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37

Finnerty Gardens 36 Forest Biology Tree Walk

Please enjoy our tree walk. Just follow the numbers on the map. This list contains all the on the map.

1. Douglas-Fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 2. Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora 3. Bigleaf Maple Acer macrophyllum 4. Vine Maple Acer circinatum 5. Red Alder Alnus rubra 6. Oriental Plane-tree Platanus orientalis 7. Garry Oak Quercus garryana 8. Finnerty Apple Malus sylvestris 9. Arbutus Arbutus menziesii 10. Black Cottonwood Populus trichocarpa 11. Monkey puzzle araucana 12. Western Redcedar Thuja plicata 13. Umbrella Sciadopitys verticillata 14. Empress tree Paulownia tomentosa 15. Silver maple Acer saccharinum 16. Copper ‘Purpurea’ 17. Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua 18. English 19. Persian Ironwood Parrotia persica 20. Hiba Arborvitae Thujopsis dolabrata 21. Red Oak Quercus rubra 22. Deodar Cedar Cedrus deodara 23. Coast Redwood Sequoia sempervirens 24. Dawn Redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides 25. Mountain-Ash Sorbus americana 26. Grand Fir Abies grandis 27. Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Frisia’ 28. Dove tree Davidia involucrata 29. Blue Atlas Cedar Cedrus atlantica ‘Glauca’ 30. Yellow-Cedar (weeping) Callitropsis (Chamaecyparis) nootkatensis 31. 32. Silk tree Albizia julibrissin 33. Tulip-tree Liriodendron tulipifera 34. Shrubby Japanese Yew Podocarpus macrophyllus 35. Cut- Alder Alnus glutinosa ‘Imperialis’ 36. Horsechestnut Aesculus hippocastanum 37. Paper Birch Betula papyrifera 38. Sierra Redwood Sequoiadendron giganteum 39. Trembling Aspen Populus tremuloides 40. Pacific Yew Taxus brevifolia Forest Biology Campus Tree Walk Notes of Interest

The Forest Biology Campus Tree Walk is a 1-2 hour tour of some of the interesting trees on the UVic campus. It was difficult to choose from among the many planted, and we hope the walk will inspire you to identify more of the trees that you find on your way. In formal garden areas, tree signs are placed at the base of the tree on a metal post. In other areas, signs are hung fairly high on the main stem or a lower branch of the tree. Part of the fun is finding the sign!

Trees on the Campus Tree Walk are listed in order below. The common name is followed by the scientific name and the family to which the tree belongs. The natural range of each tree is described and some distinguishing features are listed. Other information of interest is included.

1) Douglas-fir - Pseudotsuga menziesii (Pinaceae) An native to the coastal regions of western , from west-central British Columbia, south to central California. There is considered to be a coastal and an interior variety in B.C. Douglas-fir is not a true fir (true firs are in the Abies) thus the common name is hyphenated. Douglas-fir is distinguished by its thick, furrowed, fire-resistant bark, needles arranged all around the stem, pointed buds and three-pronged bract emerging from between the scales in the mature cone. Coastal Douglas-fir is a very large tree, some say the second tallest in the world after Coast Redwood. It commonly lives more than 500 and occasionally more than 1,000 years.

2) Southern Magnolia - Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae) An evergreen angiosperm also known as bull bay. Southern magnolia is native to the southeastern United States, from coastal North Carolina south to central Florida, and west to southeast Texas. It is distinguished by its large, white, lemon-scented flowers, glossy, leathery , and fuzzy brown buds.

3) Bigleaf Maple - Acer macrophyllum (Aceraceae) A deciduous angiosperm native to the Pacific coast of western North America from southern Alaska to southern California. Bigleaf maple is distinguished by the largest leaves of any maple, typically 15-30 cm across, with five deeply-incised, palmate lobes. We understand that it is possible to make maple syrup from the sap of Bigleaf maple, but it requires a lot of reduction.

4) Vine Maple – Acer circinatum (Aceraceae) A deciduous angiosperm native to western North America from southwest B.C. to northern California, always within 300 km of the Pacific Ocean. Vine maple is distinguished by its shrubby form, sympodial growth (terminal bud usually lacking) and almost circular leaves with 7-9 palmate lobes separated by narrow notches which become red or yellow in autumn.

