INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AFRICA, KHARTOUM PhD THESIS TITLED EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON MALARIA INFECTION IN TARABA STATE, NIGERIA (2011-2015) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR PhD DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSIY OF AFRICA, KHARTOUM SUPERVISED BY PROFESSOR ABDEL MALIK GASM ELSEED BY IBRAHIM ABDULLAHI International University of Africa Repository MAY, 2017 provided by View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE brought to you by DEDICATION I SINCERELY DEDICATE THIS WORK TO ALMIGHTY ALLAH (SWT). TO MY LATE PARENTS (PA ABDULLAHI SALAUDEEN AND MA SHIFA SALAUDEEN) MY LOVELY AND BEAUTIFUL WIFE (MRS FATIMA SALIHU) AND MY TWO ADORABLE DAUGHTERS (SHIFA AND RAHMAT) i ACKNOWLDGEMENT I wish to acknowledge the effort of my able supervisor, Professor Abdel Malik Gasm Elseed for his relentless interventions in my research work, words alone is not sufficient to express my gratitude. May Allah the almighty continue to bless him and his family (amin). I wish also to acknowledge the effort of my HOD Dr. Imam for his unending supports may Allah continue to help him and his family (amin). I want to thank the TETF unit of Taraba State University for their assistance (in sponsoring this program) and especially Dr. Mahmood, the TETF Desk officer, the Vice Chancellor of Taraba State University Prof. Yahya Sanni and Prof. Yakubu Aliyara (D. VC Academics) I also acknowledge the support and efforts of all the staff of the department of geography, International University of Africa Khartoum, i thank them all. I also want to appreciate the help of Prof. A.A., Adebayo of Department of Geography, MAUTECH Yola, Dr. Robert H of the Department of Biological Science Taraba State University Jalingo. My thanks go to Mr. Kachalla of Ministry of Health Taraba State Secretariat for providing the researcher with required data. I strongly appreciate the effort and contributions of my external supervisor, Prof. Kabashi of University of Khartoum may Allah grant him and his family more blessings (amin) and Prof. Umar Abdul Majeed of International University of Africa Khartoum. I want to appreciate with love the help & the prayers of my brothers and sisters (my elder brother Abdullateef, my younger ones; Mualim Ishaq, Dr Yusuf, Saeedat, Ismail, Nasrat, Abdul Hafeez and Lukman). I thank them all and may Allah continue to be with them and their family members (amin). ii TABLE OF CONTENT Dedication......................................................................................................................................................i Acknowledgement.........................................................................................................................................ii Contents.........................................................................................................................................................iii List of tables....................................................................................................................................................iv List of Figures..................................................................................................................................................v Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................xix Chapter one 1.0 RESEARCH STRATEGY 1.1 Preface........... ...........................................................................................................................................1 1.2 The Problem.............................................................................................................................................5 1.3 Significance of study................................................................................................................................7 1.4 Research hypothesis.................................................................................................................................8 1.5 Research questions...................................................................................................................................8 1.6 Objective of study....................................................................................................................................8 1.7 Research approaches..............................................................................................................................9 1.8 Data Acquisition......................................................................................................................................9 1.9 Data Processing and Analysis..............................................................................................................10 1.10 Cartography..........................................................................................................................................12 1.11 Scope of the study................................................................................................................................12 1.12 Modelling................................................................................................................................................13 1.13 Overlaying..............................................................................................................................................14 1.14 Attribute Information...........................................................................................................................15 1.15 Query......................................................................................................................................................15 1.16 The multiple regression analyses.........................................................................................................15 Chapter two....................................................................................................................................................17 2.1 Concepts, Definitions and Theories.......................................................................................................17 2.1.1The Concept of medical Geography......................................................................................................17 2.1.2 Developments in medical geography....................................................................................................23 2.1.3 Analytical approach..............................................................................................................................26 2.1.4 Methodological approach.....................................................................................................................30 2.1.4.1 Theories of medical geography.........................................................................................................33 2.1.4.2 Structural functionality theory.........................................................................................................34 2.1.4.3 Symbolic interactionalism.................................................................................................................36 2.2 Literature reviews..................................................................................................................................38 iii 3.0 Chapter three 3.1 Study Area................................................................................................................................................49 3.2 Physical and human setting of the study area .......................................................................................49 4.0 Chapter Four: Presentation of Data.......................................................................................................57 4.0.1 Table 1 showing monthly average rainfall, minimum/maximum temperatures and monthly total of malaria infection..........................................................................................................57 4.0.2 Graph 1 showing the relationship between rainfalls, minimum and maximum temp....................58 4.0.3 Graph 2 showing relationship between minimum/maximum and temp. range..............................59 4.0.4 Graph 3 showing relationship between minimum and maximum temperatures............................60 4.0.5 Graph 4 showing average monthly malaria infections in Taraba State..........................................61 4.1 Analysis of dry season data.....................................................................................................................62 4.2 Analysis of wet season data...................................................................................................................116 4.3 Statistical analyses.................................................................................................................................175 4.4 Relationship between rainfall, temperature (minimum and maximum temperature) relief and malaria distribution.............................................................................................................................176 5.0 Chapter five Discussion of results........................................................................................................180 5.2 Incidences of malaria and its distribution in Taraba state................................................................186 5.3 Rainfall characteristics and malaria infections in Taraba state........................................................192