I a Thesis Submitted to the Department of Environmental Sciences

CEU eTD Collection

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICEENVIRONMENTAL AND INMIAMI URBAN AGRICULTURE SUSTAINABLE A thesissubmitted A tothe ofEnvironmentalandDepartment Sciences Policy of Central European University in part fulfillment of the University the Central European fulfillment in of part Degree of Master ofScienceDegree Master of Jacob POLICZER Jacob May Budapest

2013

CEU eTD Collection bythe EuropeanSupported Mundus Commission’s Programme Erasmus (Sweden) University and UniversityManchester of (Unit the the of European AegeanUniversity University (Greece),(Hungary), Central Lund Sciences,Environmental and Policy Management (MESPOM)operated jointly bythe ofsuccessful completion result Master fulfillmentThis ofthe in isdegree of Science thesis submitted awarded asa MESPOM Policy and Management Erasmus Mundus Masters Coursein Environmental Sciences,

of the Erasmus Mundus Mastersof the ErasmusMundus course in

ed Kingdom).

CEU eTD Collection Environmental of Department the of Head the andCentral Policy, University.Sciences European from available is place take may cond the on information Further thesis, of Science Master University, CentralEuropean Budapest. J Policzer, (3) conditions ofanysuch agreement. terms and the partieswill which prescribe ofwritten theUniversity, permission without the third by use for Central available made be not the may and contrary, the in to agreement vested is thesis this (2) writing) mademay (in withoutpermission notbe of the the Author. made. copies such any of part Further copi form must page This Librarian. the from obtained bemay UniversityLibrary. Details Central European thelodged in Authorand the by either (1) and intellectual oncopyright ownership rights: of Notes the property

in full, or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with instructions given instructions with accordance in only made be may extracts, of or full, in For bib in described be may which rights property intellectual any of ownership The process) any (by Copies Author. the with rests thesis this of text in Copyright . 2013. . es (by any process) of copies made in accordance in instructions process) ofwithsuch made es (bycopies any liographic andreference thisthesis purposes should referred be toas: Environmental Justice and Sustainable Urban Agriculture in Miami. in Agriculture Urban Sustainable and Justice Environmental

itions under which disclosures and exploitation exploitation and disclosures which under itions

uoen nvriy sbet o n prior any to subject University, European III

CEU eTD Collection or university other any or this of learning.other institute of qualification or degree another for application b has thesis this in to referred work the of portion No declaration Author’s

een submitted in support of an an of support in submitted een Jacob POLICZER Jacob

CEU eTD Collection agricultural the discussion perspectives wi Finally, racial capability. distribution, recognition,participation, and eth and agriculture envir of beenmovement. established, thesixcase had the studies sustainability Once theenvironmentalexamined in justiceframefood justice theburgeoning for a triple agriculture urban injustice. this symptoms thesis This causesev of and agriculture demonstratedagricultural has system. Urban address the potential to accessdiscrimination. food p This in injustice isperpetuated environment security theurban exists classIn rooted issue afood race in and May and Sustainable Justice AgricultureUrban Miami in POLICZER Jacob by:submitted 2013. onmental justice applied frameworkwas t - bottom

organizations in relation toSchlosberg’s in organizations of principles four (2007)

endeavors.

to provide practical recommend - thin these agricultural thin urban line metric. The theoretical justification of foodmetric. asaright Thetheoretical was line justification for thedegree of

organizations operating in organizations operating in minoritycommunities in Among thesites ABSTRACT OFTHESIS ABSTRACT

Master of Science and ofentitled: Science Master

organizations will be organizations will ations for current for ations future and urban o analyze the dynamics of the urban theurban o analyze thedynamics of

aluates the sustainability of of aluates thesustainability

art bytheconventional Environmental Environmental

incorporated into

Miami using nic nic CEU eTD Collection Keywords:

environmental justice, u environmental rban agriculture,rban food Miami, justice, VI

CEU eTD Collection outtheoretically loud work ideas Y inspiration. Thank youtongue when to Iwas unbearable. T happened. myto thank I who family special Extra lovegreatest. Bremen R to and Row journey Imy with me. consider myTo youfellow family. all I thankallof want to my insights anddirections, minute. thelast at especially I In Memory Policzer of Seth

wo uld like to thank my advisers, likethankmy uld Guntra to AistaraandT hank you ou d eserve this Masters asmucheserve Masters asI this ,

mom for thehouse again me crash letting

friends who have willingly and unwillingly experienced this friends have who and willingly unwillinglyexperienced

lo ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ve dearly very .

VII . W .

ithout dad whodad c isa ow for Last everything.

do f

you this would not haveyou thiswould not

or constantly listening tome listening constantly or amara

onstant sourceonstant of MESPOM

Steger

and biting yourand biting

for givingfor me ers , you, arethe I

wou ld likeld CEU eTD Collection ofChapter theCase Sustainability 5Measuring the Studies Chapter Chapter 4UrbanAgriculture Chapter 3Theoretical review CHAPTERMETHODOLOGY 2: Chapter 1Introduction LIS Fig. 1.Triple ANDOFLISTS FIGURES TABLES OFTABLE CONTENTS Acknowledgements ABSTRACT THESIS OF 5.1 Case Studies 5.5 Agriculture Miamiin 5.4 Race Relations 5.3 Immigration 5.2 History of Race andethnicity 5.1. Miami 4.2.3 Local SystemFood 4.2.3 Urban Farmers 4.2.2 Types Urbanof Agriculture 4.2.1 Definition Urban of Agriculture 4.2 Urban Agriculture 4.1 Conventional Agriculture 3.2 Food Justice: Linking 3.1 Environmental Justice 2.3 Triple 2.2 Why Miami? 2.1 Positionality 1.3 Structure of Thesis 1.1 Justification and Objective Lists of Figures Lists Tables of T OFT ABBREVIATIONS Little River Garden Market 2.2.3 Limitations 2.2.2 Data Collection Approach 2.2.1 Site Selection 5 Miami - Bottom - Dade County - Bottom

......

...... –

......

...... Line

- ......

...... Line Sustainability Metric Sustainability Line

......

...... -

...... Sustainability Metric

......

TABLE OF CONTENTS OFCONTENTS TABLE ......

...... Environmental Justice with Urban Agriculture

......

...... VIII ......

......

VIII ......

VII

23 18 14 10

23 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 15 14 12 10 23 XI

V X X 5 1 X X 7 5 5 4 2

7 6 5

CEU eTD Collection APPENDICES References 6 EnvironmentalChapter Justice Analysis 5.2 Fulfillment of research objective 5.1 Going forward CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION political power of Cubans there is nota prevalence UA.of UA projects both andwithin thefrom outside. This framework will also show due to the has led a to grassroots mentality. Current conditions in faced these areas have attracted The research has shown that shows that the historical socio participation, and capability show UAwhy is more prevalent Africanin theUsing Environmental Justice framework consisting of distribution, recognition, 4.3 Recommendations Race and Ethnicity Perspectives UrbanMiami Agriculture Environmental via Justice Conclusion Non Cuba Haitian African Conclusion Capability Recognition Participation Distribution The Farm at Verde Gardens Faith in Citythe Miami Youth Garden - Cuban Hispanic n

......

- ...... American

......

...... IX ......

......

Error! Bookmark notdefined. Error! Bookmark notdefined. Error! Bookmark notdefined. Error! Bookmark notdefined. Error! Bookmark notdefined.

...... - ...... economic disenfranchis ...... - American areas...... ement ......

36 54 50 47 47 36 49 49 49 47 47 44 41 39 36 33 40 27

CEU eTD Collection Lists Figuresof Lists Tablesof FIG. 1.TRIPLE

LISTS OF TABLES AND AND OF TABLES LISTS

- BOTTOM - LINE SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY LINE X

FIGURES METRIC

CEU eTD Collection UA EJ

Urban Agriculture Environmental Justice LIST OFABBREVIATION LIST

CEU eTD Collection economicwere refuge.welcomed arms Some or withopen deference, with others Nicaragua. ofimmigrantscame Hundredsofthousands Starting saw periods immigration inthe 1960’s of Haiti, Miami massive fromand Cuba, deserts. discrimination anddisinvestment resulting poverty inrampant and food ubiquitous in the UnitedStates, Miami’sneglected have neighborhoods vegetables, seenuncontrolled developmentfor hasLike now decades. manycities major the agricultural providing theSouth, UnitedStates of withwinter half engine HavanaLittleand Haiti, where respective immigrant groups cityenclaves by separated of ethnicity.Littleclass,such race, and as Places withnames Home tothe largest the Unitedforeign in isa residents States, Miami percentage of born richestStates as well intheas miserable United city andmost thepoorest ci Americans,and development has Hispanics; Miami andagriculture. been the named beaches. isalsoacity Miami African dualism,and between ofstark richpoor; Anglos, isaglobalMiami destination withsunshine,palm trees, tourist and beaut trenddominatedthis by is touppermiddle with aneyemarginalized and the tosolve disenfranchised problem insociety. that The is trend that like across inMiami theUnited heading States is green towards moveme the by addressedasdevelopment whichissues are well as these The the ofthesolutions. a striving toenhanceand Urban community thelocal environment. is agriculture burgeoning endeavors localprimarily ofurban consisting agricultural foodmovement ext Statesunique regionsof America.area theUnited The contrasting in isdefined by Miami a 2000). thestory Thisis one toachieve city’s struggle, of urban Miami, sustainable urban residents 15 producing provide affordable anand for food.There opportunity nutritious are currently 200million urban foodFortunately,agriculture insecurity. and foodmovement thelocal urban in society Asfood healthy prices to notbean access food sodoes may option. increase pr all thefood available busy is healthy. cost more With lifestyles people turn tolow is marked accessgrocery with convenient fromrestaurants. food, to Though stores to not grow food an United Statespeople of of America, alland ages howto backgrounds, forgotten have poverty,2007)food and (FAOGlobally,insecurity, malnutrition.” and especially the a conn leave touchwith nature behind,theyimportantly therural also environment lose and most bynumber is expectedtodouble6.4billion global (WHOcitizens 2013). As 2050 The world is venue ofenvironmentcommunity theprocess thatbrings theissues and tothe surface, marginalizedgriculture themost that (UA) and supports communities. disenfranchised ocessed food with little nutritional value. nutritional ocessedfood Forwith little poor and the marginalized communities remes and long ection withwherearefood ection urbancomes from.an seeing Cities “increase in - Dade includesisoneMiami, ofthe diverse thewhich citymost of County, and

rapidly becoming evermore urban. 3.9 billion people liveincities and billion rapidly evermorethat becoming 3.9 urban. d with that the value of food. For the majority US,city valuefood.the For ofinthe ofpeople lifed withthat the - standing socio CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTI 1 CHAPTER - 20% of the world’s food (Armar ofthe world’s 20% - economic disparities. Within thiseconomic setting, Within therea disparities. exists - class whites witha propensityclassfor failure. 1

to Miami fleeing and to Miami political have recentlysettled. Once have suffered from a historyfrom suffered of - ON Klemesu 2000; Smit Smit 2000; Klemesu

iful sandyiful ty in. tolive

- nt,

CEU eTD Collection cooperation. has been there far aor best So noattempt tocreate replicable model manyaddressed and issues being many leaders addressing few but examples of them movement passionate is and har solve the community’s problems through social The educationand empowerment. toa ishome Miami growing foodseeks movement, identify, and which to understand, 1.1 Justification and Objective properly adap sothatthe issues context and idiosyncrasies using framework can identified theEJ be Lastly,and race theoretcized by the disparity food to whethercost inaccess as ordistant an injusticebeen has already utilizingself goodshave a right sothat individuals to unequal Capab distribution. (Schlosberg thecourse and influences participation 2007). Recognition of is participation that arose has this broadened from capabilities recognition,participation, toinclude and negative affects health compared tothei American bearcommunities environmental antoxicity of ills, and burden unequal off discrimination byrace, class,In oritbecame ethnicity.apparent 1980’s that African hasorigins its theunequalcommon. EJ in In bewill basedgroupsanalysis which stage onclass, this all theincome, have in ongroupsexclusion within communityand society and goods toenvironmental services. capability.action isasocialdiscursive f EJ based offfour (2007) recognition, Schlosberg’s factors: distribution, participation, and the researcherNext analyzewill frameworkeach using site environmental the justice (EJ) Miami. overview samplerepresentative and ofthe diversityof urban agric have scope,goals, were type, differentSites etc… togive motivations, an chosen metric gauge isto each their current where phase theprograms programat site, is in since organization’s environmental, impact. social, The and pur economic sustainability. bedetermined Successwill according agricultural tothe urban bewill measuresuccess programsa triple holistic on ofsix based strive toaccomplish different goalscommuni depending onthe and isolated fashion. many The organizers stakeholders and various and participants comprehensive Theorganizations operatea current fragmented and projects in database. This paper at will look the state ofurban agriculture s inMiami address access inlow issues agricultureas centerpiece. its to movementwithconcerns over The started pesticides, Recently, has experi Miami povertyand food spread. insecurity suspicions andopen hostility. socio this Through

ted to neighborhoods in Miami. Miami. in ted toneighborhoods the burgeoning food justice movement foodthe burgeoning justice movement ethnicity as culturalethnicity perceptions enced the growth urbanlocalenced thea foodmovement with of ility involves functions andility and abilities the basis involves functions is of - income communities. income communities. dworking but fragmented There andaredworking disorganized. but

r more affluentr more white c

distribution of environmentaldistribution based burdens ramework that seeksramework change reveal to and the 2

