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Caracterización De Frutos Y Semillas De Algunas Cucurbitáceas En El Norte Del Perú

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Caracterización De Frutos Y Semillas De Algunas Cucurbitáceas En El Norte Del Perú Artículo Científico Rev. Fitotec. Mex. Vol. 37 (1): 7 - 20, 2014 CARACTERIZACIÓN DE FRUTOS Y SEMILLAS DE ALGUNAS CUCURBITÁCEAS EN EL NORTE DEL PERÚ CHARACTERIZATION OF FRUITS AND SEEDS OF SOME CUCURBITS IN NORTHERN PERÚ Guillermo E. Delgado-Paredes*, Consuelo Rojas-Idrogo, Ángela Sencie-Tarazona y Leopoldo Vásquez-Núñez Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo. Ciudad Universitaria, Juan XXIII núm. 391. Lambayeque, Perú. *Autor para correspondencia: ([email protected]) RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN Se colectó germoplasma de cucurbitáceas en el norte del Perú, en La familia Cucurbitaceae conforma un importante gru- las regiones de Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque y Cajamarca, para un total de 8 géneros, 14 especies y 202 accesiones, sobre todo de la po de plantas, mayormente tropicales, con 90 a 130 géne- región Lambayeque que tuvo el mayor número de accesiones. Este ros y 750 a 1300 especies, muchas de ellas muy comunes y material genético se conserva desde 1988 hasta la actualidad a 10 °C ampliamente utilizadas en la alimentación. Cinco de estas de temperatura, con una tasa de viabilidad de las semillas de 90 %. Se especies: Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber, C. ficifolia Bou- evaluaron las características morfológicas de frutos y semillas de las ché, C. moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poiret, especies Cucurbita ficifolia, C. moschata, C. maxima y Cucurbita sp., una variedad local conocida como “loche”, y Lagenaria siceraria. Las C. maxima Duchesne ex Poiret, and C. pepo L., se domesti- accesiones de Cucurbita fueron muy variables en forma, tamaño y color caron en el Nuevo Mundo y por miles de años se cultivaron de fruto, y forma y tamaño de semilla. Las accesiones de Lagenaria o utilizaron por los aborígenes americanos (Lira y Montes, destacaron por la amplia variabilidad en forma y tamaño del fruto, 1994). en las que se reconocieron los tipos “calabazos”, “lapas”, “mates” y “checos”, con numerosas formas intermedias. Se discute la posibilidad de que los genotipos “chuyán” y “loche”, clasificados tradicionalmente La importancia de las cucurbitáceas no es solamente en como C. moschata, pudieran constituir subespecies. Se concluye que el ámbito alimenticio sino también en el ámbito medicinal la costa norte del Perú es un centro de alta diversidad morfológica de puesto que lectinas aisladas de Momordica charantia, una C. moschata y L. siceraria, y la región altoandina de Cajamarca y Piura cucurbitaceae silvestre, inhibieron a la transcriptasa re- de C. ficifolia. versa HIV-1 (Wang y Ng, 2001); asimismo, dos proteínas, Palabras clave: Cucurbita ficifolia, C. moschata, Lagenaria siceraria, MRK29 (Jiratchariyakul et al., 2001) y ginkbilobina (Wang descriptores morfológicos, diversidad morfológica. y Ng, 2000), se aislaron de frutos de M. charantia y de semi- llas de Ginkgo biloba, respectivamente, y ambos compues- SUMMARY tos inhiben a la transcriptasa reversa HIV-1; sin embargo, MRK29 fue cien veces más activa (Cos et al., 2008). Cucurbit germplasm was collected in northern Perú. Sampling covered the Tumbes, Piura and Cajamarca regions and gathered 8 genera, 14 species and 202 accessions. The highest number of accesions Debido a la importancia que tienen varias especies de came from Lambayeque. Genetic material has been conserved cucurbitáceas en la alimentación de vastos sectores de la since 1988 to this date at 10 °C, with a seed viability rate of 90 %. población mundial, se les ha considerado de alta priori- Morphological characteristics of fruits and seeds of Cucurbita ficifolia, dad en la conservación de sus recursos genéticos (IBPGR, C. moschata, C. maxima, Cucurbita sp., a local variety known as “loche”, 1981; Esquinas-Alcázar y Gulick, 1983; Lira, 1995). Así lo and Lagenaria siceraria, were evaluated. The Cucurbita accesions showed variability in fruit shape, size and colour, and in seed size and demuestran varios trabajos: los realizados sobre colecta de shape. Lagenaria accesions stood out by their variability in fruit shape germoplasma de cucurbitáceas en Cuba (Hammer et al., and size, in which the “calabazos”, “lapas”, “mates” and “checos” fruit 1991); los estudios de diversidad genética de germoplasma types, and many intermediate shapes, were recognized. The possibility de zapallo, Cucurbita moschata (Montes et al., 2004) y sobre that the genotypes “chuyán” and “loche”, traditionally classified as C. caracterización molecular de introducciones nativas (Res- moschata, could be sub-species is discussed. It is concluded that the north coast of Perú is a center of high morphological diversity of C. trepo et al., 2008) en Colombia; la comparación morfológi- moschata