5) Red Alder - Alnus rubra (Betulaceae) A deciduous, angiosperm native to western North America, from southeast Alaska to central coastal California. Red alder is the world's largest species of alder, reaching heights of 20-35 m. The name derives from the bright rusty red color that develops in bruised or scraped bark. Red alder roots are host to the nitrogen fixing actinomycete Frankia. This association allows the tree to grow in nitrogen-poor , even old road beds. In disturbed moist forest areas, red alder can rapidly form a dense cover. A russet dye can be made from a decoction of the bark and was used by First Nations people to dye fishing nets so as to make them less visible underwater. Red alder can be recognized by its leaves which have coarse, blunt teeth and margins rolled under. The are conelets.

6) Oriental Plane-tree – Platanus orientalis (Platanaceae) A deciduous, angiosperm native to Eurasia from the Balkans to India which crosses with American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). The Oriental Plane-tree is grown widely for shade. This specimen at UVic is reputed to have been grown from a seed brought from the tree under which Hippocrates taught medicine on the island of Kos. Leaves of the Oriental Plane tree can be distinguished from those of maple because the bottom-most veins are not palmate. The puzzle-like bark and globose fruits are also distinguishing features.

7) Garry Oak – Quercus garryana (Fagaceae) A deciduous, native, angiosperm ranging from southern California to the southwestern corner of British Columbia. Also known as Oregon white oak, Garry oak is a deeply-rooted, drought tolerant species. It can be distinguished from English white oak by its shiny, dark-green upper leaf surface, leaf stalks more than 1 cm long, and solitary or paired on short stalks less than 5 mm in length. Garry oak tends to have short, forked trunks compared to the tall, straight trunk of English white oak. The acorns are edible after soaking to leach out bitter tannins. Small green or yellow galls can often be found on the undersides of leaves. The galls are formed by the oak around colonies of wormlike larvae belonging to one of several species of tiny wasps. A common wasp species responsible for these galls is Cynips maculipennis

8) Finnerty Apple – Malus sylvestris (Rosaceae) The Finnerty family were among the earliest settlers and farmers in the Mount Tolmie area in the 1860s and ‘70s. In the 1890s, Mike and Mary Ann Finnerty, along with John and Hanna Finnerty, ran a successful orchard and dairy farm on land that is now the UVic campus. Two domestic apple trees from the family orchard still stand in the quadrangle just south of the Cornett Building. They are reputed to be a particular variety of apple – the Finnerty apple.

9) Arbutus – Arbutus menziesii (Ericaceae) A drought-tolerant, evergreen angiosperm found on the west coast of North America, from British Columbia (mainly Vancouver Island) to California. It is distinguished by its glossy, evergreen leaves, red, papery, peeling bark, white, urn-shaped flowers, and clusters of orange-red berries. Like Douglas-fir, its species name was given it in honour of the Scots naturalist Archibald Menzies, who noted it during George Vancouver's voyage of exploration.

10) Black cottonwood – Populus trichocarpa (Salicaceae) A deciduous angiosperm native to western North America, from Alaska to northern California. Black cottonwood is also known as western balsam poplar and is the largest species of poplar, growing to 50 m tall. It is distinguished by ovate leaves with whitish undersurfaces and short, round petioles, resinous fragrant buds, and deeply furrowed, grey bark on older trees. The seeds are covered by white, fluffy hairs, and are released prolifically in June.

11) Monkey puzzle – () An evergreen conifer native to southern and , Monkey puzzle is the hardiest species of Araucaria. Its range is now restricted to a small area approximately 200 km long x 50 km wide in the , and a few patches in the coastal cordillera of Chile. Monkey puzzle is distinguished by its triangular, sharply pointed leaves. It has very regular, whorled growth when young, but self-prunes and becomes flat-topped when old. Trees are usually dioecious (separate male and trees). This specimen is a male and will produce cones, but the female cones contain edible seeds. Trees can grow to 50 m height and 2 m diameter. The name is said to have come from a British garden owner who said “it would puzzle a monkey to climb that” (if there were any monkeys in its native range).