- will then be inthe explained will Miami economic transition the issues of

- determination. Food as Food adetermination. right and (Allen 2008;Guthman 2006). ounterparts ty The ofoperations. ince formal thereisno - bottom ultural programsin pose of usingpose of a - . The theory. line metric of

- CEU eTD Collection avoid guide them, to going others forward. shedhope paper lightfor thatthis thefailuresmethods to will on the reasons and the mistakes. EveryIt projectthat fails makes more for it theproject difficult after. my is young still evolvingand and failuresare expected, noon tobe comego, and dramaticallyyears. is most Miami the in themovement over lasttwoWhile Afterfieldforyears,intentions. I inthis many projects working seen have numerous wealthy predominately society white mismanages thatoften projects projects onlyaway. haveup toquicklywither dominated by sprouted is Thea movement food consciousness and movement beginnings a many andthe food local of organizations The ‘green’ hastaken movement over rootMiami the in lastdecade. Motivation society, and the wouldbenefit most. overlooked, most focus onlow a concentrated ideal urbanenvironment for thes 1973 tocontrolurban and sprawl protectagricultural andwildlife hascreated areas. This across (UDB) of theUrban Development Miami These low study ,whoare Anglos excludes predominantly (whites) upper yetoverlooked, the greatest wouldbenefit from agriculturalTherefore urban projects. this This study members of focuses onthe society scaleIam legislative for controlling amongst thedifferent differences municipalities. of35consists and municipalities additional unincorporatedareas.choosing Bythecounty The county are scalewas because chosen theprojects scat Scope projects Miami. in To develop pragmaticrecommendations for thesustainabilityurbanagriculture of Aim q In first must answer thesis following research toexamine question,this this the order 1) How are agriculture urban organizations sustainable inMiami? justice framework: The Obje interested parties. and environmental affecting dynamics insights and themtoprovide for future current agriculture and inMiami political, thenuncovercultural, the projectsoperating social, practicesguideline My for inten Miami. uestion:

i) Are inMiami? theurbanagriculture organizations sustainable

ctive of this thesis is to answer isto thisthesis thisresearchctive of questionusingenvironmental the - income, are communities minority

- income, minority populations because theseincome, arevulnerable populationsbecause themost minority in

t in this thesis is to highlight isto thesis this t in the current urban

concentrated in neighborhoods spreadconcentrated inneighborhoods areand most who vulnerable themost tudy of urban agriculture. I chosetudy ofurban agriculture. to -

Dadewas The County. created UDB in

teredaroundcounty, the which e is learning from previouse islearning - middle class in Miami. inMiami. class middle

With thedawn ofWith despite their gooddespite their

CEU eTD Collection and presentsof research. areas future Chapter 5Chapter 7 provide abouturban background and information agriculture thesolutions sustainability andMiami theissueof race inMiami. issues through Chapter urban food justice. 4describes agriculture. 5describes Chapter theoretical thenjustif environmental justice, and framework, studythis as wellthe astriple explains After introduction, Chapter this theand 2ismethodologyresearch explains conducted in 1. 3 Structure3 Thesisof

will outline the outline issues ofthewill a conventional

contains therecommendations conclusions andthefindings from

- C bottom hapter 6 is thecasehapter for 6is studiesmeasured 4

- line metric. Chapter 3 details the line metric. Chapter 3details

gricultural system andgricultural then system ies its useies its onfood access it provides.it CEU eTD Collection organizations, and knowledgeablegovernme the community andto create throughable snowballinga was ofUA list projects, organizations.I Toidentify groundmain actorssuitable projectsthe contacted the on in ThroughI informal meetings wit the had Selection2.2.1 Site projectgovernment managers,practitioners, and officials. UA relevant succeedthe to ofmaking purpose for recommendations stakeholders suchas retiringand some new establishing. ones yeardramaticallyI half inthe and many Miamiwith had away been from organizations andMiami identify state andlocal of Miamichanged UA The resources. had projects former informaland held colleagues IUpon returning toconduct thisthesis, my toMiami to myfor researchreached out on thesubject region.is outside agriculture ofurbanaccess orfood by for reason doi many. Another gapknowledge leading inbestpracticesrecognition is suffering and issue toundeserved scholarship deplorable many regardingThis the conditions social inthe city. face The impetus for conducting res Why2.2 Miami? articles, and online resources. observations government during theresearchpeercoupled periodwith records, study. providedisdrawnand below from The interviews bulkofthe information Iroles, background acquired have whichwill bereferred additional information, t sustainable for the agricultural these YouthGarden Miami From consultant project. a fund ManagerLearning,IInc. Earth through at Willis introduced also Joaquin was toRev.R. paper, CommunityI apprenticeshipcompleted as Foodworks a the Farm first program current s yearsscientist Florida andconsultant inSouth for 5 experience agriculture intheMiami urban sector Throughout this Positionality2.1 analyze case studies. the literature the triple ending review, withanexplanationof and triangulation site observations, consistingrelevant taken and approach ofinterviews, of cityanddata selection, site collection including approach inform composed ofa postionality stepstakenoftheThis chapter thesisresearch. inthe the design chapter explains This is - raiser for Verderaiser for Gardens. subsequentmeetings,I After wasas takena pro on

ituation within this sector. In sector. this fulldisclosure, this within ituation aspertainsto thespiritof it paper, Ihave paper, Iyears incorporatedgained the many knowledge from have

METHOD 2: CHAPTER

brief history ofmyarea,brief experience inthe research method

earch my was inMiami thelack prior knowledgeof of ng this research in Miami isthatthe breadth Miami ofliteratureng research in this meetingsgaugeclimate thecurrent ofUA to in h colleagues, Ih colleagues, a receivedof UA shortlist This led me tochange focusThis led why research my to 5 nt officials. This list included list This 14 projectsnt officials. and

– –

havingan environmental workedas to add depth and context to the to to adddepth andcontext OLOGY

- bottom ation on the ation on

- line metric used to

- reviewed o in this o inthis - bono

CEU eTD Collection dynamics thefiewithin alloweddialogueand forand interviews increased spontaneous knowledge my onsocial harvest adozen farmersabout events.events festivals, Attending andmarket these through observations site ObservationSite tookplaceafter the before with2additional follow interviews or projects,with 3other projects hadfamiliarityno connectionothers. and withthe 2 from interviewswere eith and 3 each approach individual and projectsactual ofproject. size conducted separate 3were Iat 3ofthe sites. gain also6siteto observations conducted understanding of abetter majorityI were ofinterviews but planned mainlygovernment anonymity forand Confidentialityassured. The officials. was vast Iwho my was Formal tothat and individual. interviewing was relationship consent Informalhours. and consent formal wa and 1four transcribed The were later. interviews manly one the conversation when possible Thefood majoritymovement organizations. semi were from 6governmentofficials, 6sites, and 4people3affiliated 3academics, local from I people;a total of34 interviewed sitescomprehensive became orexamination multiple apparent. make topicrelevantthelarger this community,and need opportunityfor to the a UA Ijustice, compiled a reference benefits theories,and regarding themain of practices, list the fields ofagroecology,urbanand planning,development, community environmental food secur sought examinehowUA to could promote resiliencyand regards sustainability with to myWith andI urbanfamiliarityfield ofthe knowledge ofMiami, agriculture initially research 2011). (Yin from interviewsme toinc tolead Icollection approach of(Yin alsoan data 2011) reliedinductive allowing data my on deductive approach, theconcepts where offood and focused security sustainability my As forIcollection my data took Approach2.2.2 DataCollection through scheduling. responsiveness and prevalence ofsitesstudied in UA.final came Thethesis list of this about naturally regardsgovernme tothelocal addressedIall aspects toincorporate inMDC. with ofUA also efforts my focused Iand field. impact the UA within divided theprojects being by andissue social type organizations, governmentde JanuaryIcontactedI toMay,everyone couldI set to upinterviews. onprojects, focused organizations, 6government departments,During and47individuals. theresearch period,

in this context. Toachieve context. in this mygoals and ofmakingrecommendations pragmatic - ity in Miami. Through inMiami. a reviewity literature the comprehensive prominent of in person interview. The interview. person length variedfrom ofinterviews ½ to2 35minutes

ld greatly. to gatherI more participated data. also fundraisers, intwo two partments familiarity and countydistricts havingthemost nt to therelevantnt to thegreatest departmentsanddistricts with

er before or after interviewing. Ier orafter before on one interviewing. ofthe consulted or Ior copious notesandwere theinterviews took a hybrid approach tomyhybridI approach witha a research. started orporatean tothe justice environmental framework

21 workingwith UA(Managers and directly workers) s given tothe interviews prior and depended on

also employed opportunistic interviewingalsowhen employed opportunistic 6

- on - one with1two - structured interviews. I structuredrecorded interviews.

- person interview,person

CEU eTD Collection foc framework tomeasure their alternative completeas an impact singular tothe traditional social, and non Corporations financialdimensions. and s known as thepeople The study metric chosenfor isthetriple this addressa project allthe aspects of equally. gardening dominant activity, may notbethe t project.multifunctionality Consideringtheprojects farmingUA andthe of or fact that differentto determineofeachchosen awas thesuccess sites, metric sustainability determine type theappropriate ofUA project to style, access expertise, and resources. level to combinefactors of Organizers these to thevaryingaddition to management and economicconsiderations suchas social purpose, to limited site specificsnot location, but including agricultural occurringUA spectrum project Every uniqueonphysical inMiami. based is project and Miami together in thea representative sitesprovide sampleentire ofthe urban Each sitesinthis study ofthe exemplifi six was it because chosen since pragmaticgoalrecommendations areresearch.a ofthis history offailure, thepotential measuring sustainabilitya paramount projectbecomes of engagementand accumulation resource har thatmuch often results and indisillusion apathy inthe communityand makes These havea shortcomings factor may had inthe failures ofpast Project projects. failure history ofignoring transparency, and oversight, Many local Miami’s includinghave projectswithin foodmovement, UAa projects Triple2.3 interviews,Iam asfluent Creole. Spanish not or in (HunsbergerLanguage comm.). pers. barriera became asget well as theperceivedrequirementapproval to mayorgoing therecord before on officials and consuming time was difficult very position because business oftheir ofthe area,much academic had conduc therebeen scholarship nor IEarly thatnocomprehensive for ordatabase on realization list existed UA had inthe the 2.2.3 Limitations local websites foodmovement werealso organization researched. agriculture, foodaccess. sovereignty,food N food and security, mortar libraryaccess. specific Field combedarticles databasesrelating for were tourban Literature onperiodicals booksdueof brick focused tothe lack and Review andonline ustainability by organizations assessing of theirenvironmental, performance inthe us on financial returns. returns. us onfinancial - Bottom

- planet – Line

- profit framework. triple The - Sustainability Metric

- 7 bottom he metric must be enoughhe must flexible metric to

best practicescomm.). best (Healy, pers. use. In tocompare order use. these vastly

soil type,soil In and microclimate.

- line sustainability also assessment der for the next project. With this project. for With der thenext n issue during a few of then issue during a few - profits already use this profitsthis already use -

bottom ted. Interviewinggovernmentted.

ewspaper articles andarticles ewspaper - line measures the es a certain typeUA of

CEU eTD Collection impact. makes Financial viability moneyoperate,examines howan organization towhile impact sections: intotwo measurement fi divided is interactions the organization within such as decision such as community at while social internal participation, managementlooks personnel management. social Community engagement focuses on organization interacts people: with community engagement and personnel internal andTheresources. theuse social ofimpact the measurementways looksattwo UA organization’s activities. Factors tha The environmental measurement impact takes consideration into from theimpacts all the Fig.Triple 1. a qualita guidelines theanalysis. The ofthispart focus togive tofurther purpose ofthe is analysis mentioned inthecategories ofenvironmental, just and economicare social, also only being relationship thesurrounding with community. thetriple Therefore for of examination each useof local sites assets, the vulnerability tostress, and accomplishing thei impactThis metric showifthe onthe community, will UAa projectshavepositive are site individually reasonand for chosen. this specificmeasureable were indicators not food systems establishi by of these understanding takes thesis thechange sites,this thefirst steptowards inMiami’s changes undergo food By urban systems time (Schiere over 2004). thesuccess measuring function He of UA als organizations. needs focus to relevant onlocally for thevariationsand criteria toaccount form in Urban Security,Food AgricultureHansevaluation and Schiere(2001)thatany states sustainability indicators. organization. Thismetric canapplied betomeasure broad specific themes or Thea advantage triple of Fromglobal hiswork analyzing

tive measurement ofthetive potentialsustainable measurement successeach project. of

employed as a structural guide structuralas thefindings.employed a toanalyze The indicators - Bottom r goals, andInr haveaddition, the metric potentiallongevity.will allow - Line Sustainability Metric -

bottom ng a The baseline. triple - urban agricultureurban systemsCentre Resource on with line isadaptable assessment thatit is toanyproject or o established the needo establishedresearch for explaining the t might be includedt might aremethod food be production 8

- bottom nancialand viability community -

making financial procedures.The interactions the outside project - line metric will analyzeeach

- bottom

- line metric is line

CEU eTD Collection each to context UA site. The th findings of community,employment. for instance community impact theorganization theeconomic provides examines tothe benefits is section are fashion presented inatoaddsubstance and descriptive

