INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AFRICA, KHARTOUM
PhD THESIS
TITLED
EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON MALARIA INFECTION IN TARABA
STATE, NIGERIA (2011-2015)
A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR PhD DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSIY OF AFRICA, KHARTOUM
SUPERVISED BY
PROFESSOR ABDEL MALIK GASM ELSEED
BY
IBRAHIM ABDULLAHI International University of Africa Repository
MAY, 2017 provided by View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE brought to you by
DEDICATION I SINCERELY DEDICATE THIS WORK TO ALMIGHTY ALLAH (SWT). TO MY LATE PARENTS (PA ABDULLAHI SALAUDEEN AND MA SHIFA SALAUDEEN) MY LOVELY AND BEAUTIFUL WIFE (MRS FATIMA SALIHU) AND MY TWO ADORABLE DAUGHTERS (SHIFA AND RAHMAT)
i
ACKNOWLDGEMENT
I wish to acknowledge the effort of my able supervisor, Professor Abdel Malik
Gasm Elseed for his relentless interventions in my research work, words alone is not sufficient to express my gratitude. May Allah the almighty continue to bless him and his family (amin). I wish also to acknowledge the effort of my HOD Dr. Imam for his unending supports may Allah continue to help him and his family (amin).
I want to thank the TETF unit of Taraba State University for their assistance (in sponsoring this program) and especially Dr. Mahmood, the TETF Desk officer, the
Vice Chancellor of Taraba State University Prof. Yahya Sanni and Prof. Yakubu
Aliyara (D. VC Academics)
I also acknowledge the support and efforts of all the staff of the department of geography, International University of Africa Khartoum, i thank them all. I also want to appreciate the help of Prof. A.A., Adebayo of Department of Geography,
MAUTECH Yola, Dr. Robert H of the Department of Biological Science Taraba
State University Jalingo. My thanks go to Mr. Kachalla of Ministry of Health
Taraba State Secretariat for providing the researcher with required data. I strongly appreciate the effort and contributions of my external supervisor, Prof. Kabashi of
University of Khartoum may Allah grant him and his family more blessings (amin) and Prof. Umar Abdul Majeed of International University of Africa Khartoum.
I want to appreciate with love the help & the prayers of my brothers and sisters
(my elder brother Abdullateef, my younger ones; Mualim Ishaq, Dr Yusuf, Saeedat,
Ismail, Nasrat, Abdul Hafeez and Lukman). I thank them all and may Allah continue to be with them and their family members (amin).
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Dedication...... i
Acknowledgement...... ii
Contents...... iii
List of tables...... iv
List of Figures...... v
Abstract ...... xix
Chapter one
1.0 RESEARCH STRATEGY
1.1 Preface...... 1
1.2 The Problem...... 5
1.3 Significance of study...... 7
1.4 Research hypothesis...... 8
1.5 Research questions...... 8
1.6 Objective of study...... 8
1.7 Research approaches...... 9 1.8 Data Acquisition...... 9 1.9 Data Processing and Analysis...... 10 1.10 Cartography...... 12 1.11 Scope of the study...... 12 1.12 Modelling...... 13 1.13 Overlaying...... 14 1.14 Attribute Information...... 15 1.15 Query...... 15 1.16 The multiple regression analyses...... 15
Chapter two...... 17
2.1 Concepts, Definitions and Theories...... 17
2.1.1The Concept of medical Geography...... 17
2.1.2 Developments in medical geography...... 23
2.1.3 Analytical approach...... 26
2.1.4 Methodological approach...... 30
2.1.4.1 Theories of medical geography...... 33
2.1.4.2 Structural functionality theory...... 34
2.1.4.3 Symbolic interactionalism...... 36
2.2 Literature reviews...... 38
iii
3.0 Chapter three
3.1 Study Area...... 49
3.2 Physical and human setting of the study area ...... 49
4.0 Chapter Four: Presentation of Data...... 57
4.0.1 Table 1 showing monthly average rainfall, minimum/maximum temperatures and monthly total of malaria infection...... 57
4.0.2 Graph 1 showing the relationship between rainfalls, minimum and maximum temp...... 58
4.0.3 Graph 2 showing relationship between minimum/maximum and temp. range...... 59
4.0.4 Graph 3 showing relationship between minimum and maximum temperatures...... 60
4.0.5 Graph 4 showing average monthly malaria infections in Taraba State...... 61
4.1 Analysis of dry season data...... 62
4.2 Analysis of wet season data...... 116
4.3 Statistical analyses...... 175
4.4 Relationship between rainfall, temperature (minimum and maximum temperature) relief and malaria distribution...... 176
5.0 Chapter five Discussion of results...... 180
5.2 Incidences of malaria and its distribution in Taraba state...... 186
5.3 Rainfall characteristics and malaria infections in Taraba state...... 192
5.4 Length of rainy season ...... 194
5.5 Temperature characteristics
5.5.1 The Influence Maximum temperature...... 195
5.5.2 The Influence Minimum temperature...... 197
5.6 Relationships between rainfall & temperature...... 198
Chapter six; Conclusion and Recommendation
6.1 Introduction...... 201
6.2 Conclusion...... 203
6.3 Recommendation...... 205
Bibliography...... 207
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1; Relationship between malaria infections and rainfall, minimum/maximum
Temperature ...... 58
iv
Table 2; Statistical Analyses Relationship between Malaria Infections
Rainfall, Minimum/Maximum and Temperature...... 175
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig3: Graph Showing the Relationships Btw Rainfall Maximum & Minimum Temperatures 2015...... 58
Fig4: Graph Showing the Relationships Btw Average Maximum/Minimum & Temp. Ranges 2015...... 59
Fig5: Graph Showing the Relationships Btw Average Maximum & Minimum Temp. 2015...... 60
Fig6: Graph Showing Distribution of Malaria Infection of 2015 in the Study Area...... 61
List of Maps
Map of Nigeria showing Taraba state...... 52
Map of Taraba state showing study areas...... 53
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of K/Lamido in January 2015...... 63
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of K/Lamido in January 2015...... 63
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in January 2015...... 63
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in January 2015...... 63
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of K/Lamido in February 2015...... 64
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of K/Lamido in February 2015...... 64
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in February 2015...... 64
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in February 2015...... 64
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of K/Lamido in March 2015...... 65
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of K/Lamido in March 2015...... 65
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in March 2015...... 65
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in March 2015...... 65
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of K/Lamido in Nov. 2015...... 66
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of K/Lamido in Nov.2015...... 66
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in Nov. 2015...... 66
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in Nov. 2015...... 66
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of K/Lamido in Dec. 2015...... 67
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of K/Lamido in Dec. 2015...... 67
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in Dec. 2015...... 67
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in Dec 2015...... 67
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of K/Lamido in April 2015...... 68
v
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of K/Lamido in April 2015...... 68
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in April 2015...... 68
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in April 2015...... 68
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Lau in January 2015...... 69
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Lau in January 2015...... 69
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Lau in January 2015...... 69
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Lau in January 2015...... 69
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Lau in February 2015...... 70
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Lau in February 2015...... 70
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Lau in February 2015...... 70
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Lau in February 2015...... 70
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Lau in March 2015...... 71
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Lau in March 2015...... 71
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Lau in March 2015...... 71
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Lau in March 2015...... 71