12) Western redcedar - Thuja plicata (Cupressaceae) An evergreen conifer native to the west coast of North America from southern Alaska to northern California; and to inland valleys in southern B.C. to western Montana. Western redcedar is the provincial tree of B.C., and is distinguished by its scale-like leaves, red-brown, fibrous bark, and seed cones with leathery, paired, spine-tipped scales. It is not a true cedar (see # 22), hence the spelling of ‘redcedar’. Western redcedar was used for many purposes by the aboriginal peoples of the north Pacific coast and played a key role in their culture. Its is easily split and rot-resistant, and is highly valued.

13) Umbrella pine – Sciadopitys verticillata (Sciadopityaceae) An evergreen conifer native to . Umbrella pine is the only species in the family Sciadopityaceae and the genus Sciadopitys. The leaves are variously interpreted as a pair of true leaves fused together, or as highly modified shoots. This species is among the oldest of the extant and is known in the record from > 230 million years BP, thus it is considered a “”.

14) Empress tree – Paulownia tomentosa (Scrophulariaceae) A deciduous angiosperm native to central and western . The Empress tree is also called the Princess tree or Foxglove tree, and is distinguished by its large, heart-shaped leaves and tall clusters of purple, tubular flowers, resembling foxglove flowers. Empress tree is tolerant of poor soils and disturbed areas and is considered a weed tree in some areas. The wood can be very valuable, however, and is used for furniture and decorative boxes.

15) Silver Maple – Acer saccharinum (Aceraceae) A deciduous angiosperm native to southeastern Canada and the eastern United States. Silver Maple is also known as Soft Maple and hybridizes with Red Maple. It can be recognized by its deeply lobed leaves with 5-7 lobes, and very large keys with a 90o wing angle. The seeds are the largest of any native maple. Silver Maple does not become highly colored in autumn, and leaves usually remain yellow or brownish.

16) Copper Beech – Fagus sylvatica ‘Purpurea’ (Fagaceae) A deciduous angiosperm, the Copper Beech is a purple variety of European Beech. The natural range of European Beech extends from southern Sweden to central Italy, west to France and east to northwest Turkey, where it intergrades with the Oriental Beech (F. orientalis), which replaces it further east It can be recongized by the long, pointed buds, smooth, gray bark, and leaves which have small or no teeth and 5-9 straight, parallel veins per side. The leaves of Copper Beech are purple due to the accumulation of anthocyanins, water-soluble red and blue pigments which are often found in flowers and fruits. The leaves still contain chlorophyll and thus are efficient in photosynthesis—the green colour of chlorophyll is just masked by the anthocyanins.

17) Sweetgum – Liquidambar styraciflua (Hamamelidaceae) A deciduous angiosperm native to the southeastern United States and to regions of Mexico and Guatemala. Sweetgum is planted as an ornamental in southwest BC because of its symmetrical shape and orange autumn leaves. It has lobed leaves with palmate venation like maple, but the globose, aggregate is distinctive. Twigs of this tree often have corky ridges. The fragrant gum produced by the tree was noted to resemble liquid amber, hence the name. With age, the gum hardens and was reputed to have medicinal properties. It was used as a perfume for gloves and other items.

18) English Walnut – Juglans regia (Juglandaceae) A deciduous angiosperm native from southeast through southwest and central Asia and the Himalaya to southwest China. English walnut is distinguished by smooth, grayish-brown twigs and leaves with 5-9 leaflets, fewer than Black Walnut. The terminal leaflet is large in English Walnut. The pith of walnut twigs contains air spaces. English walnut is cultivated extensively for its high quality nuts, eaten fresh and pressed for their richly flavored oil. The wood is also valuable.

19) Persian Ironwood – Parrotia persica (Hamamelidaceae) A deciduous angisperm native to northern Iran, and closely related to witch (Hamamelis). It is distinguished by flowers which are somewhat similar to witch hazel, but dark red; they are also produced in late winter on bare stems. The leaves have large, lanceolate stipules, and are a dark, glossy green in summer and highly coloured in autumn. The flakey bark is also showy.