CEU eTD Collection white Anglos ispowerthe US, thedominate group and thatexert minority control over powergroup asgood, hastocontrol area power ina anot service or over of goods,distribution linkeddirectlyAccess is to access. constructandimplies a is social services,in the realm the ascleanair.environment, cleanwater and Being such ofthe environment, theequal justicegoods pertainsto ofenvironmental and distribution there ofgoods ofthe isanunequaldistribution in the Taken context and services. In for framegroup. thesubordinate theEJ toachieve order justice, underlyingcause injustice. Discrimination bothpastand present of re goodswhen frame The are inequitably EJ as distribution. takes the discrimination the social means context the equal ofgoods distribution Aninjustice occurs and services. frameThe EJ combinesjustice theory social withthe environmental movement actively a pursue resolution. is ofEJ to identifyrisks and burdens. underlyingaim Thecausesand thisinjustice the of marginalized and disenfranchis 3 the products. system perpetuates by still afford considering discrimination only who can tobuy people systemI use thepremise andGreen therefore economy of… just owndoesjustice onits adequately not thefood and in ethnic address racial discrimination I Toroundissue inMiami. outmy discoursejustice. introduce Foodfood theconcept of deservecommunities culturally to access appropriate, quality,affordablefood. step further,I thecommunity food movement incorporate security all that stipulates civil rights movementresonate with theAfrican sharedacrossrace equallyIn andenvironmental links ethnicity. justice’s addition, endorses benefits environmental thatenvironmental be thenotion should and burdens incorporates justiceenvironmental into social thinking. simply Environmental Justice Environmental justice stemsdirectly thelarger environmental from movement an food securityfood justice. and environmental and justicecommunityand framework from incorporatingtheories trends Thereforelimitations. I ha problems. all thecurrent but Manyaddress discourses the discourse issues many have of everyonegoodeatenough Miami’s had wouldnotsolve foodtomorrow this inMiami to accessnot just rights food to or approachholistic and needed. revealIt’s Peelthematter. was thelayers, back theof heart to beaddressed. Tofullyall addressthesocial plaguingcomprehend ills a andMiami, of history,examination Miami’s socio anMiami To appropriately examine why ishappening and in howurbanagriculture .1 Environmental Justice The ofthe overarching environmentaldiscourse premise justice isthat

CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER ve chose to adapt my own discourseveadapt amodified chosefrom own created my to

ed unevenly populations of theenvironmental bear brunt over the food system, but everything thebut Ifover food system, together. taken

THEORETICAL REVIEW THEORETICAL - economic 10

- American Taking one community. this

disparity, issues needcurrent and social or alternative foodor

sults in exclusion inexclusion sults her group.In her

This is the This is . Justice in . Justice d

to the CEU eTD Collection Schlosberg(2007): use will thefourThis thesis factorsenvironmental justice according define to that localities and according tolocal 1998;Schlosberg priorities (Wenz 2008). 2004;Allen strength thesince injusticesmult movement, occur of in justice the United States during 1960’sFisher (Gottlieb and the 1996). explicitly action th byto linked withsocial roots its tracing atheoretical isboth EJ Environmental framework justice and movement. is social be separated environmental andsocial from problems.”(Taylor 2000:557) that“[t]he isbased is EJP this ontheideology change, and(Taylor racism way injustice need addressed 2000).toput tobe Another problemsunderstand andinorder areenact problems totrulytheissuesand social broadenedEJ previous and theories moveme broadensconceptsby those incorporating social thediscussion(Taylor factors into 2000). The environmental environmental movementand stemsfrom movement justice the Agency d an created official of the new off movementUnited States Environmental when, paid in1994,the movementgainedrisks, this a widespread legislative supportfor just solution. environmental movement. racism By directly andmoreclass associated the specificallycreation race, of to ledtothe 1996). Thethattheprevalence suchas can realization environmental ills toxins be of American (United neighborhoods against siting inpredominately contamination ofpolluting and African industries the breadth The application. originsenvironmental justice come the ofEJ from protests of Tracing gives thehistory of EJ und an consisted onlyofhuman activity.areas ofoutside had1970’s focusedthebeliefand‘environment’ ofthat onthepreservation nature the is exemplif social movements creating increasing change. actionfor unifiedsocial thus chances This discourse but expandedexisting existingframeworks collaborationswith formed and The ingenuity beh to the socio groups. Rights Civil Since power the movement,this butsalientdue has overt, been not 

framework services Distribution andenvironmental policies. laws, regulations implementationwith respectandenforcement thedevelopment, of to all people,ethnicity, regardlessrace, or educationlevel ofincome culture, Environmental justice isthefair treatment andmeaningful involvement of ied intheorigins of the movement. The environmental priortothe movement - economic history ofdiscrimination.

ind the success of environmental justice is that EJ did successenvironmental justicenot isthatEJ ind the inventa of new contains a pluralitycontains and meanings, tothe which ofprinciples add

–

the (in)equality ofo efinition of justice: environmental Church of Christ 1987 cited in Gottlieb and 1987citedinGottlieb FisherChurch of Christ

linking racial discrimination andlinking environmental erstanding of the anderstanding scaleand injustices of scope of utcomes in regards to environmental goods and toenvironmental utcomes inregards 11 nts by stipulatingnts by thatenvironmental

that humanconcerns andcannotthat problems

iple forms across varying e Civil e Civil Rights movementin

Today, the environmental the Today,

The efforts

Protection

CEU eTD Collection inalienable right beproven must ona theoretical Simply level. necessity put,food is a for To justify theapplication has been not attended adequately justice environmental toby scholarship. “Fooda way unquestionably is thatdaily humanpracticeengages that theenvironment sets thestages f Allen (2006,6) the whoformulated on theenvironmental seminal work justice paradigm concerned withthe mainly effects communities. hasonminority environment adegraded application tothes of EJ narrow ofhealthcontext and toxicity The Fisher (Gottlieb and 1996;Alkon2006). environmental been justice has offood the applied butin and tothe issues agriculture, i and phenomenon situate this accesslimited experienced foodlow to production by of applying tofood,"Anenvironmental perspective the to justice wouldcall EJ attention Prior tothe food justice discourse standi the food access “conceptual ofthe more extension environmental inclusive idea of justice” explore theissueof agriculture urban co of recent therefore scholarship theoreticalneeded and established lacks the framework to the localfood justice foodsystem throughmovement. the movement The foodis justice Environmental already justice has adapted been thereby justifying justice useenvironmental papers framework. this ofthe then demonstratearticulates food aaccess howjustice movementright the foodas section briefly thefood will justi cover community studylinkage its memberswith the civil inthe rights from movement.This required an for in urban agriculture fit; howev isabetter mainly Onthe surface,food as movement. justice toanalysis adiscourse using social recently discourselacks developed theoretical owningexists that scholarship it tothe fact discourse action toreveal ontherac andmotivate Food justice is arecentenvironmental appliedsecurity tothe branchoffood justice Agriculture 3.2 inclusive Environmental justice’s   

Food Justice: Linking Environmental Justice Urbanwith functional Capability as belongtheprocess to Recognition frame procedural toinclude attendance, from influence,and justice Participation

of many issues suchasfood foodandaccess.

or an ofthe expansion to includeor frameworkwhateat we bystating, from ani from - depth analysis.also Environmental hasresonancewith depth justice

–

– a of notion self –

the notion of respect bybeingthe notionid the abilitytobepart inthe decision

e as issuesa followsthe originsofEJ eco roots nstitutional racismnstitutional perspective

of EJ forof EJ thestudy the ofUA, equal offood as distribution an

n a social framework." stratification are steepedin

- reliance andreliance theability opportunity, a ‘good’ toturn er, environmental justiceframework provideser, the ce community areafocus, food of and security, ng on its own,Alkonthe usefulnessng onits (2006) stated mprehensibly. Food the justice isjust 12

social activism social

to examinesustainable agriculture andto

ial disparity food This ial access. of - income ofand people people color entifiedgroup as anor individual

(Alkon and Norgaard(Alkon 2009) and - making the off process based

and broad nowhavea frame - toxicological discoursetoxicological In the last 20 years,In 20 thelast

and at looks

CEU eTD Collection food justice now outline and considerthefield of scholarshi betwee urban Assuch my agriculture framework inMiami. theoretical ahybrid represents environmental justice channeling through subframe foodand them apply the justice of to theor subframe Asfoodfood justice sufficientlyjustice. isnot ofestablished withasnotable drawswiderThis thesis framework ontheenvironmental justiceas as its of well justice: The theoretical inthe popular above basisoutlined culminated definitionof food has (Alkon and Norgaard 2009). qualityracialized geographies food due poverty andPeake to (Kobayashi 2000) environmental have injustice. Studies are shownthat minorities from prevented acce injusticeoccurs(Schlosberg this because 2004) When ofdiscriminationqualifies it as an access. primary to The access humanneeds)isan unequal goods injustice. (basic needs.”Ifbecause food isaright,human need, isabasic everyoneequa it thendeserves explicitlyis food.AsAllen (2008,157) “[J]ustice involves meeting states, human basic injustice tot the continuationlife ofand human deserves th etical groundingeticalas environmentalI take justice thefour of will key principles (foodjustice.org) food workers practicingand animals. leads People fooda to justice strong local appropriategrownand with care well for locally the healthyfresh, is food. affordable, Healthyfood nutritious, culturally Food iscommunities Justice exercising the n wider principles of EJ and more ofEJ principles applied Discussionwill n wider lessonstakenFJ. from

system, self as will be used in this thesis. thesis. inthis as be will used ake place, denial occur.right ofhuman of must Arequirement life the a basic

- reliant communities and communities reliant a healthy environment.”

13 e same valuee and same as water. air

p inrelation environmentaljustice and to

ir right to grow, andir righteat sell - being land, ofthe - For an ssing ssing l CEU eTD Collection face climate(Krasny 2007). change of grownconsumpti for Inandprices addition, Productioncurrently 2005).so crops (Risks and are hunger 30or valued asright everyone.An estimatedpeople a are for 1billion affected by foodhigh price world fluctuations bought for influenceMares andsoldortraded (Alkoncaused drastic and 2012).Thishas From a perspective social food a isnow an and commodity item of power as viewed tobe NasrTanaka 2001).and Krasny2004; through runoff, excessand phosphorus recently most hivecollapse biodiversity air, ofthe eutrophicationof land,sea,and contamination waterways loss, The environmental oftheagri impacts harvest, p in keeping them of these onthefarmer,gets costs fall who end of paidat theharvest,there the isa if andgrown, thetypesexpensive specialized ofcrops machinery The majority isrequired. have a tendency against tolitigate small conglomerates,organisms, seeds bemultinational now must giant purchased from which refrigeratedgenetically Throughcompartments. use of widespread the modified pesticides, equipme operate thefarm profitability isdependentonacreage.areFossil and fuels thefertilizers needed tomake based cultivation method hasincreased growingthat thecosts food of tothe point The modern nolonger systemis farming but modern farm system. chemical synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, establishing and irrigation for thefoundation (Alkon The andMares Greenglobal 2012). of brought Revolution the adoption forth transfer credited increaseresultinga massive inproduction withsaving a in whichsawRevolution, dramatic a increase inresearch, development,andtechnology waters therecycling stopping ofphosphates. major Green second was event The The because fertility asoil decrease of when systems in sewage disposi started Girardet 1990). Liebigfirst chemical was by the inventionof fertilizers Justus inthe 1840’s Thereare historical creation eventssystem. significant of thecurrent thatled tothe The usingaddition to the world’s 70% of freshwater. rise. annually The $1.2billion in soil world spends putting the into nutrientsback yetcase. world hunger food The nowproduces a surplusof population. Through misunderstanding, orgreed hubris, nolonger politics, is the this The beginningof modernadmirable agriculture ideology is Co4.1 nventional Agriculture ItLiebig notethat important to Mr. is fertilizers artificial invented CHAPTER 4 URBAN AGRI URBAN 4 CHAPTER on these days limiting strictly systemfood theresiliency the ofthe in

wideFood totheworlds detrimentnolonger is ofthe poor. erpetual debt.

nt, and transport food across the globe, foodusuallynt, andtransport across in the -

business model are soil loss, soil compaction, are soil business loss, model soil

farmers seedrights. over offarms tothe size Due

agri

- business. The a reliancefuel fossil on CULTURE

and malnutrition areand onthe malnutrition –

to feed the world’s growingto feedtheworld’s disorder (Saldivar disorder

ng into waste

billion lives billion (Deelstraand - CEU eTD Collection enhances a cities resiliencyandfaceconflict climatecan change. of inthe UA even imported foodproduction the urban having andwithin food distribution boundary water ability thereliance enhances retention content. and themicrobial With ondaily us Forloops. ofhousehold example, 20% wastecomposted matter isorganic and be thatcan Urban agriculturetothesustainability contributes even city by closing ofthe resource environment then rural farming. way. Urbanagriculturemanyvariat has characterizeda cropsa by cultivatinga sustainable smaller ofland size diversityon of in sustainability is Unlike, conventional(MDG(FAO agriculture,UA 7)2007). and hunger (MDG1),promoting g component inaccomplishing Development Goals theMillenium eradicating on poverty globalOn aagriculture recognized level, been urban has as being an instrumental people water, habitatbiodiversity, provide for andhea provide urban lives.Urban agriculture dwellers green createsfilter spaces clean air, the that the landscape naturecontains tobring opportunities abundant thecity into back and into techniquescan gardens like sheet edible create that mulching o nutrient cycle become irrevocably functions sustain life onto mankindslowly depends workingwater cyclestops asand the Theenvironment urban humansthenatur with disassociates enablewith nature (Tan toengageona people daily basis and Neo 2009). and nature, fostersgreatergreenappreciation awareness spaces athese of andsince offarming.skill Urbanagriculture brings thena the potential change to theart perceptions to byintroducing these residents and urban being dueand totheir non ‘stupid’ ‘backwards’ 2012). Through dichotomy this negativeconnotations have ari rural, mutually whichbecame withmodern exclusive urban(Torreggiani planningetal Since a there humansbegan dichotomyenvironments inurbanexists settling ofurban and 4 the unemployed tocities insearch work. tomigrate of conventional there inrural agriculture, opportunities are lessemployment areas causing advancesWith infarmingand technology theincreasing in ofmechanization use diabetes and disease(Gottlieb heart R and Haase 2004; these foods has linked tothe been increase and inobesity dietrelated suchas diseases value.professed nutritional food Thewith little widespread extensive convenience of of proteins and are carbohydrates. Theseraw th ingredients ofThe commoditization food,soybean, namely and maize hastoanoverabundance lead .2 Urban Agriculture ed (Deelstra natural as This fertilizer. fertilizerimproves and Girardet thesoils 1990) that need most. it

enderequality and (MDG3), environmental ensuring altered. ions andoperates ina different drastically