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Lau in November 2015...... 72
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Lau in November 2015...... 72
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Lau in November 2015...... 72
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Lau in November 2015...... 72
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Lau in December 2015...... 73
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Lau in December 2015...... 73
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Lau in December 2015...... 73
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Lau in December 2015...... 73
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Lau in April 2015...... 74
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Lau in April 2015...... 74
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Lau in April 2015...... 74
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Lau in April 2015...... 74
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Jalingo in January 2015...... 75
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Jalingo in January 2015...... 75
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in January 2015...... 75
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in January 2015...... 75
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Jalingo in February 2015...... 76
vi
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Jalingo in February 2015...... 76
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in February 2015...... 76
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in February 2015...... 76
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Jalingo in March 2015...... 77
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Jalingo in March 2015...... 77
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in March 2015...... 77
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in March 2015...... 77
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Jalingo in November 2015...... 78
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Jalingo in November 2015...... 78
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in November 2015...... 78
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in November 2015...... 78
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Jalingo in December 2015...... 79
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Jalingo in December 2015...... 79
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in December 2015...... 79
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in December 2015...... 79
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Jalingo in April 2015...... 80
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Jalingo in April 2015...... 80
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in April 2015...... 80
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in April 2015...... 80
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gassol in January 2015...... 81
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gassol in January 2015...... 81
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gassol in January 2015...... 81
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gassol in January 2015...... 81
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gassol in February 2015...... 82
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gassol in February 2015...... 82
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gassol in February 2015...... 82
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gassol in February 2015...... 82
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gassol in March 2015...... 83
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gassol in March 2015...... 83
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gassol in March 2015...... 83
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gassol in March 2015...... 83
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gassol in November 2015...... 84
vii
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gassol in November 2015...... 84
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gassol in November 2015...... 84
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gassol in November 2015...... 84
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gassol in December 2015...... 85
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gassol in December 2015...... 85
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gassol in December 2015...... 85
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gassol in December 2015...... 85
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gassol in April 2015...... 86
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gassol in April 2015...... 86
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gassol in April 2015...... 86
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gassol in April 2015...... 86
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gashaka in January 2015...... 87
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gashaka in January 2015...... 87
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in January 2015...... 87
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gashakal in January 2015...... 87
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gashaka in February 2015...... 88
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gashaka in February 2015...... 88
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in February 2015...... 88
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gashakal in February 2015...... 88
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gashaka in March 2015...... 89
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gashaka in March 2015...... 89
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in March 2015...... 89
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gashakal in March 2015...... 89
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gashaka in November 2015...... 90
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gashaka in November 2015...... 90
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in November 2015...... 90
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gashakal in November 2015...... 90
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gashaka in December 2015...... 91
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gashaka in December 2015...... 91
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in December 2015...... 91
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gashakal in December 2015...... 91
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gashaka in April 2015...... 92
viii
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gashaka in April 2015...... 92
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in April 2015...... 92
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gashakal in April 2015...... 92
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Sardauna in January 2015...... 93
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Sardauna in January 2015...... 93
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in January 2015...... 93
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in January 2015...... 93
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Sardauna in February 2015...... 94
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Sardauna in February 2015...... 94
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in February 2015...... 94
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in February 2015...... 94
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Sardauna in March 2015...... 95
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Sardauna in March 2015...... 95
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in March 2015...... 95
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in March 2015...... 95
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Sardauna in November 2015...... 96
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Sardauna in November 2015...... 96
Fig16w: Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in November 2015...... 96
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in November 2015...... 96
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Sardauna in December 2015...... 97
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Sardauna in December 2015...... 97
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in December 2015...... 97
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in December 2015...... 97
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Sardauna in April 2015...... 98