20) Hiba Arborvitae – Thujopsis dolabrata (Cupressaceae) An evergreen conifer native to Japan. Hiba Arborvitae is the only species in the genus, but it is similar to the closely related genus Thuja which contains our native western redcedar (see 12), but is distinguished by broader, thicker leaves with distinctive white undersides, and thick cones. Thuja species and Thujopsis are called arborvitae (Latin: “tree of life”) because of their evergreen foliage. Hiba Arborvitae is used to a small extent in forestry in Japan, as its valuable wood is durable and scented, similar to that of western redcedar.

21) Red Oak – Quercus rubra (Fagaceae) A deciduous angiosperm native to southeast Canada and the northeastern United States. Red Oak is distinguished by pinnate leaves with 7-9 lobes, each lobe wider towards the base. Red Oak is the common oak of eastern Canada and the provincial tree of Prince Edward Island.

22) Deodar Cedar – Cedrus deodara (Pinaceae) An evergreen conifer native to the Himalayas. Deodar Cedar is one of four species which are the “true” cedars in the genus Cedrus. Deodar Cedar is distinguished by leaves up to 5 cm long borne on short shoots like larch, but the leaves of Cedrus are not deciduous. The cones are upright at maturity, similar to Abies, but they take 2-3 years to mature. Unlike our native conifers which shed pollen in the spring, Cedrus sheds pollen in the late summer or autumn. The specific name deodara is derived from the Sanskrit name, 'devadara', meaning timber of the gods. It is the national tree of Pakistan. The related Cedrus libani is the Cedar-of-Lebanon, and BC’s native western red cedar and yellow cypress (also known as yellow-cedar) are not considered “true” cedars as they are in different genera and a different family. Although this individual lost most of its needles after cold damage in the winter of 2006/07, it is now recovering.

23) Coast Redwood – Sequoia sempervirens (Cupressaceae) An evergreen conifer native to the coast of California and Oregon. Coast Redwood is distinguished by flat sprays of dark green needles on new side shoots, 2-3 cm globular seed cones, and thick, fibrous, red-brown bark. The Coast or California Redwoods are among the tallest trees in the world. The tallest redwood was the "Dyerville Giant" in Humboldt State Park. It was 113.4 metres high when it fell in March 1991, and was estimated to be 1600 years old. A tree claimed to be 115.8 m was cut down in 1912. A paper by Koch et al. (Nature, 2004, Vol. 428, pp. 851-854) postulated that due to leaf water stress imposed by gravity and path length resistance, maximum tree height is limited to 122-130 m.

24) Dawn Redwood – Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Cupressaceae) A deciduous conifer native to the Sichuan-Hubei region of central China. Dawn Redwood is characterized by soft, bright-green needles, opposite in two ranks. The shoots are also arranged in opposite pairs, and the entire shoot is deciduous. There is only one extant species in the genus, but four species are known from the fossil record. Between 65-5 million years ago, Metasequoia was widely distributed across Asia and North America, and have been found as far north as 80oN. It was known only as a fossil genus until a small stand of trees was discovered in central China 1945. It is now commonly planted as an ornamental in North America and Europe.

25) Mountain-Ash – Sorbus americana (Rosaceae) A deciduous angiosperm native to southeastern Canada and the north-east U.S. It is distinguished from the native Sitka mountain-ash (Sorbus sitchensis) by the taper-pointed leaflets (Sitka mountain-ash has rounded leaflets) and hairless buds.

26) Grand Fir – Abies grandis (Pinaceae) An evergreen conifer native to low to mid elevation, coniferous in rainshadow areas of the south coast of B.C., south to northern California. At higher elevations and farther north on the B.C. coast, Grand Fir is replaced by Amabilis Fir (Abies amabilis). Grand fir is distinguished by flat needles with rounded, notched tips which are usually arranged in two distinct horizontal rows. The bark of younger trees and branches is smooth with resin blisters, like many true firs. True firs have cones upright at maturity and cone scales are deciduous. Grand Fir cones are yellowish-green to green, and 5-10 cm long.