There is hope however with ingenious There is 15

- financial priorities. Urban agriculturefinancial priorities. Urban has tural environmental back into the city environmentaltural into back

isks andisks Production 2005). lthy nutritious foodclose nutritious lthy tothe en manufactured into cheap into en manufactured al ecosystem world. The sen ofruralas residents sen n concrete. urban The n

CEU eTD Collection For practical considering definition reasonsand ofMiamithe thecontext definitionthis UAMougeot as: defines (2000) analyzing of different UA and forms aspects. their social rowacres The crops tobe ofland. flexibilityallows studies on indefinition comducted purposeUA (Mouget 2000). applied include to.Definitionscan activity, geographic location, and production, stage of andconsideringcontext be will values local ofwhatthe withanunderstanding definition defining isnecess it agriculture urban forms thatUAcan take resulted definition(Mouget has innostandard When 2000). community” takes (Feenstra and onmany therefore forms The multiplicity 2002). of Urban inresponse agriculture “arises 4.2.1 Definition Urbanof Agriculture purchasingcity inthe power 2000). where related money tofood(Argenti isdirectly reliable, foodregular to (Nugent andaccess Argenti 2000; poor 2000).lack The urban agriculture increases directly foodsecurityand improvesby nutrition providingadeq Food insecurityof importing increasecity. will withthecostfood rising tothe Urban 1995).Schmelzkopf management clashesresult manifesting andthe garden the outside (Glover and garden inexclusion 2004) world structures within ofpower and immoral behaviorcan tomarginalization that lead however isnotalways makesdistribution thecasebuilding thatUA ofsocial facilitatesthe capital.This benefitsAll the holistic associated withUAoutside and ofdirect foodproduction giving inneed thesurplusfamilies (Hill 2011). to established aPhilippines local foodeconomy bypr volunteerism supported and impoverished. creationgardens, Through ofOpol, communal the theof residents Along withcommunity ethicalsociety’s development,UAfostered among behavior most recover. gardensAfter, Apartheid helped community Johannesburg residents psychological prideeyes in residents more andhaving ontheoccurring. preventcrimes street from and Neo Krasny and green 2009). spaces The 2004;Tan instilling add beautification building through relationshipscommunities interactions positive within (Saldiv revitalize a crime, citywithchronicand poverty conflicts themselves, plagued within by products andservices largely area. tothat urban that urbanand supplies human area, inturn and material resources, human andresources, material andservic products adistributes diversityfood and of non urban)citya agrows of town,a orraises, metropolis,and or and processes Urban agricultur

true. The gardens The socialtrue. constructs inthe arereal still imbedded e is located within (intra e within islocated ing of benefitsal. inanunfair 2005, (Parryet distribution

comes in all sizes ranging from flowerpots on balconiescomes rangingflowerpots inallsizes from to on

ary to make the definition grounded in thelocalthe definition groundedary in tomake to the particularand needsgiven opportunities ofa 16 -

food products, (re food products,

urban) or onthefringe or urban) (peri

es found in and aroundes foundinand - )uses largely - ar ioritized ioritized - Tanaka ly ly

uate,

CEU eTD Collection from access residents landand settled to resources Farme with (FAO 2007). majority are recent however, that usually not immigrants; is the case comes and instead subsistencegardening farming toexecutives thatthe for notionis The leisure. popular echelons farmersgamut society, of runthe unemployed urban from residents There foranfarmers standard urbanmost While isno the lower farmer. from docome 4.2.3 Urban Farmers structure. For the purpose structure does matter. not (Hunsberger comm.). pers. The approach ofthis benefit ormanagement isthatthe size of Miami orconsumption commercial sale. (NugentThi 2000). Urbandivided by agriculture be can done is withthe produce what personal whether 4.2.2 Types Urbanof Agriculture the urban boundary. bewill usedthe inthis     

private properties. for their personal consum Personal HomeGardens ownedcommunal landor space. characterizedand involvement. bytypically volunteer local by found onpublicly Community Gardens salary.”(DeMuth 1993;Coneand Myhre 2000) in advancecover operationanticipated costs ofthe theand farm to farmer's with conventionalindebtedness agriculture since associated “pledge shareholders reconnects(DeMuthFurthermore theland 1993). with sharing risksand offood benefits a production”, the community and forms garden’sBy“growersproviding and and harvest.the mutual consumers support members at the beginnin Communityagriculture (CSA) supported production and for Commercial Farms orgardens Gardens: these for primary is food mission from food suchchurch, asor hospital, aandwhose school, priorityfinancial isnot benefit Institutional Farms orgardens Gardens:affiliated these are withanorganization - Dade projects classifies theirdepartments County and andorganizes specialists

of this research categorization is determinedof thisresearchis categorization by theorganizational production but rathercommunityproduction but enhancement.

sis: Any activity directly the productionfood within involving of

profit marketprofit sale –

these these ggrowing return in oftheseason a for share ofthe – ption orption beautification preferences. Found mainlyon

these are gardensthese by arean orfamily operated individuals gardens are community

–

A CSA operates to A CSA by shares selling s is howthes is agricultural extension

- managed projects , the CSA model avoids the model, theCSA avoids

rs tend tosell doing CEU eTD Collection butfromMiami aparticularI neighborhoodcityblock. Forexample, or never used have ethnic the city enclaves throughout an separatedgeographic lines and along consistingparallelThere of are social structures. political, andeconomic city isaparallel groups Miami spectrum. withdifferent ethnic Simplistically,demographically a MDCis diverse areas.a non county history ofinadequate has The or Miami Miami5.1. at playcomplexities that affectagricall urban inMiami chapterreader provide the isto withaboutthesocial political relevant and information giveThis chapter a will butcomprehensive The ofthis brief overview purpose of Miami. grown inthecity places. occurredinother only survey conducted by90% Havaligi ofrespondents food believed (2011)that showed the United hidden has StatestotheA remains public. Food become tooconvenient. Despitegrowing movement a‘green centere andpopulations; food recycling,disposal” (McCullum etal. composting,and 2005,179). processing, food andaccess distribution; and andutilizationby communities, individuals, The foodofinterrelated “a systemis set functi more sustainability (Agyemon andEvans 2003). consumers showsregard the a higher foragriculture activity the of leading impacts to gases, and lo advocated locavore bymovement improvegreenhouse the food will quality, decrease shortening travelsaverage thedistance food from tothe the 100miles 1500miles levelcommunity brings self backconsumption thehandscommunity. into onthelocal ofthe Getting thesystem back striving is The tobring foodentire to local system from the foodmovement production cont Urban study for inthis greater piece agriculture a larger push as one defined of isjust industries aof the briefand local movement outlinewarranted. is foodsystem wh Theagriculture urban as describe operates above movement system, inthelocal food 4.2.3 Local Food System products, preserves. such as jamsand their harvestor infarmersfarm marketsprocess atthe or value the harvest into ich ischampionedthelocalassociated Togive to context byfoodmovement. rol over thenowdominated by a food large system few corporations. multinational - Dade County is comprised of 35 municipalities plus additionalunincorporated plus Dade ofcomprised 35municipalities County is wer the cost of food.2008) theThewer (Jarosz costproximityagriculture toits of - Dade County - reliance andreliance benefitsBy economic (Feenstra 2002). CHAPTER 5 MIAMI 5 CHAPTER

d Miamians identify being as d Miamians not themselves from

18 d on food consciousness, systemd onfood the food in ons that includes foodproduction, ons

county thesocial, contrastin withhigh - existing urbanexisting planning. ultural operations.

- added added

CEU eTD Collection (PortesMiami et al.1993). Cubans stayed and inthe area in1979,80% immigrantsLittle established arrives.This of theneighborhood majority A of Havana. Inyearsthe purpose offamily two new thenext reunification. 340,000 another immigration Crisis Cuban Missile halted governmenttheirBay businessand and acumen the After the support. Fiasco ofPigs and regardedasThe ‘white’. communitydeveloped quicklyintoamiddle TheMiami. majority immigr ofthese toCuba. Byto power and210, 000Cubans sought brought 1962, refuge Communism in for ofCuban vacation.The migration Castro started came firstFidel wave in1959when located ofFlocoast 90miles off the Immigration2011). the history Cuba is has throughout inwaves occurred of Miami. hasMiami thelargest percentage foreign of 5.3 Immigration theblackMiami community dis has from suffered political Libertyrelocating Opa ‘ghettos’and themtonewof City I main highway, Town” nowcalled Overtown.Thiscommunity enjoys a bur societyand African their Crow interests Rosenfeld (Reese and segregation 2012).Jim dominated early Miami andmainlytourism, have developmentand an created insul activities. Since founding whites have Miami, owners,elite enjoyedstatus asbusiness City”. establishing Thehave Miami agriculture reasonsrootsin for its and leisure city alongcoast. historicallywas have live area thecom This Non History5.2 Raceof and ethnicity Cubans, wh poorestMiami’s neighborhoods “By with and large,African Americans don'tmix permeateIsolation (Reese of 2012)and native there the population and Rosenfeld hasMiami seen “reverse aacculturation definite process”,where foreigncustoms including May white, althoughmainly Cubansattained have Hispanics powerful political positions coming theland mainly developmentandlegal from These are individuals fields. still characterized by neighborhood, Beach. mainly talked isn’t What about the‘real’ Miami is Miami sandy the traditionally and Butjust bustling fashion, is high this beaches, nightlife. white ispromoted Miami outside theregion. the termthe previous Miamianbefore only sentence I when and am say from Miami - Hispanic onreferred whites whites) (now toasjust of since the theestablishment o don't mix with Haitians, who don't mix witheither.” (Tompkins withHaitians,2007) whoo don't mix or. - political corruption, individuals and crime,political poverty. resides with Power 95, was built directlybuilt and displacing through95, was it tensof thousands

- to the national andinternational audienceas a place ofluxurious

Americans away“Colored lived cityan fromas area the known in

rida and theCastro erarida before CubanstoMiami came ants were wealthyfrom elite class and the Cuban , until 1965 whenflights” started “freedom with 1965 , until

- 19

born residents in theUS atborn in residents 61%in2002(Lin of the Cuban population in AmericaCuban population in of the lived in

- Locka.founding Since the of enfranchisement andpoverty. ar political protect systemto geoning middleclassthe until monly referred toas“Magic referred monly - class due to

CEU eTD Collection Agriculture5.5 in Miami comparison Cubans as to African instantlycheap alabor force became replacing African African resentmentanger established and Cuban inthe community arrivals. the new towards “Marielitos”Anglo all caused CubansThis resulted thenegatively. toview in population socially leapfro African background their shared anti and the first wave o AnglosAfrican and dollars indamage, mainlyinblack neighborhoods. beatingan African McDuffie 1980,whenriot in four Miami constantly over.the boil Ais the notable butrarely simmeringunder surface exception Tensionscommunities. stemming and from andMiami ethnicity race are pervasive in hasMiami an incredibleracialethnic anddiversitymarked by fragm Race5.4 Relations of immigrantsnotable America, andSouth exceptioninMexico. froma Central Today, as isknown Latin the‘GatewayAmerica’ and Miami steady sees to still a stream Contra wars. becausetakeoverthem toMiami wereCommunist known also theyas a escaping the Nicaraguans overland toMiami also migrated viathe Mexicanborder. welcomed Cubans arrival. immigrants did BoatLittle nowknown intheThey northpart as People”. of settled Haiti. Miami Haitian rural and ofeconomic immigrantsfledbecause were hardship knownlocally“Haitianas Occurring simultan population. Incounties. was 1960,Miami whites made 90%white uponly by 1990 ofthe 10% immigrants. in‘white also flight’ This resulted fled where tonorthern many Anglos color. Tensions due toforced ofprisoners immigration patients and aswelldarker mental as their skin These immigrants which becameknown carried as connotation “Marielitos”, a negative leave Cuba. A gaveCastro Harbor openedand anyone permission to wanted theMariel inCuba to who The Cuban second immigration wave of inApril1979withthe began Mariel Boatlift. - - -

American community and Cuban immigrants due to Cuban racism andAmerican due andto Cubanracism ability community Cuban immigrants to Americans supported Haitian rights to stay viewing their legal status in Haitian in Americans rightsstay supported to viewing their status legal Americ

150,000 people immigrated to the USA within thefiveUSA within immigrated150,000 people tothe f Cubans had an duef Cubans amicablerelationship totheir middle g poor and the marginalized over African not enjoy thesame legalCuban and many rightsaswere upon detained ans did not look favorably look immigrantsans not uponHaitian they did because arose between theestablishedupper new classandthese Cuban - eously wasto theBoatlift Mariel a Haitian migration. poor These American todeath. 18people riotkilled $150million This and caused - Americanscontentious always have relationship. a Anglos had and

a race issue.