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Sardauna in April 2015...... 98
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in April 2015...... 98
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in April 2015...... 98
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Ibi in January 2015...... 99
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Ibi in January 2015...... 99
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Ibi in January 2015...... 99
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Ibi in January 2015...... 99
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Ibi in February 2015...... 100
ix
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Ibi in February 2015...... 100
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Ibi in February 2015...... 100
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Ibi in February 2015...... 100
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Ibi in March 2015...... 101
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Ibi in March 2015...... 101
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Ibi in March 2015...... 101
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Ibi in March 2015...... 101
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Ibi in November 2015...... 102
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Ibi in November 2015...... 102
Fig17w: Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Ibi in November 2015...... 102
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Ibi in November 2015...... 102
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Ibi in December 2015...... 103
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Ibi in December 2015...... 103
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Ibi in December 2015...... 103
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Ibi in December 2015...... 103
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Ibi in April 2015...... 104
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Ibi in April 2015...... 104
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Ibi in April 2015...... 104
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Ibi in April 2015...... 104
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Wukari in January 2015...... 105
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Wukari in January 2015...... 105
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Wukari in January 2015...... 105
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Wukari in January 2015...... 105
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Wukari in February 2015...... 106
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Wukari in February 2015...... 106
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Wukari in February 2015...... 106
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Wukari in February 2015...... 106
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Wukari in March 2015...... 107
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Wukari in March 2015...... 107
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Wukari in March 2015...... 107
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Wukari in March 2015...... 107
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Wukari in November 2015...... 108
x
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Wukari in November 2015...... 108
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Wukari in November 2015...... 108
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Wukari in November 2015...... 108
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Wukari in December 2015...... 109
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Wukari in December 2015...... 109
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Wukari in December 2015...... 109
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Wukari in December 2015...... 109
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Wukari in April 2015...... 110
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Wukari in April 2015...... 110
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Wukari in April 2015...... 110
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Wukari in April 2015...... 110
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Takum in January 2015...... 111
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Takum in January 2015...... 111
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Takum in January 2015...... 111
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Takum in January 2015...... 111
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Takum in February 2015...... 112
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Takum in February 2015...... 112
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Takum in February 2015...... 112
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Takum in February 2015...... 112
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Takum in March 2015...... 113
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Takum in March 2015...... 113
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Takum in March 2015...... 113
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Takum in March 2015...... 113
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Takum in November 2015...... 114
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Takum in November 2015...... 114
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Takum in November 2015...... 114
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Takum in November 2015...... 114
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Takum in December 2015...... 115
Map of Relationship between rainfall and malaria of Takum in December 2015...... 115
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Takum in December 2015...... 115
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Takum in December 2015...... 115
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Takum in April 2015...... 116
xi
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Takum in April 2015...... 116
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Takum in April 2015...... 116
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Takum in April 2015...... 116
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of K/Lamido in May 2015...... 117
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of K/Lamido in May 2015...... 117
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in May 2015...... 117
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in May 2015...... 117
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of K/Lamido in June 2015...... 118
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of K/Lamido in June 2015...... 118
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in June 2015...... 118
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in June 2015...... 118
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of K/Lamido in July 2015...... 119
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of K/Lamido in July 2015...... 119
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in July 2015...... 119
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in July 2015...... 119
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of K/Lamido in August 2015...... 120
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of K/Lamido in August 2015...... 120
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in August 2015...... 120
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in August 2015...... 120
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of K/Lamido in September 2015...... 121
Map of Relationship between rainfall and malaria of K/Lamido in September 2015...... 121
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in September 2015...... 121
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in September 2015...... 121
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of K/Lamido in October 2015...... 122
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of K/Lamido in October 2015...... 122
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in October 2015...... 122
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of K/Lamido in October 2015...... 122
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Lau in May 2015...... 123
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Lau in May 2015...... 123
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Lau in May 2015...... 123
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Lau in May 2015...... 123
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Lau in June 2015...... 124
xii
