 19 6.2 Case Study 2: The State of Mental Healthcare in Malaysia .............................................................. 22 6.3 Case Study 3: Homelessness in Penang ............................................................................................ 24 6.4 Case Study 4: The Retired Poor ......................................................................................................... 26 7.0 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................... 28 7.1 Repeal the Destitute Persons Act 1977 ............................................................................................ 28 7.2 Review the cases of all persons detained in welfare homes ............................................................ 28 7.3 Cease all future plans to criminalize homelessness and related activities ....................................... 28 7.4 Improve social outreach ................................................................................................................... 28 7.5 Create a joint ministerial working group .......................................................................................... 28 7.6 Make the National Welfare Foundation more transparent and accountable .................................. 29 7.7 Upgrade services in social welfare homes ........................................................................................ 29 8.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 29 2 1.0 INTRODUCTION On the 3rd of July 2014, Federal Territories Minister Datuk Seri Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor issued a press statement banning mobile soup kitchen operations for a 2km-radius around Lot 10, which covers a significant area of the Kuala Lumpur city centre.1At the same time, he had also announced future plans to implement by-laws and standard operating procedures to curb beggars and alm-givers in the city. This sparked a barrage of criticism on social media, even prompting the Minister of Women, Family and Community Development (MWFCD), Dato' Rohani Abdul Karim to come to his defence.2 It even prompted the Prime Minister to make a visit to the homeless in the heart of Kuala Lumpur.3Prior to mid-2014, homelessness has received scant attention in Malaysia’s public sphere, and its issues were not of interest to politicians or political parties. The announcement by Tengku Adnan put the spotlight on the homelessness issue and for the first time in a long time, homelessness in the city centre was viewed as a national issue and the attitude of the Government towards homeless persons came under public scrutiny. The NGOs which were working with homeless persons, especially those which were feeding them, saw a sudden increase in volunteerism. They took this opportunity to educate the public and debunk myths pertaining to homelessness. The ongoing discourse brought to light the inadequacies of the current system, which ranges from the lack of affordable housing/transportation to inadequate mental health services. These systemic issues will be discussed in this report. In early August, Tengku Adnan scrapped the plan to restrict the movement of soup kitchens in Kuala Lumpur, due to the overwhelmingly negative public reaction. As of today, political and societal pressure on policy reform has reduced significantly since Tengku Adnan’s controversial remarks. NGOs and homeless persons are increasingly concerned about the existing policy and its future direction, as there is a fear that the criminalization of homeless persons will continue, making it further difficult for this section of society to uplift themselves from their predicament. This report will attempt to paint an accurate picture of the complexities that surround homelessness in Malaysia, particularly in Kuala Lumpur. The author acknowledges that although homelessness is not a problem that affects Kuala Lumpur alone, Kuala Lumpur is chosen as a focal point for this report, specifically its central business district. 2.0 HOMELESSNESS IN KUALA LUMPUR Homeless people are often depicted as persons who sleep on the streets, cannot give a satisfactory account of themselves and beg for alms. For those who have a deeper understanding of the issue, homelessness is a state of having no secure housing. This includes individuals who live in homes of their friends and family, in shelters and hostels, and at their workplaces where accommodation is provided. Street homelessness just happens to be the most visible kind of homelessness. 1 Choong.M.Z.(2014,July 3).Tengku Adnan: Soup kitchens banned within 2km radius of city centre. The Star. Retrieved from: http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/07/03/Soup-kitchens-banned-around-KL-city-centre/. [Accessed: 23rd Oct 2014]. 2 Cheema,Sukhbir.(2014,July 3). Rohani explains Ku Nan;s cruel statement soup kitchen beggars. The Rakyat Post. Retrieved from: http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/07/03/rohani-explains-ku-nans-cruel-statement-soup-kitchens-beggars/. [Accessed: 23rd Oct 2014]. 3 Quek.Y.H.(2014,July 10). Najib Ministers visit soup kitchens after KL ban order delayed. The Malaysia Insider. Retrieved from: http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/najib-ministers-visit-soup-kitchens-after-kl-ban-order-delayed [Accessed: 23rd Oct 2014]. 3 In 2010, the Social Welfare Department conducted a survey on the street-dwelling homeless persons of Kuala Lumpur and found that 1,387 individuals were experiencing homelessness at that point in time.4The key findings were as follows: Figure 1: Homeless Profile in Kuala Lumpur according to age and gender Source: Ministry of Women, Family, and Community Development. (n.d.). Profiling Golongan Gelandangan (Homeless) di Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur. Putrajaya: (Unpublished) According to Figure 1 above, men are overrepresented in the homeless community (85%). So are senior citizens (60 years and older) who make up 22% of the survey’s participants but only comprise 5.1% of the population 65 and above in 2010.5 According to Figure 2 below which shows the breakdown of ethnicity and state of birth of homeless persons, Indians and Chinese are somewhat overrepresented in the homeless community (18% and 45% respectively). In comparison, according to the 2010 census, Chinese and Indians make up 43% and 18% of the population in Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur respectively.6 Interestingly, the largest group of respondents were from Selangor (29%) rather than from KL itself (only 6%). Also interesting was the fact that the next largest group came from Perak (20%). The fact that a majority of respondents (71%) hail from states other than within Selangor and KL area proves that homelessness is a national issue affecting citizens from all states and hence deserving of national