- Castro sentiment. Tensions began betweenCastro sentiment. early on the

- Dade officers were frDade officers acquitted 20

- Americans. Despite this tension, this Americans. Despite - Americans. The arrivalAmericans. ofthe The ented, isolated ented, - month window. month om charges om of - upper - class class

CEU eTD Collection threatmain reason of the farming theUrbanDevelopment to creation for and the since farmslocated almost all ofthe within are 20 miles city.Developmentis seen as a runs aboutIt grows 6,000acresbeen tomatoes. and ‘suburban farming’ has described as the city tothe totheEverglades. farms Everglades impact; however,from the urban the from hydrology thecontamination pulls goesdevelopment from to‘rural’ t urban the reach theyyou ofthisstudy, but are significant. andfrom As south head west Miami, effectsandworker health, health on naturalecosystem are and function habitat outside aren’t ontheir it fields, spraying d thenthecity iscrop theyoccasions, saidHomestead have onmany ifthe theentirety farmers ispesticides, of andthe soil manytry farmers certified donoteven sustainable as tobecome because, consequences. andcontinuous useofhas The pesticides mad liberal Everglades. happeninga trophic level complete There redefinition is withuntold theischangingFrom useenvironmental offertilizers an standpoint, theecosystem ofthe popularIgrowing whenwas all uphave butdisappeared inthe Homesteadeven have and age fewer U farms.The visited of would ventureyield few tosayknowmassiveproduction that ofthe and coming from the dualism isthat ofMiami inconspicuous(invis is it conventionalis aneconomic and the part agriculture countyfor of engineand thestate, you sayjust that,toaddsomething have whatIn means) this toexplain case, any coast what hasbeen ofFloridatocombat as mo described ImmokeeleeFarm Worker Rights was onthewest a hours founded Coalition few away areaI researchhesitant completely to but am of agree statement, since withthis the entry Fromeconomic an perspective, hasexpressed it beenthat farming payswages better than disappearing. strawberries,were, are,and crops andstill even beans are themain but those slowly (NAFTA).Brazilian Mexicanand importsare themarket. Tom devastating beenbeginning destroyedsinceFree the North ofthe American Trade Agreement citrus cankergreening and mangoavocado and Thealso disease. almost industryhas in the county. crops are maincitrus almost gone The because agriculture aItoccupies industry is in slowdecline about inMDC. 36,000acres ofland The citrus industry Floridaagriculture,founded thenbyfollowed The sugarcane. has asked anynoymous, knowledg toremain some ofmy own The section information this camefor in source, a knowledgeable trustworthy and who still mosquitoes manageyour tobite and wrist, ankles,lips. you themid90’sF,is in are co youexperience, wet andfilledidealto grow withnot mosquitoes, and weather harvest From produce. Florida winter the“U.S. tobecome veg fruits are summer.dry The harvested andwinters inthe allowed warm are what South isblessedwith aMiami beautiful winterVegetables climate.thewinterare andgrown in - level jobs available inthe area, a level available as jobs food fast such The MDCare commercial farms family of

survive

a daya longons summer: picking lychees themiddleit or ofthe in vered head to toe in protectivethe headandvered totoeclothes, in etable patch”. The summers, however, areetable The hotand summers, patch”. however, o natural.Theareas ruralas acta buffer tothe

- owned businesses. The largestfarm owned ible)? to the urban residents. I totheible)? urban residents. usting it to kill themosquitos.usting tokill The it nd gaswas This stations. an not dern(You day can’t slavery. -

pick farms that werepick farmsthat of the double attack of of the double e has as added been well.

last 20 years). 20 last e a ‘moonscape’e of atoes,

CEU eTD Collection istruckedMiami outofthe state. beenIn one forced onjust crop 90 tofocus sell. addition, demands madeuniformity aboutconsistency the and and size farms shape, have of that deliveredand thequantities usuallyimported forare bysolarge trucks overseas with Hialeahgrocers where and get local restaurants would their produce. grewMiami a of atthecentralcenter collection foods and distribution wouldsellthem in Before stores (largegrocerychainentered box big in farms stores) thepicturemost like. Thishashadof what a effect profound foodshouldlook onthe farm be blemishedtothe not publicthat is andsold could because standards ofour higher new in feeding foods. families The withedible largestpart ofediblefrom comes waste food food andout ofthe useinworm organicwaste matter it composting, streamand but owned harvest clubsthat bay the beginning share season’s at their ofplanting. markets are for organic sell mem andCSA farms. buyingclubs produce, distribute amongFarmers green farmers people.while sell markets where their various are harvest, These terms used are my interchangeably and a been ofcontention have point research in betweendistinction Buyingmarket, market. CSA, Farmers Club, Green market,outdoor easyindustries whichmake areFlorida todoin value to now favors buying farmers marketsalso and clubssupportsthecreation of and cottage Oncecrops they are thecleaned, harvested used, tobe need and The sold. sid local cities, valuesmost money worth everything.and image inMiami, is recognition thata benefits so comparisonof proper costs and can theintangiblepromoting into UA.of UA orharderaspects Education needs tomeasure wherethat. Thisis government isanimportant allyin recognizing, protecting and cover the for fact city;the in Office ofSustainability de isfairly well aslow aand competing a use Developersenvironment open see agriculture,spaces, intheurban and urban parks even Farmers real rentfrom the land during butnowadays farmers.goodfor has described been this as thehousing boom, Speculators uptheprice farmlandalso have inHomestead driven Redlands of and the closer tothe city (proximity) due price and totheavailability higher lower and tosafeguard thisimportant‘Florida’ way life. The the of tendtobe farms smaller Boundary thehistorical, economicof agriculturewas social, and torecognize importance A new systemalso is beingchampionedby Fertile Crest, whohastotake started The processingand oflocal consider distribution important to well. produce as is - income use option. Miami hasMiami anamount oftreeincome unhealthy use option. - estate speculators, land they would not be able landtheyestate would notbe speculators,

- 95 - added products. Thereadded isa products. %grown ofthe produce in be done. Miami, like Miami, done. be

dicated tocorrectingdicated Now everything is s ofMiami. of land. of to farm.

bership e also CEU eTD Collection marketyear 24sharesa the sells for 21 operates second locationGardens,Little inaBiscayne smaller River Miami. Garden Littlequarteracre in the garden ofprivate land of The Haiti Miami. neighborhood now agriculturalgarden inthe research (CSA) Founded in2010by area. Muriel LittleTheMarket theonlyGarden uniqueis inthat is it River community supported RiverLittle Garden Market Case5.1 Studies impact.financial (SeeFig.2) thegeneral ofas providing principles metricThis thecase aswell analyzing providesthestructuralfor studies framework BottomMetricTriple Sustainability Line environmental section. elementsproject. particular EJ toeach illustrative manner tohighlightorganization makes the decisions eachinoperating a UA metric toassesssustainability site.Findings thepotential each inan of are presented This chapterfindings case presents thefrom the six barriers challenges haveemerged. and relation challenges. tobarriersDespitein these inherent and differences, themes in socialmovementThe facilitatedurban through agriculture MD in predominateculture, thesame under social operating policies county and history. asocialparadigmstriving for environmentally to amore shift aware sustainable, capabilities and shareavailable, personnel, but of com makers, academics.projectgoal, Each and vision, location, isunique in resources communitystakeholder interviews with non leaders, incorporating additionalinformation glean thesis this in is justused system onecomponent thelocal of food be Iwill appropriate when Since and available. agriculture urban tothe according definition analysisis of off This based agricultural for establish context pragmatic to context recommendations. Section of 3:Aninvestigation howraceethnicity anda role playurban inMiami’s CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER

MEASURING THE SUSTAI THE MEASURING

THE CASE STUDIES STUDIES THE CASE the current incorporates state trends historical and site are mentioned intheir correspondingsite are mentioned - week harvesting period star week period harvesting environmental impact, so

ed from the literatureadditional and

studies using thetriple - profit organizations,profit policy monalities as well including including monalities aswell

NABILITY OF OF NABILITY cial impact, and cial impact, and ting in Novemberting inand C reveals themesC reveals

- bottom Olivares, ona - line - CEU eTD Collection thegarden involves them in baskets pleasantnot so still a but in high her through cost. less neighbors Recognition of donation fortunate of unclaimed the community. of The produce distribution theHaitian to community isunequal due tothe Theprovides organizers hergreater expertise with capacity a thent to theyear. farm the as following fertilizer Following practices, farming sustainable wastes returned allorganic and are composted work. Sinceismoney, time Ms.Oliva farming for takes time pest time: for time management, composting,tolet nature time by onthe Earth limiting humanimpact through theefficient use ofresources.type This of principles. The garden isfarmedpermaculture and sustainable incorporates organic using methods Environmental Impact in the City toprovide income North as Miami thegardencovers of operating only costs. gardening tobeself butwouldlike expandinggarden aspirations theofgetting has slowly.Ms.Olivares not from rich mentalitygrowing personal reflects goals continually her and food, of learning, considerations creativity, and ofthe thenfinan land, experimentation, and decisions by are help Management out. about prioritized thinkingthe environmental are regularand currently half onemembers thefarm and are tovisit volunteers invited budget comes planting inthe thegarden form before in begins. ofvoluntee Help decision was tobecome a aallowsher her financialone it annually CSA because toplan g interning farms, sustainable raised atMs.Olivares piece various a $1500,rented ofland, horticulture course andtobea knewwanted years instantly she farmer. After four of attendingart Muriel inArgentinayears Olivaresher born andformative before was inMiami spent Little hastravel warnings Haitiattached still (tripadvisor) toit. fled Haiti nomoney. with and outofdesperation Thispolicy today hasand continued Miami.one The ofthe Haitian parts immigrants poorest of rural backgroundand were of townservices noreason in Miami invest orinfrastructure. to Little quickly Haiti became Haitian the mass tothe area, migration ruralHaitians a of of wastown.As white section it Itmap).Lemon was originally named tothe abundance Citygroves. due oflemon Before The neigh fruits,and vegetables, flowers. herbs, members chosegarden tothe garden.sustainably varieties tocome grows 30or The so of a couple of pick on pick familyadult only vegetarians. ortwo Sincepickswhat Ms.Olivares ready is toharvest lasting April. The till current each $25a costis week and a threeperson share feeds athered the necessary supplies (seeds,atheredinfrastructure) thenecessaryand supplies tools, gardening. started The s arrived, whiteresidentsdollars with them,leaving the tax fled taking their - up day, the shares varyup day,quantity the shares inassortment and borhood of Little Haiti 0.6square(seeLittle Miami is Northborhood just of ofdowntown miles Permaculture is afarmingPermaculture methodand

school California. in at While school,Ms.Olivaresjobanda a took florist - up spots aroundup spots thoughconvenience her for Miami themembers most of

- sufficient. She currently She sufficient. manages thefarme

res’ costs morefarmers market. produce ifsoldata

lifestyle thatharmony seeks withnature per week. Ms. Olivaresweek.per offers Ms.

way. he surrounding he surrounding cially. This cially.

rs market rs. There

CEU eTD Collection young withlittleand families kids are “very predominately American”. whiteor income andMs. Olivares asfoodmiddle perspectives. conscious, describes them diverse representative however, ethnic background of the Miami; LittleTheMarket’s moderately andGarden livearoundMiami a have members River community relationships. bre would thenraise at isreliant amount the marketbecause the to ofthe full price she dollar In cannot case, Ms.Olivares she afford tolower prices toamiddleman her who tosell assistance low program to Nutritional Assistance Program cards. (SNAP) SNAP in the areaa people twofor offerpay one isto withSupplemental discountwhen forexpensive theAstandard regularly. toafford community practice marketsat farmers farmers tothe gardens markets. Due meth organic would be cost tothe local prohibitive Haitian community at shopping the surrounding If Ms.Olivares toorgrowyield, additional were produce orsellextra her prices the Theit. garden shares donate does no probablygardenscomponent purposea to social deterrentbutthea membership, overt to memberspaygardening are requiredentire $525cost tobegins. is before the season The cheapergrocery than upscale stores speciali community. at The CSA $25aweek cost isareasonable ofthe possibly amount and Little whileoperatingLittle River Market Garden relations Haiti in haslittle withthe finances,time, health. and mental havingget thelegal with case resolved todeal consuming processto the would be operation can relations withthe community. Florida FarmLaw ato Right has that statesthat onlyana take interest if forgiveness,Local then permission.” usually officials, through thezoning department, in agrey citycounty easily officialsby is explained andfactgardening the that for Ms. Olivares’ contactthelocal with officials non is search advice. outher resources farms. The and garden other reachesall of community website, isthroughgardening which offers her advice, blogging, and to links preserving feea for tothe small public classes periodically. main Her withthe interaction offers twice harvestMs.Olivares amembers. dinners to season als Throughcommunity increased capital this garden interactionsocial improved. is The more thepeople interestcomes involvedintheprocess. whereand from in therefood seemIt inspired, shownthat people bring their been kids.” has members withthe community. andgoodrelationship a “Peopleremarked, Asshe has Fora being self ImpactSocial ak even. Plus, the personal interactions with the customersak thepersonal interactions Plus, isrewardingbuilds even. the with and area of local Asarea many public officials of law. have ask better said for “It’s to not be considered a nuisance if in operation for at least a year. consideredat a for leastHowevernot be nuisanceifinoperation a

- described recluse, withher adescribed strong relationship CSA Ms.Olivareshas

complaint isfiled. Thishasanhave added friendly to incentive -

income citizens.

t picked up to families inneed.t picked upto 25

zing in similarfreshzing organicproduce, in but

ods the produce betoo ifsoldwould - existent. The lackexistent. with ofrelations South FloridaSouth continually and people is thefederally food funded members of CSAs takemembers CSAs of members have similar members o teaches canningo teaches and