27) Black Locust – Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Frisia’ (Leguminosae) A deciduous angiosperm native to the eastern U.S. which has naturalized in much of southern Canada. Black Locust is recognized by its pinnately compound leaves with a terminal leaflet and a pair of spines at the base. The ‘Frisia’ variety has golden leaflets and is usually grafted onto regular Black Locust rootstock The flowers and fruits are pea-like as this tree is a nitrogen- fixing legume, like peas.

28) Dove tree – Davidia involucrata (Cornaceae) A deciduous angiosperm native to south-west China. Dove Tree is also called Ghost-tree or Handkerchief-tree because of the two large, white bracts subtending a cluster of small male and one female flowers. Dove Tree is in the same family as the Pacific dogwood (Cornus nutallii) whose white ‘petals’ are really bracts surrounding the cluster of true flowers at the centre. The young leaves of the Dove Tree are pleasantly scented.

29) Blue Atlas Cedar – Cedrus atlantica ‘Glauca’ (Pinaceae) An evergreen conifer native to the Atlas Mountains of North Africa. Like #22, the Deodar Cedar, Atlas Cedar is one of four species of “true cedars” in the genus Cedrus. Atlas Cedar is distinguished by its clusters of leaves less than 2.6 cm long. The blue or ‘Glauca’ variety is named for the blue hue of leaves arising, in part, from the thick layers of wax deposited on leaf surfaces.

30) Yellow-cedar – Callitropsis nootkatensis (Cupressaceae) An evergreen conifer native to the Pacific coast from southern Alaska to northern Oregon with a few small interior populations. Yellow-cedar is recognized by its scale-like leaves in 4 rows which are prickly when rubbed backwards, its berry-like seed cone which has 4-6 scales with prominent triangular projects, and its flakey bark which smells of potatoes. Yellow-cedar is hyphenated because it is not considered a ‘true’ cedar. For many years the scientific name was Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, but after the discovery of the closely-related Vietnamese Golden Cypress in 1999, both species were placed in a new genus, Xanthocyparis. However, in 1864 Yellow-cedar was placed in the genus Callitropsis, a fact that was overlooked or ignored by other subsequent authors. The name Xanthocyparis has been proposed for conservation, but until that is decided on at the 2011 International Botanical Congress, Yellow-cedar is correctly classified in Callitropsis.

31) Ginkgo – Ginkgo biloba () A deciduous native to the province of eastern China. Ginkgo is recognized by its fan-shaped leaves with dichotomous venation and prominent dwarf shoots on stout twigs. Ginkgo is considered a living fossil with closely-related species in the fossil record from 270 million years before present. While fossils of Ginkgo leaves are found in many parts of the world, including northern Canada and , western botanists thought the species was extinct in the wild prior to their being shown a population in Zhejiang province. There is still some debate as to whether this is truly a relic wild population or a population originating from temple gardens where the species has been preserved for over 1000 years. Unlike conifers and angiosperms, Ginkgo has motile sperm which is a relictual character. Ginkgo is an important plant in and extracts from the leaves and seeds are used in many herbal remedies. Ginkgo is also an important ornamental plant which is resistant to pests and .

32) Silk tree – Albizia julibrissin (Leguminosae) A deciduous angiosperm native to southern and eastern Asia from Iran to Japan. Silk tree is recognized by its tripinnate leaves which close slowly at night and during periods of rain, and its clusters of silky flowers which lack petals and are mostly clustered stamens.

33) Tulip-tree – Liriodendron tulipifera (Magnoliaceae) A deciduous angiosperm native to eastern North America, including southern Ontario. Tulip tree is recognized by its distinctive leaves, which have a low notch at the tip so that the leaf appears cut off at the top. The flowers are yellow, large and tulip-like with many parts, and the fruits are winged in cone-like aggregates. Tulip-tree is planted widely as an ornamental as it is generally free of pests and diseases and has good form.

34) Shrubby Japanese Yew – Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae) An evergreen conifer native to southern Japan and China. Shrubby Japanese Yew is not in the Yew family at all, but rather in the southern hemisphere conifer family Podocarpaceae. The Japanese name for this species is Kusamaki. Shrubby Japanese Yew is recognized by its strap- shaped leaves 6-12 cm long. It does not have a cone like many conifers, instead the seed develops at the end of a bract which swells and becomes purplish-red when the seed is ripe.