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Lau in June 2015...... 124
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Lau in June 2015...... 124
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Lau in June 2015...... 124
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Lau in July 2015...... 125
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Lau in July 2015...... 125
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Lau in July 2015...... 125
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Lau in July 2015...... 125
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Lau in August 2015...... 126
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Lau in August 2015...... 126
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Lau in August 2015...... 126
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Lau in August 2015...... 126
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Lau in September 2015...... 127
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Lau in September 2015...... 127
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Lau in September 2015...... 127
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Lau in September 2015...... 127
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Lau in October 2015...... 128
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Lau in October 2015...... 128
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Lau in October 2015...... 128
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Lau in October 2015...... 128
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Jalingo in May 2015...... 129
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Jalingo in May 2015...... 129
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in May 2015...... 129
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in May 2015...... 129
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Jalingo in June 2015...... 130
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Jalingo in June 2015...... 130
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in June 2015...... 130
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in June 2015...... 130
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Jalingo in July 2015...... 131
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Jalingo in July 2015...... 131
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in July 2015...... 131
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in July 2015...... 131
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Jalingo in August 2015...... 132
xiii
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Jalingo in August 2015...... 132
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in August 2015...... 132
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in August 2015...... 132
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Jalingo in September 2015...... 133
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Jalingo in September 2015...... 133
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in September 2015...... 133
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in September 2015...... 133
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Jalingo in October 2015...... 134
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Jalingo in October 2015...... 134
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in October 2015...... 134
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Jalingo in October 2015...... 134
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gassol in May 2015...... 135
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gassol in May 2015...... 135
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gassol in May 2015...... 135
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gassol in May 2015...... 135
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gassol in June 2015...... 136
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gassol in June 2015...... 136
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gassol in June 2015...... 136
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gassol in June 2015...... 136
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gassol in July 2015...... 137
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gassol in July 2015...... 137
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gassol in July 2015...... 137
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gassol in July 2015...... 137
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gassol in August 2015...... 138
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gassol in August 2015...... 138
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gassol in August 2015...... 138
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gassol in August 2015...... 138
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gassol in September 2015...... 139
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gassol in September 2015...... 139
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gassol in September 2015...... 139
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gassol in September 2015...... 139
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gassol in October 2015...... 140
xiv
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gassol in October 2015...... 140
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gassol in October 2015...... 140
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gassol in October 2015...... 140
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gashaka in May 2015...... 141
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gashakal in May 2015...... 141
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in May 2015...... 141
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in May 2015...... 141
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gashaka in June 2015...... 142
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gashakal in June 2015...... 142
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in June 2015...... 142
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in June 2015...... 142
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gashaka in July 2015...... 143
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gashakal in July 2015...... 143
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in July 2015...... 143
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in July 2015...... 143
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gashaka in August 2015...... 144
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gashakal in August 2015...... 144
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in August 2015...... 144
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in August 2015...... 144
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gashaka in September 2015...... 145
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gashakal in September 2015...... 145
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in September 2015...... 145
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in September 2015...... 145
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Gashaka in October 2015...... 146
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Gashakal in October 2015...... 146
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in October 2015...... 146
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Gashaka in October 2015...... 146
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Sardauna in May 2015...... 147
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Sardauna in May 2015...... 147
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in May 2015...... 147
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in May 2015...... 147
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Sardauna in June 2015...... 148
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Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Sardauna in June 2015...... 148
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in June 2015...... 148
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in June 2015...... 148
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Sardauna in July 2015...... 149
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Sardauna in July 2015...... 149
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in July 2015...... 149
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in July 2015...... 149
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Sardauna in August 2015...... 150
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Sardauna in August 2015...... 150
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in August 2015...... 150