- profit operatesprofit a farm

- class

in ,

CEU eTD Collection more economic opportunity expectedgardening whenin the city. the long Little has River a Marketsustainability Garden high challenge potential.The biggest to Conclusion community relationships. break thepersonal interactions Plus, even. customers her with are and rewarding builds would thenraise at isreliant the marketbecause the ofthe full price she In cannot case, Ms.Olivares she afford tolower prices toamiddleman her who tosell assistance low program to Nutritional Assistance Program in the areaa people twofor offerpay one isto withSupplemental discountwhen forexpensive theAstandard regularly. toafford community practicemarketsat farmers farmers tothe markets. Due would be cost tothe local prohibitive Haitian community at shopping the surrounding If Ms.Olivares toorgrowyield, additional were produce orsellextra her prices the s probablygarden’s purposea deterrentbutthe in membership, to memberspaygardening are requiredentire $525cost tobegins. is before the season The chea community. at The CSA $25aweek cost isareasonable ofthe possibly amount and Little whileoperatingLittle River Market Garden relations Haiti in haslittle withthe Recreation department. andthe CSA worksMana as the customers, annual provenhowever,a waitinglist; bymake her shesalary not does from capital investment expenditures. Fromperspective a businesscontinually has she satisfied garden.productive iscurrentlyfarm The and loyalcustomersMs. Olivares and andexpertise tomanage hasdedication the a capital the farm. within andingenuity from The and are volunteers passionate members of annual garden debtaccrual. The ha neededgrow the being produce without a toofthe victim conventional model agriculture advance shares intheriskinherent farming allows in Ms.Olivares and thecapital tohave Instart planting.” addition, andmaybe more imp you Forbenefits CSA. operatingyou one, to a what before as“know gonna it’s bring in year.year anotherher brief planned history expansion with next 3 relatively securean Murielannual considering has knowingcosts and upfront expected her The revenue.garden longevitythe is of givesgardenfinancial security. the able is Olivares tocreate Muriel an budgetby annual Operating whereaat CSA, members as the buy shares Economic Impact haresaredonated picked not tofamilies up inneed. per than upscale grocery than similarfreshper upscale stores organicproduce, in but specializing - term viability term

of the garden is the cost of land thegardencostof of isthe

income citizens. for gardens the produce betoo methods organic ifsoldwould

off the translating farm off to (SNAP) cards. SNAP is thefederally is food (SNAP) cards. SNAP funded gerby of marketand supported a farmer’s theParks local

Ms. Olivares’ expertise inthegardenallows forMs. Olivares’ s built a foundation solid supporteds built byhuman financially stable regarding costs operating and 26

ortantly, pay isthathaving members in waiting twice andhas list in expanded

beginning of the growingbeginning ofthe season, but that is abut that is future concern and high high capacity. for There are manyThere are - profit dollar amount to dollar

although CEU eTD Collection as well as onplanting focus raised bring between to fertility crops cover the beds to back principles. ins will new This plan slowly sustainable implement amore gardening based onpermaculture method afterPastor Willis meeting creating agriculture is withasustainable specialist, plansto tomatoes, peppers, and okra. neighborhood the anda residentfor provided clean outdoorarea thegarden When becamea it neighborhoodof thefocal dumpsite. a opened point Prior of tothe installation the andwas used garden thelocation as overgrown withweeds not amajor priority resultand inthe need fertilizers could and for pe productivity Considerations foran inmind. tothrive environment creating wascrops for gardencreated and the garden layout beautification rather with than or sustainability landscaping Carswelldesign company. oversaw the implementation Ms. and novices withregardstourban agriculture,Ms.Phylliswho owns excepta Carswell, for environmental inthe originalorganizers perspective plans. The are self proclaimed YouthGardenMiami a multi as Environmental Impact Osteen Ministries.with Joel through$2,000. Pastor Willis, theCity touch connections with hisputin Miami, was of volunteers tohelp the build Osteen throughJoel Ministries Generation Project Hope thirty the brought around average people at 43,500 attendance services, weekly give was to a of inMiami sermon. Mr.Osteen,Houston, Texas. the attendance Osteen, ofJoel a layandLakewood minister Church televangelist fromin 17 YouthGardenMiami celebrated homeless families. HopewhichgrassrootsFood Reliefisalocal Bank, foodpantry helping neighborhood farmers planning theinitial in ordonated stages, market, ofStyle still toCurly’s House corner.locatedgrown inthesouthwestgard Produce are theheartand scattered outside ina north inside worktablegarden Raised side. onthe west by bedscedarvarious wood bounded sizes of is araisedbenches platformand a with ontheside composting south The center.heart awater layout ofafountain consists the walkway shaped with in There church Theisa multi member. MYG the streetchurch at from the Joaquin R. Willis, theideaLocated (MYG) ofMiami YouthGardens wasborn. across LibertyThroughCity Churchin Open ofthe Reverend the Door the of under tutelage Dr. Introdu GardenMiami Youth th , 2013to much fan fareattention. and The media media outinforce came because of

ction

community gardencommunity two days,donating over to inaddition

who oversees the largestwho overseesinAmerica, the congregation withan nd - purpose teachingsitedidnot

the installation of theirgardens community onAprilthe installationof tall adrip irrigation system consumption reduce to water St. and8 St. - use garden,meeting teaching place, and laboratory. th 27

Ave.,

on ad quarteracre of land - south orientation.south Abanana circleis en will be divided betweenena be will divided have a strong s to relax amid growings torelax sticides inthefuture.sticides area sheltered and onated by a

of the -

CEU eTD Collection and upin vision ultimate the air.of th a Thisis product ‘phenomenonstill driven’I (define know with whatthefuture is) this. don’t this process long yet Thegarden isstill success ofthe theissueof be and com to seen stated differently) actually isnever it toomuchevery toretell the issuesas at way long stepof the asis it is disenfran gardens.community more expand (I ontheissueof community would howand why this marginalize, disenfranchised communitybodes well for exist of the thesustainability you.”for Thi works,look, it communityyou canafford togosupport it, who vote thepeople against bewant to political,becomesI nowifit this tosay, political, want be to inaposition explicitlygoneafter the su goodthat he City has with relations Tomashas Regalado, ofMiami Mayor not but about thediscussing relationship thelocal with Willis withPastor heimplied government comet togetherand solve along uprising intrinsic withthis istheunderstanding must community thattheblack to belastingmorecommunity change demandbetterGoing “create food.” the for must happen.” Pastor realizes The right themultiplicityThis is reasons.AND. working tomake ofethnicities it together working, good these is, at are doing this right people, thing,the rightfor time, the the emphaticallyWillis “It states, alsoa is asMYGa isestablishing afor communityAs Pastor tool itself wide paradigm shift. curriculumyouth that engagestaking ownership.” in and order training toprovide leadership educationthroughgardening, and tutoring, seminars, facilitating“organizational developmenta leadership empowerment from perspective in students nurturing,and Todate,graduates harvesting. had 20 the about course has 30 with ground,acknowledging, receiving, seed, growing, searching, preparing, planting, 18 Theeight course long two withtwo isweeks participantboth conceptualreal driven, using and “Seed toHar throughhands describedfreedom and won their the, aAs mutiny. inchurchdocuments a Cuban theslaves slave where ship beingtooktheir transported destiny own intheir Upper Marl youthdevelopment whichcreatedHarvest course, Amistad was byCorporation in the gardenThe for motivation the camecharacter from Seed thetoHarvest Pastor’s (STH) Social the resources a Bythe soil. adoptinggardening thegardenefficiently permaculture practices will utilize , complete nineoflearning stages thenaturalstages thatmimic are The cycle. nine assessments.” The MYG has the “overall goal hasto empowerassessments.” the“overall MYG the The a using community - term has yet has planning beterm to addressed. all Despite the thathasplace, MYG taken is

currentlyIn enrolled. aat pamphlet parents aimedas theMYG isdescribed chised (racism, poverty, etc) unless you(racism, poverty,chised etc)haveelsewhere.But done unless that boro, Maryland.The pays name of organization The this homage Amistad, to vest uses an asset based, uses anwhich vest approach activelearning isinteractiveand s understanding of how politics work and where the power in a and ofhowwork historically wheres understanding politics in the power vailable aroundthesite asclimatevailable well appropriate as plant crops.

heir problems by strength. instance, when For their using pport of County District Commissioners. As he puts it, “Ipport ofAsheit, Commissioners. Countyputs District don’t that “this communityis afoodgoing desert” and ifthere is

new narrative that this is not just black notjust new is thatthis narrative folk 28 - hour sessions a week, where youth, sessionsa week,hour 12 ages where

- life challenges classroom.”as thelive

e garden wanting to bee inclusive garden wanting to munity engagementmunity

- CEU eTD Collection and local building organizers outto The expertise. foodsystem did notreach Carswell, a a church member able tosecure thisproject funding for in andtoreceive Empowerment donated MYG MYG. was an$2,000 to While Group. additional Citibank Bank Ho toNeighborhood with ared line. Thismoneya Fargocame $500,000donationfrom byWell originally denying residencegeographic area, ona ina serviceson map based historically drawn racismof institutional of Churches predatory against tofight redlining banking and a Redlining, form practices. $15,000 from theCollective Empowerment which was association Group, as founded an networks and relationshi In MYGregards stage went tofunding, the toreality from the theby ideas utilizing Economic garden’scommunity sustainability potential. population. Communityengagementand are ownership thebasis ofmeasuring a gardencommunity inalow focusedand implementation processofstarting ontheplanning a church organized environment.”garden Since the research MYG has recentlyestablished, been into just the thecommunityshow[ing] ofcommunity ownership this how totake The MYG isa“community by engagement organizers effort”“symbolically as seen the be thatwill helpfulsimilarities learning as well. from imply followt MYGwillnot that createdgardenbudget.differencesare toestablishthe withnooperating There that many facilitate communitytheplanning in process.Inaddition, funding involvement was only comprised organiza mainly (white???) of Garden andthe government. Association City being partnership ofMiami This Writer’s collaboration Miracle between Scott’s incorporating suppor community March with muchfannopragmaticalsoand started 2010and long fare Housingalso Liberty in Project,garden Thiscommunity City. April lasted2009to from the project. mediahave event thelong anddidnot moment ofracialI thattheChurch reversal, ona role event capitalized this think shows found event nomentionofthis onthe Church questioningI about observation this I nosatisfactory received answer;however, also probablydue and tothe taking event school hours place during work the STHprogramconspicuously absent were continualgroundbreaking effort During students required. of and is church the members community, butthe realityevident inthe intheCity Faith as example has shownthata nice is This sentiment and showstheorga the Pastorstates, come “As people andwe’ll that raise flag,outhowtosalute figure it.” of everyone participate, to whowants abide by ifthey principles As inSTH. outlined the

This is reminiscent oft reminiscent This is is the practicecompanies orinsurance ofbanks overcharging or ps ofthe MYG Church, particularly Willis. received Pastor using turngranted theCollective Services, which $30,000to in - income marginalized Africanincome marginalized nd landscaper, who was instrumental in organizing supplies supplies who instrumentalinorganizing nd landscaper, was t. The idea and establishment of thegardent. The ideacameestablishment and from heHarvest sameLove fate at are butthere of he Harvest of LoveheLiberty HarvestGardenat oflocated Square - - Gro Company,Gro Beautify, Keep America the into ofinclusion vision inner church orouter term tions located outside of Liberty outside of located tions City did not nizers willingnessengagenizers to entire the 29

’s website. website. ’s except for one This was elderlygentleman.

- kind donations from Phyllis from kind donations

While beingWhile an interesting - American a

and create a healthy and during my nd Caribbean - term solution for solution term CEU eTD Collection goodsomething tothe lives ofthe residents) the connotation neighborhood ofa poor at Health that. So inthebringing Hoodmeans youngway for African that“Hood (formerlythe City). ‘hood” explain to (you isacommon in may Roots want HealthGarden andApartments.expertise inthe by maintenance Gardening isprovided raised beds ofcinderblocks,onthe made were installed project. of theBlock Aspart single 19 began isconcentrating inJanuary2013and blocksbetween onthe 60 and transformation seeksvisual signs aofchange. through program neighborhood The The Block comesFlorida General from the Fund. State activities forgrade. everyMCI state created legislation was through mainfunding and it’s and offers lear local assets.optimize Thegoal preparegraduate ofMCI isto from every child tocollege childhood care, and educationbycoordinating services development, and resources to Liberty City. tobringmission prosperityempowerment disenfranchised and of neighborhood the to Initiative Children’sMiami development (MCI) isa organizationwitha community Introduction Healthin by supported (FormerlytheCity)the in Hood Roots Community Gardens Block of recognizing them. residents notincluding by theminthe planning process andnotrecognizing tangibly group a pr being and writing is Thegard community Conclusion enterprises as value such acquiregarden, the land,install community engage as the as spin well that canapplied thenbebusinessentail howto tothemodel otherwill churches. The Baptist Church. Theisthatthegarden success hope lead will ofthis toa Institutional(MissionaryBaptist) Revival Apostolic Center, Church, and Johns St. The otherchurch partnersincluding MYG with program FriendshipMB local isapilot bewill analysis the in further organizations alreadyLiberty a operatingin trend is City. notunique toMYGand This th

creatinga Avenue,Impact knownas their Zone. Thisarea - family homes, and theAnnie Apartments, Colemanand housing Garden family apublic homes,

in - by

search for funds to erect to thegardensearchforfunds fence for thespace establishing around a MCI isstriving aparadigm toaccomplish on focus through a shift

ning programs foras children well 5as programs ning school after under enrichment sense of security.sense of Block program modeled after is NewY esence participation the inthe garden,riskof little runs among butMYG

en does not have not en does aat specific operatingbudgetof the time and - Americans to refer to their ‘neig Americans refer to totheir - added products. - by next section. next -