and L. siceraria, while the Andean region of Cajamarca and ca de frutos y semillas de auyama, C. moschata (Cáseres et Piura is the diversity center for C. ficifolia. al., 2010) en Venezuela; las evaluaciones sobre caracterís- ticas morfológicas de uso potencial como marcadores de Index words: Cucurbita ficifolia, C. moschata, Lagenaria siceraria, especies de C. moschata y C. argyrosperma (Wessel-Beaver morphological descriptors, morphological diversity. et al., 2004) en Puerto Rico, y la colecta y caracterización Recibido: 23 de Octubre del 2012 Aceptado: 15 de Agosto del 2013 CARACTERIZACIÓN DE SEMILLAS DE CUCURBITÁCEAS EN PERÚ Rev. Fitotec. Mex. Vol. 37 (1) 2014 de germoplasma de Lagenaria siceraria (calabaza) (Yetişir mente altoandina, con un relieve accidentado y complejo. et al., 2008), la evaluación del potencial de L. siceraria para ser utilizado como patrón en la injertación de yemas de Ci- La estrategia del trabajo consistió en explorar sistemáti- trullus lanatus (sandía) (Karaca et al., 2012), y las determi- camente y luego colectar el germoplasma de cucurbitáceas naciones de la diversidad genética de germoplasma de C. en áreas de alta diversidad en el norte del Perú. Las accesio- lanatus realizadas en Turquía (Solmaz y Sari, 2009; Uluturk nes, consistentes en frutos y semillas, se obtuvieron direc- et al., 2011). tamente de los campos de cultivo y del agricultor, aunque también se recurrió a muestras del mercado local y ferias Entre los trabajos más relevantes sobre evaluación mor- agropecuarias, para configurar un amplio rango de varia- fológica se tiene el de Montes et al. (2004), quienes en 133 bilidad. La mayoría de las accesiones corresponden a ge- accesiones de C. moschata colectadas en nueve departa- notipos ancestrales, con muy pocos genotipos mejorados y mentos de Colombia observaron que todos los caracteres comerciales. Por lo general, la semilla madura se obtuvo de evaluados, como tamaño, forma y color de fruto, sumados 3 a 5 frutos colectados en plantas diferentes. a los descriptores de pubescencia de la hoja, días a floración femenina, espesor de pulpa, tamaño de la semilla, entre Los datos de colecta se consignaron en Fichas Pasaporte otros, presentaron amplio rango de valores, lo cual corro- elaboradas por IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resour- bora la gran variabilidad observada en la colección. ces Institute) (ex IBPGR/FAO), que incluyeron los siguien- tes datos de cada accesión: geográficos, prácticas de cultivo, En el Perú se han reportado alrededor de 27 géneros y edáficos, topográficos, entre otros. Adicionalmente, en la 110 especies (Brako y Zarucchi, 1993; Ulloa Ulloa et al., caracterización de frutos y semillas de las accesiones se uti- 2004), todos bejucos y lianas; asimismo, se ha informado la lizaron descriptores (ECPGR, 2008), complementados con presencia de 23 especies endémicas representadas en siete los modelos de caracterización elaborados para Lagenaria géneros, además del género Guraniopsis endémico del Perú siceraria (calabaza) (Bioversity International for Cucurbita- (León, 2006). También se cuenta con algunos trabajos taxo- ceae, 2007; Yetişir et al., 2008) y Citrullus lanatus (sandía) nómicos y fitogeográficos sobre la familia Cucurbitaceae, (Solmaz y Sari, 2009). Sin embargo, fue necesario introducir en especial los de Weberbauer (1945) y Soukup (1970), e varias modificaciones y agregar variables adicionales, como incluso sobre el comportamiento de algunas especies como la forma de las semillas en L. siceraria y diversas especifica- flora invasora en los cultivos de la costa (Sagástegui, 1973; ciones en el tamaño de las semillas de todas las especies de Sagástegui y Leiva, 1993). Sin embargo, referente a explo- Cucurbita estudiadas, entre otras. ración y colecta de germoplasma en el Perú solamente se cuenta con el trabajo de Valega et al. (2004), donde enfati- La mayoría de los datos consignados se obtuvieron di- zan aspectos de distribución de Cucurbita, pero poco acer- rectamente de la colección de Cucurbita y Lagenaria, y úni- ca de su caracterización morfológica. camente los datos de semillas se tomaron de la colección élite o núcleo, consistente de 5 a 10 muestras. Las clases por Por estas razones se desarrolló el presente trabajo cuyo variable evaluada se expresaron en porcentaje del total de objetivo principal fue la caracterización morfológica de fru- frutos caracterizados. El diámetro polar se tomó desde el tos y semillas de algunas cucurbitáceas del norte del Perú. punto de inserción del pedúnculo floral hasta el extremo posterior; asimismo, numerosos frutos presentaron man- MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS chas longitudinales angostas a las que se denominó “jaspes”. En el análisis estadístico para el procesamiento de los datos La exploración y colecta de germoplasma de cucurbitá- de semilla se utilizó el programa Statistical Package for the ceas se realizó entre julio de 1988 a
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