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in August 2015...... 150
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Sardauna in September 2015...... 151
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Sardauna in September 2015...... 151
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in September 2015...... 151
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in September 2015...... 151
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Sardauna in October 2015...... 152
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Sardauna in October 2015...... 152
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in October 2015...... 152
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Sardauna in October 2015...... 152
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Ibi in May 2015...... 153
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Ibi in May 2015...... 153
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Ibi in May 2015...... 153
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Ibi in May 2015...... 153
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Ibi in June 2015...... 154
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Ibi in June 2015...... 154
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Ibi in June 2015...... 154
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Ibi in June 2015...... 154
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Ibi in July 2015...... 155
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Ibi in July 2015...... 155
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Ibi in July 2015...... 155
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Ibi in July 2015...... 155
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Ibi in August 2015...... 156
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Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Ibi in August 2015...... 156
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Ibi in August 2015...... 156
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Ibi in August 2015...... 156
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Ibi in September 2015...... 157
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Ibi in September 2015...... 157
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Ibi in September 2015...... 157
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Ibi in September 2015...... 157
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Ibi in October 2015...... 158
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Ibi in October 2015...... 158
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Ibi in October 2015...... 158
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Ibi in October 2015...... 158
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Wukari in May 2015...... 159
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Wukari in May 2015...... 159
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Wukari in May 2015...... 159
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Wukari in May 2015...... 159
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Wukari in June 2015...... 160
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Wukari in June 2015...... 160
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Wukari in June 2015...... 160
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Wukari in June 2015...... 160
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Wukari in July 2015...... 161
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Wukari in July 2015...... 161
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Wukari in July 2015...... 161
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Wukari in July 2015...... 161
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Wukari in August 2015...... 162
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Wukari in August 2015...... 162
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Wukari in August 2015...... 162
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Wukari in August 2015...... 162
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Wukari in September 2015...... 163
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Wukari in September 2015...... 163
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Wukari in September 2015...... 163
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Wukari in September 2015...... 163
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Wukari in October 2015...... 164
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Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Wukari in October 2015...... 164
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Wukari in October 2015...... 164
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Wukari in October 2015...... 164
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Takum in May 2015...... 165
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Takum in May 2015...... 165
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Takum in May 2015...... 165
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Takum in May 2015...... 165
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Takum in June 2015...... 166
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Takum in June 2015...... 166
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Takum in June 2015...... 166
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Takum in June 2015...... 166
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Takum in July 2015...... 167
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Takum in July 2015...... 167
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Takum in July 2015...... 167
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Takum in July 2015...... 167
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Takum in August 2015...... 168
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Takum in August 2015...... 168
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Takum in August 2015...... 168
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Takum in August 2015...... 168
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Takum in September 2015...... 169
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Takum in September 2015...... 169
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Takum in September 2015...... 169
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Takum in September 2015...... 169
Map of Relationships between relief and malaria of Takum in October 2015...... 170
Map of Relationships between rainfall and malaria of Takum in October 2015...... 170
Map of Relationships between min./temp. & malaria of Takum in October 2015...... 170
Map of Relationships between max./temp. & malaria of Takum in October 2015...... 170
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ABSTRACT This research describe the effect of climate on malaria infection in Taraba State Nigeria basically focusing on rainfall and temperature, and trying to see if relief also have an impact on malaria distribution in the State. The aim of the research is to find out if any relationship exists between climate and malaria infection and so it was hypothesised that there was no relationship between rainfall and malaria infection and another hypothesis was that there is no relationship between temperature and malaria infection. Simple Random sampling technique was used to arrive at the selected 9 local governments from the 16 local governments that make up the state. Furthermore, at least five health centres from every sampled local government was randomly sampled and the GIS was used to take their location where archival data of malaria patients for 5 year was obtained from each health centres located in the study area. Climatic data was downloaded from the worldclim data base and GIS was used to process and analyse both the hospital and climatic data. The hospital data were overlaid on the climatic data to find out if any relationship really exist between them and it was discovered that significant relationships exist between rainfall, temperature and malaria in Taraba State Nigeria. it was then recommended that because this work considered only rainfall and temperature more climatic variables such as relative humidity should be applied in other to arrive at a more valid and instructive outcome also government and none government agencies should sensitize members of the public on how to manage the environment in such a manner that breeding spaces for mosquitoes would be reduced and as such reducing the incidence of malaria infections
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G.I.S
G. I. S
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