- The MYG has moderate MYG has The withthe STH sustainability Blockgardencommunity program a ofthree consisting by - Block ProjectBlock Miami by Initiativ Children’s

consists of two schools, multiple multiple oftwoconsists schools, ork City’s Harlem Children’s Zoneork City’s Harlem Children’s hborhood’. And carries it hborhood’. withit property of the Annie Colemanproperty Annie ofthe

th -

off otheroff Street and17

business model business e th - CEU eTD Collection tellingrespect ofthethe community that haspermeated trustand start since ofthe the byfirst basis. come, a first serve thinkingdistributed couldIamongst this cause tension theresidents, wasit informed residentsgarden.inquiring hadalreadythe was Upon harvested howthe produce someone. Theharvest reason the event The effectsgardenscommunity thehadevident have onthetalking whenever were with neighborhood sponsored kids Boom by Ka Playgrounds. ‘securit grass. Oneraised was ofthe act beds immediately destroyed, residents as now but volunteers andgardens, creation includedoftrees thecommunity the planting and of th communityblock everyday. tobeonthefirst prioritywas safe The a residents’ place for the needscommunity. ofthe MCIalso a employs full start InGutierrez January 2013,Cecilia and and Ms.Gutierrez C greatMCI thecountya with has relationship Miami thesupport and ofboththe has Social growingfood ofon therecommendation residents. RedevelopmentOriginally, landscape Agency.started branched RC with training but into grantprogram annualan the $100,000 supported Coun by for operatedinvolvement.gardens RC community training throughoutas Overtown a jobs TheyMiami. basedpridesarea onstrong itself community organization place that healthy juicing and tastings HH snack classes. als forin disenfranchisedand children and classes, families offers fitness neighborhoods responsibility gardens RC for Overtown.HH thetwo in focuseswellness and onhealth which was father, operated by Dr. her Marvin (HH)Loring2013 whentheCity by Asha founded in Roots established(RC), was in whereresidents learnabout can health, andfoodinthe Hood nutrition preparation. Health MCI withHealth incollaboration inthe Hood Environmental here tostay and business”. mean leaders MCI MCI had the main was they obstacle toovercome. are to“show need them achieving neighborhood Similarly, inMiami. itsbrief historywith MCIover has struggled Liberty isapredominatelyAfrican City are starting norelevance quickly programsstruggles. abandonedthathave or totheir Liberty has agencies past a with City tumultuous coming inandstarting programs, which ounty mayors.Miami and theCity Deputy The Board of Mayor ofDirectors isinthe eir play. kidsto community A cleanand effort restoration begansaw 200 up that ing the program her staffing contacted every theprogram bygoing her resident tofind out door todoor

Impact

yguards’. helpeda for build playground the OnMarch 30,2013,435residents

its goals. Gaining the community’s trust, especiallycommunity’s goals.its Gainingthe trust, withthe community

Impact - Abety (who is she???) statesAbety isshe???) they (who enjoypower”. “directto access

No one knew how this decision this is was butit No one how made, knew - Abety became CEO andBefore Director ofAbety MCI. became

did not givedid not awaygardenfrom the produce isthat - American communityAmerican and thepoorest maybe 31

Dunn, retired. overDunn, taken HH has

hosts monthlyeducation workshopshosts food

o manages around farmers markets

- time stafftime the member from

ty’s Community - Dade

CEU eTD Collection ZoneImpactand started thecapabilityamong improving children. the produce, all decision in participation operations, of has MCI environmental managedtopromote distribution fair goods, onlyfostering marginalizedWhile ofresidents. into a the few inclusion months Initiative Children’sMiami has a p high very Conclusion over the sure. not bring money is They soit also notinany do directemployment, but MCIa federalgrant operates on storeproduce withthe thatresidentssame quality shopped the lack thearea ofavailabilitythe grocery and in theprice grocery at store.closest The talkednice rare greens, towas wastohave thatit due freshbecome to collard which has Americancuisine) andabout and the talked size quality.consensus The amo excitement among whoappreciatedgreenscollard the the African residents, (aof staple running for theapartment portionsto family complex and was neighbors. There definitely totellhowmanyimpossible residentschildren produce consta as received thewere tothedistributed communitycharge. free ofwas ofAhandful butit people came by in the Hood’sgardens Overtownthat morning. was andfreshThe picked produce greens,collard tomatoes, Thisproduce chard, and Swiss provide oregano. was Street and18 theHood,residents, in a pop and MCI, Health MCIfirst Through held Harvest Day their onAprilcooperation 25,2013. the Economic brings thatissues inorganizations need specialize inwhatever tobeaddressed. also w children,adults, not makes it a difference inhowthey theworld see by themwant ASKING whatextremely is they powerful.they When are treatedlike they ref manner of disparities,respect when highly social is They valued. ALWAYSuse titles slavery, institutionalized racism because disenfranchisement, andall ofsegregation, the powerful residents allisdone stages inamanner in gives and residents (expandon that the respect. and findingimplementation oftheconcerns The program and outtheir priorities. includes The th success ofMCI atin least social change thatpeople protecteach so happens other) and property immediately, that showresidents theyarea care andslowly livethatpeople inan about, success Bro the“No to eachwant kids.(you bring andmight to other their this neighbors’ inthe similarity of in the communitythe beautificationand due even to about efforts watching talked outfor showing capita an insocial increase Block - orks ascollective impact acooperative agenda and does directprogramsbut not by

er to each other (Mr. Miss,Dr.Rev),er never first toeach(Mr. other names, and showingthemrespect - Block program. ItBlock residents program. need, whattake appears onlyand they want

Impact

th force that respect is in this community. thatrespect inthis force Becauseyears is thehundredsof of of

Avenue.Between 5

ken Windows” policy Windows” manyken cities broken have: that windows fix ,

e phases initial due is toactively engagingthe residents which is set to expire next year next occurred issettoexpire and which tensions - 10 neighborhood children sorted out 10 neighborhood and portioned l. Residents also talked aboutthey thel. Residentsalso pride nowtake - making, recog 32 otential for sustainabilityotential by continually -

up tent was setuponthecornerup of 60

nition ofevery inthe nition individual

was 43blocks away.was –

ie Justice) MCI ie Justice)

ng residents Ing residents of local d by Health

ntly th

- CEU eTD Collection Environmental Br site has a completely quality very calcareousthat was soil poor with invasive overgrown themThis prohibited from startinggrowing, and small plan.The was which theoriginal Farm t had government all theland beinuse must onthestartand required that date therefore the The Farmofproblems hasa beginning. facedmyriad federal since the onthe Early is managedLearning by Earth employees. currently and 24 has plant nursery and islocated specializes onsite intropical fruits and vegetable services, space,after event H trendyareaSunset place an ofinto open pedestrian andit air turned market. for and thatimpact this onthe projecta moveditfewaway whole?) as blocks tothe withdrew theirandwhy? support (why,doesmatter it Were reasons thereany political Newmovement, andwonTimes Miami Market theYearcityaward, but of the eventuall Farmers Miami South market Marketfood supportthelocal thefirst whichwas to students howtofarmLearning using Earth principles. permaculture also created the CommunityprogramUSDA beginninggrant Foodworks through afarmers Learningfound FloridaFood theSouth the Policy Earth Council. also founded and EarthFest,Learning Summits Food heldworkshops, andhelped permaculture hosted throughout North America.”(Earth Evergladeswell as seeding as bioregion, life Learningas, “growing describes itself a life was andElena founded Yanez in2011added byNara Mario ItLearning helpedEarthmovement. start Florida’s South food as local an organization market, online whichoversees the houses a savannah and containing pastures buffalo,building water chickens. cows, Farm The food ecosystems an including old potenti The agricultural Farm isasustainable realfocused ondemonstrating endeavor the world case managers. disabilityand with 18.Verdea child under Gardens full provided is (define,certifiedtownhouse define) VerdeGardenswhich project, occupiesLEEDremaining and of145 the28acresconsists Air ForceBase by 1992.Thethe Farmlarger ispart destroyed HurricaneAndrewin of inSoutheastSituated Homestead, The The ambitious Farm atthemost is Miami. urban Verde in Gardens agricultural project at VerdeThe Farm Gardens arvestHub azilian pepper and grass.azilian cane al that permaculture ecologicala can The community. consistsof farm on have

kitchen cottage tofacilitate aharvest industrymicroenterprise,and café, a o spend tens of thousands of dollars to clear thousandsand ofdollars land. o spendmaintain unproductive tensof to

which is a local produce distribution service. catering producedistribution isalocal Farm also The which offers

Impact

- school children’s programs,schoolapprenticeships. andfarming children’s A

fieldgarden, forest, mosaic vegetable edibleand food - learning.org) Beforelearning.org) s for continually withatleast homeless families one

Farm of22consists acresa Homestead former on 33 - sustaining culture in our home, theGreater home, culture sustaining inour - sustaining strategiessustaining inbioregions

taking on this project Earth project taking onthis jo as program director. jo asprogramEarth

- time therapisttime and 2

to teach s. The Farm y CEU eTD Collection grantsseeks strivesfor while supportoperations it financial to self providedMDC ownsthe landand $570,000forcontinuallyfarm infrastructure costs. The sourcesas theUSDA, such Miami Funding Carrfour camefrom Housing initially Trustof Homeless Supportive and the Economic indoors ( The Farm.consequence An unintended ofthisdisparity of whites being istheperception workingpart andof farm theirstudying time onthe and aspects permaculture other of skinned H majorityapprentices of tendtobe whiteorare skinned,whilethe light workers darker The organizational intoapprenticeshipsFarm ofTheisdivided structure worker. and The and the“la beginning wouldrespondresidents farm “who with oftheare people?” all these white slaveryrural orforced camps Cuba. labor Former in employees atthe said have that resiSome Instead, oftheir pay residents monthlytocover 30% income housing fees. agreement ofthe ofhousing, worksubsidizing to asturned tobetrue. this part outnot Lear and theonly incommonwas they thing thatthey had Earth for qualified housing. Inaddition, there nosense was residents ofcommunityfrom were allover selected since housin Communityhas been engagementconstant residential and farm a struggle.Since the the growing food,has engaging it an had difficulties abundance thecommunity. of e excellent; there whichbebeen withimplementation, isto have unforeseen just problems I Thebut behind principleshave the project don’tthis) and been understand intentions Maybputz. Itmissing expertise. howthesesupporthis seems he quotes like issaying thathea isjust maintainingour forte”and things(I servicesnotourstrength”. “social notis is am sustainable agriculture, ed marginalizedLearning’s and disenfranchised community.Earth in expertise lies ofprovidingproposal food, housing,most hadthe intention and training tothis diversified proposa LearningEarth grant was the awarded farm oversee most to the by submitting the Social The theepitomeat farm is of Verde Gardens an environmentally enterprise. conscious xpected forxpected scalethis thefarm a and While projectof uniqueness. issuccessful in ning was under the impression that residents would be or thatresidentssome under sortof was thening requirement impression

g beincluded simultaneously, opened intheplanning process. couldnot residents - Impact Dadeandalong CountyFederal withlocal,grant a State money variety from of and being managers) and being outdoors blacks dents whenwithnegative about asked farming cultural reacted referencesto ispanics and African

st time white people asked us to farm, it didn’tworkpeople well!”it outso asked white st time farm, usto Impact e youe toreframe need the sentencesme, just leading Ormaybeit’s uptothis.

l that had the greatesthad theemploy chancel that Garden The to residents. Verde ucation, and AsMario stated, facilitation. Yanez “doing things,

State Farm InsuranceState Farm Company, Foundation.Health and the - Americans. The apprentices spend part of their time apprenticesAmericans. time of The spendpart their 34

- sufficiency.