35) Cut-leaf Alder – Alnus glutinosa ‘Imperialis’ (Betulaceae) Alnus glutinosa, common name Black Alder, is deciduous angiosperm native to most of Europe. The ‘Imperialis’ variety is known as Cut-leaf Alder because when the leaves develop, little leaf tissue develops between the veins. Like Red Alder (#5), Cut-leaf Alder roots are host to the nitrogen fixing actinomycete Frankia.

36) Horsechestnut – Aesculus hippocastanum (Hippocastanaceae) A deciduous angiosperm native to Eurasia from the Balkans to the Himalaya. Horsechestnut is recognized by its opposite, palmately compound leaves, large, sticky, chocolate-brown terminal bud, showy, erect clusters of white or pink flowers, and large, green, globular, spiny fruits. The inedible seeds are large and shiny brown with a pale spot and are the conkers (i.e. conquerors) of children’s games. The glucoside esculin is extracted from the leaves and bark, and is used as a skin protectant.

37) Paper Birch – Betula papyrifera (Betulaceae) A deciduous angiosperm which occurs in all forested regions across Canada. Paper Birch is recognized by its white bark which sheds in large sheets, and leaves which are widest below the middle and double-toothed with a smooth-edged base. The bark has long been used for making canoes, baskets, snow-goggles and other useful and ornamental items. ‘Papyrifera’ means paper- bearing, referring to the bark.

38) Sierra Redwood – Sequoiadendron giganteum (Cupressaceae) An evergreen conifer native to the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada in the western U.S. Sierra Redwood is recognized by its conical crown in young trees, the large, conical stem of older trees, soft, spongy, red-gray bark, short, scale-like, overlapping leaves, and 5-10 cm long seed cones with peltate scales. Sierra Redwood, also known as Bigtree, is probably the world’s largest tree in terms of stem volume. These trees can grow very quickly when young and live for over 1000 years.

39) Trembling Aspen – Populus tremuloides (Salicaceae) A deciduous angiosperm native throughout forested regions of Canada and the northern U.S. Trembling Aspen is one of the most widely distributed species in North America. It is recognized by its small rounded leaves, reddish-brown buds and whitish bark. The stalks or petioles of the leaves are flattened and so ‘tremble’ in the breeze, hence the name ‘tremuloides’. Aspen wood is white and low in resins and is valued for making chopsticks, chipboard and pulp. The species reproduces vigorously from root sprouts, and clones of thousands of trees derived from a single individual have been found to occupy up to 80 hectares. It is thought these clones may have originated on land exposed soon after the Pleistocene ice sheet melted, making them among the largest and oldest organisms in the world.

40) Pacific Yew – Taxus brevifolia (Taxaceae) An evergreen conifer native to the Pacific coast from southernmost Alaska to central California, and to wet interior regions of B.C. Pacific Yew is often a shrubby tree, and reaches a maximum height of 20 m. It is recognized by its flattened, pointed needles which are yellowish-green above and pale below. The twigs are green with flat ridges below each leaf and green buds. Pacific Yew does not produce cones, rather single seeds develop in a reddish, fleshy cup called an aril. The seed is poisonous. Taxol, a natural product of the bark, is a potent drug used to treat ovarian and breast cancers. The heavy, close-grained wood was prized by native peoples and was used for bows, wedges, clubs, paddles, digging sticks, harpoons and tool handles.

Acknowledgements Many thanks are due to the students and staff who helped with this project. We appreciate the assistance of Brad Binges, Diane Gray, Jon Kalkman, Justine McCulloch and Ivan Petrovic. The editorial assistance of Lindsey Froland is gratefully acknowledged. Tony James, retired Grounds Manager was very helpful in identifying candidate trees. We also acknowledge the assistance of Bentley Sly, Grounds Manager and Rhonda Rose, Horticulture Supervisor.

References Farrar, J.L. 1995. Trees in Canada. Canadian Forest Service. Fitzhenry and Whiteside Ltd. Markham, ON.

Mabberly, D.J. 1997. The Plant Book. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Pojar, J. and MacKinnon, A. 1994. of Coastal British Columbia. Lone Pine Publ., Vancouver, BC.