CEU eTD Collection Miami. environmental toidentify justice frame factorsare what success influential most for in The illu themes and dynamics being sustainable. myWith I andFarm lowsuccess tosaywould have insight,The locala has knowledge at in regardsorganization, communication, trust, respect, toleadership, andownership. socialWorking capital limited inanenvironmentwith groundbreaking the striving site.The of Farm isstill aspect oflife. tohonorthe social support ofgovernmentnot been Carrfour andlocal after optimal has initial the the Farm acreating iscurrentlyconducting review a and n The of Farm atinthemiddle is attempting Verde Gardens a project. ambitious very The Conclusion system occur. can local foodm reductionfear of for dependency. promoting social When justice included inthe isnot composted oror given canned offreely (making unaffordable) instead a it distributed cost by employees, former th creating giving among dependency It just theresidentsby away food. hasbeenimplied thepressureaddition to make self money and to become their backgroundand financiali that regardless ofeducation oftheamount givenawarenessafforded and tothe residents, more educationtovalue thebenefitsIgrown oforganic,locallytobelieve food, but tend restaurants, ofand outside thearea individuals themajorityareSo, ofthe uniquelybuying American) to produce issold clubs, evenwhen(again,getting Food whenpayingthis. stamps withfoodstamps. 2for1 explain certain operating tocover costs, which price ish Thecheap residents localFarm todemand “need foodtheya butThe afford” can needs Learning’sCarrfour’s social andissues becameproblem. problem the Verdein the Gardens resulting issues tobecome a separationFarm low priority.a Thishascreated betweenand The become financially sustainable beforerunsouthas caused thefundingaddressing social fardue so toallthe requirements th in operatingFarm.Thegettinggrants idea The behind was toachieve self The amount offundingtherequirements and a attached tofunding major issue been have “Thegreatget ideas of Thevision Farm, butmany Asone left have apprentice former said, disillusioned. immediate vicinity.Farm Thepassionateattracted apprentices, hasmanyshare who inthe the trainingto join prog restaurants,grocery orthe Thishashad hospital. stores, anrecruiting effect residents on economic The available employment only opportunities”. are jobs infast food VerdeGardens i located is

ovement, the possibilityovement, theinjustices the of ofreplicating conventionalfood

fresh meatgrinds themup.” and in then ram, since no jobs in the field are sinceinthe ram, inthe field nojobs available readily at the surplusharvestbeenat orbeen left has rotinthe fields to n an isolatedpart meaningful of Homesteadwith“very little strativelyaboveexpressed nowbe will with the analyzed breakdown the community. of became farm Earth The nstability, price will alwaysnstability, pricewill In determining be factor. the at has not been possible. Theat possible. hasnotbeen additional pressure to 35

. Ithas beenneed. residents said that the igher thanresidentsarewilling topay

ew plan goingew The plan forward. has only theproblems exacerbated - sufficient, there is a there fearsufficient, of is

- sufficiency but CEU eTD Collection 7.1 the realitiesground. onthe relevant as necessary, beexamined, foodsystem aspectsofthelocal will fully explain to I bewill and community addressingontheindividual, project, them level. the injustices thatoccur.These a occur elements multi on discourse and toreveal, analyze contextualize, reasons the thecorrection preventing to IIn bewill section, usingby this elements justic thefour theenvironmental outlined result infair they practices, for be but allwithin must accounted the areaoperations. of each other. pragmatic these thisthesis, approach four of factors are and intertwined influenced by disparityIn recognition, and indistribution, capabilities. participation, hence reality, the societyare ofdis products Environmental justice establishes within thattheenvironmental thenotion inequities organizations,individuals, and communities. incorporate the factorsoutside specific influential programs, to andinrelation discourse ona combines multi occur environmentalism, social justice,thatthe environmental and humanrights justice experiences thepreviously from describe overarching sites.These issues of The adaptedenvironmental justice framework emplo although todifferent degrees. effects participation, ofdistribution, recognition, from the disparity andcapabilities, disenfranchised populationirrespective race of stated study, inthis isacity dualities, this one ofwhich Miami and is county of justice frame low to inrelation order pathforward. toreveal Thissect asuccessful urban a agriculturedescribing with groups specific context each on perspective focus in sectiondevoted is toan in Raceethnicity discussedtospecific and aspertains be it will ElaborateMiami. themes revealed onthe section. intheprevious interactions experienced and relationships and by managers, organizers, in participants In theenvironmental justice disco section, this Miami Urban Agriculture Environmentalvia Justice Distribution

CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMEN 7 CHAPTER These elements do not have do elements These achieved tobeonequal footing oroptimally to

- crimination by race,resultingand ethnicity, from class the

depth examination ofdepth howrace examination the into and ethnicity factor

- income, marginalized groupsincome, marginalized a previously aswhole. As - scalar level. Therefore,scalaranaly the level. 36

urse isused toreveal the urse explain and TAL JUSTICE ANALYSIS JUSTICE TAL or ethnicity.group This suffers theor same

ion capitalizes onthe environmental yed analyze and will themes - scalarand therefore dimension

things; however, thethings; next however,

sis will also will sis In addition

CEU eTD Collection in City the Faith access. agriculture socialand encompasses perspectivehealth, orthe food employment, that environmentalpreservation which perspective, and includes sustainable nature In for themotivations agricultur Miami, urban the inequitable disparityand gives peoplecommon cause a torally behind. becausemeasuringand inconsistencies distributional and packages identifying quantifies thatprovidesthe motivation the spark that i more eloquently,isthepredecessor injustice distributional movement, tothe birthofthe the modern a situationalexperience. direct ofthisrevelation.Put Social action is result acknowledgesor belief system. Distribution und thesocietal when of they informed discrepancies become theunjust affectingcurrent situation their agriculture. gives a to location. context Simply,Participants distribution are motivated theconditions that exposes Inessence, examining distribution definition” isatthe heartofthe foodand securityfoodmovement. local food away.is miles Thisscenario of“Food security theunequal describing distribution the time totakegasolinehave ato drive busor money for It options. you doesnotmattergrocery if thousands theofitemsif donothave has store Providing markets access givestheresidentstheirright direct to a have to choice, tohave onlystores, liquor chains, conveniencegroc fast have a stores, food few and urban Without vegetables agriculture,communities. tothesefood would deserts these Inregards tofood,agriculture urban healthy, organic, grown provides locallyfruits and help these toease communities theburdenthey disproportionately bear infrastructure,services, UAeducate hasand lesssociala been conduit crime. to and more These areas lessemployment have opportunities, lessaccess food, to worse whereUA are Marginality that the lackresources explains theory ofeconomic found differently. placeandcommunity regional affect onthe but each level, andmotivate individual attempt todemonstrate their resistance they tothe inequalities wrong These face. varying degrees is environmentally socially. Partaking agriculture or farming inurban whether gardening or place arealization “problem” stemsfrom going thatthereisanunjust inMiami oneither exacerbate these Inaddition,government authority form legislationguide ofor and in the further due ornot, institutionalized todiscrimination, based onrace,ethnicity.class, or Injus burdens exist. Social justice isattained when and ofenvironmental an distribution equal benefits

taking Thisappliestoany social action. inthe local foodmovement involvement to

most prevalent stemsmost from ahistoryof discriminati

(Schlosberg 2007).(Schlosberg

social inequalities. The behindurbansocial motivations inequalities. agriculture thattakes –

ticean there when inequality occurs goods, is and ofcapital services, Example ofopenExample how

It theindividual’s and is ultimatelycommunity’s the ing youring gardencanlet life in gnitesthe firechange. possible This is of 37 e come fromcome twodifferente perspectives: the

your car becausethe‘good’ erpinnings that haveerpinnings formed that have ledtourban on (Agyemon 2003).

in the locations .

ery stores.

s take s take CEU eTD Collection ofreccontext issue specifically isbetter dilemma explained regarding farmers inthe markets,this but regardsability and tozoning another the to receive ordinances is exemptions tenuous Fundingre isthemain located, residentssituation with t live and development legislatio casegovernment. ofMiami,andThe theCounty history City discriminatory of practices disparity at of inthe allocation resources.government happens andinthe This level occursDistributional injustice the when an opportunity grow and onevery tolearn level. (lotushouseshelter.org) andbodies andare ofwomen children spirits nurtured, and supported, afforded uplifted Lotusgarden House’s fitsinto gardenemploymentLotus isasuccessproviding fresh produceThe in and tohouse. staffaccess. by providesthelackgreater Despite ofparticipation the community, the tended toWednesdays, Frid givetemple decided away notto garden.surroundingThe tothefence garden keys is the yearstemple, which droveaway ago, institutions andother religious businesses the concernB access. open of no consistent volunteer effort.given Thethe is the reasonlack behind ofparticipation in the garden.yearIn first they plentybutsince ofvolunteers the had thenthere has been members ofchurches theother inthec Beforegrantthe garden themoney,LotusHouse. from struggled volunteers tokeep brought women t these worldenteringgarden, behindwhenreflective, the money being While personal time. elementsof the climate,leaving Florida’s outside ofSouth about she talked theproblems protectanonymity, her t from the shelter,a throughgrantforcongregation by appliedamember. gard weekly seasonAugustMay. during from the harvest themiddle of the end to of The formedestimated and asgarden threegrocery producefrom twoto isdonated bags the Lotuswith a shelter women’s House,and transitional housing holistic program, was volunteers, financial andgarden little very capital,the wasA partnershi established. don’t) and promote stability (spel that haveinstitutions tostay decided and Overtownneighborhoods inthe downtown is part Faith ofa central coalition, inthe City, interfaith city religious bringstogether that social action proje followingindividuals idealaccomplish. an can as garden much.Thissmall demonstrates afewpassionateand what dedicated tangiblechange. inthe City Faith The at Garden development doesn’tIt thatis have is taketoenact torequire resources. much doesn’t The agriculture ofusing benefit asmovement community a andconduit urban social for en managed isvoluntarily by Davidnowemploys and Galler part three l it out. We knowthese We out. l it were theyminorities, deteriorating, poverty of areas plagued The garden struggles withparticipation from congregationaland member yearsFour an ago, Temple, urban synagogue the Jewish a wasfor searching During my site observation, IDuring waswith Shawna, to a able siteobservation, my todiscusspseudonym still has roadssections unpaved still unfitfor and industrial contaminated uses. ognition. ognition. ct to reach out to people in need inthe greaterct reach to peoplecommunity. out to inneed The temple source when dealing with governmentLegislature dealingsource when allocation. with with o the garden, benefits psychological themo the returning. keeps the

he benefits of the garden. While theworkWhile ishard inthehot benefitsgarden. he ofthe ecauseridden crime environment ofthe the that surrounds n in Miami hasn inMiami createdthe underdeveloped marginalized ays,and 8:30am Sundays from

and strength oday. example, For District 3wherea ofthese lot are farms

philosophy as as “a described theminds, place where onsortium, whoonly events attendheld onsortium, organized re is an unequal distribution ofpoweran distribution unequal leadingre istoa . Through in . Through 38

Temple Israel provesMiami Temple ofGreater - kind donations ofsupplies, kind donations –

10:00am and thecustodian

- time womentime p

CEU eTD Collection in decisions completelyactivity. disengage from right, the theprocess When done is fromexcluded decision determination over policyactions aand that is right People affecteveryone. them of and policy, a participation practice wide Self butin range encompasses ofissues. injust involvement. Proceduraljustice understanding discourse tothis by contributes an stating consideration, with decision and thepeople have to public participation. participants, Toachieve participation, authentic namely residents, 7.2 governmentalrequire issuesneed. that its ofparticipants behindthemotivations the context and thecurrent communit Examining urban agriculture through inMiami perspective provides distribution the of ned chapter. inthe next will belater issue need sothis exam and tobeincorporated food deserts maybecausation. butthis duerace Factors tocorrelation not ofand eth As expected, urbanagriculture projects inareas belocated measured will ofneed as by As can b attitude of“whoever’s issupposedtobehere”. here fight Asone notpresent. interviewee for those expressed therethou isaholier than deserves withtheunderstanding responsibility comes theseat and and they include that transportation, accessThe income,belief information. or to that whoev their lackattendance of isdue tocircumstances inequalities like related todistributional exclusionary ofthose thevoices are notpresent when ordisregardedespecially ignored if community deservebecomes actions. they thepower such The from earn problem this is the notionthat the people passionate andtoeliciting dedicated changethe within h I andfood movement.First attending Summit firstAnnual when the discoveredthis Food of inclusion. Anattitude ofentitlement topower emergedtheMiami’slocal has within as a d further This alsooccurs within the localand only will foodmovement briefly be mentioned here community under hastheir benefited not leadership. ‘no’,(in challenges an attempt to deflate thatfact totheirpower) that the despite threat their thateveryone’s to power) and reac (theinitial powerbrokers??) barriers, issue ofcommunity always the newendeavors suspicious of (asa leaders being interview with MCI Cecilia Gutierrez director power brokers are ‘gate unusually strong. The was of keepers’ notion brought brokerscase and communities witha history inthe being of advantage taken ofthese of thecommunityPowerwithin well. disparities Every occur poweras has community ave issuewithafewsupporters.attitude this sinceThestemsfrom food discussed local Participation Participation ice occurs law theprocess. rootsin isunfairnessdiscourse whenin This its has there Participation relatesto environmental asit justice hinges authentic onthe for need have toparticipate, opportunity given ability the be the toinfluence outcomes, e seen from figure X, there is also an unequal distribution ofproject figure X,there isalsoanunequale distribution from seen locations. iscussion with occur intheparticipation section with sinceisoneiscussion issue thecentral

making even perceive processes or having themselves as nosay

- 39 making power must facilitate their mustfacilitate making power -

Abety. of discussing When theissue

er is at theer table is tion is always is tion y and

up inmy -

nicity nicity

CEU eTD Collection NGOs, each anculture projectcreates internal onthestructure passed based and values food movement notably but growingsustain and weak at fosteringalready residents, from support whohave ofa initial the idea bought into local Inorganizers. The thecaseGardens Farm of at the management Verdestrong is at surrounding contingentcommunity is orw onthe strengths structure The eachability within organization. toempower the participants and Urban movementgrassroots butstill a exemplifies top agriculture isa farm. ownership and pride environment, andover individuals timewhole a thecommunityasgained have sense a of having Byan doorsalways open. inclusive its beingsaferefuge inadramatically unsafe be active. Earth thanexpensive other stores. results ofthetowards a survey,thatfarmers’ misconception market point prices are more L.E.A.D. to3,000residents hasandconducted 500surve reachedout residents’to foodchoices, food Youth needsrelatingaccess. and health, Since 2010, conductat farmers surveysmarketsgather on data andintheirto neighborhoods one L.E.A.D.Youth (Learning through Activism Environmental Democracy)taken has this garden beds. the communitythe projectwhowantedfinding and planning and families needed the Locka, low another communityPrior inOpa tobuilding garden engagement.30raised for beds30families their organization knowthe importance doing dueform of diligence their of inthe thenmoved recentin Miami, tomanaging andjust farmers markets founded by MelissaContrerasFriedmanandgarden Art outbuilding started raised beds Other local havea approach. foodorganizations taken similar Project UrbanOasis empowerment… about Gutierez buildingAsMs. relationships. place kidstoplay. action for stems from understanding This thatbuildingcommunity a is This f permanentemployedcommunity change,everyday. they a tobeonthe member block you Indo to do?” addition, asa us want sign toenact newfound oftheir determination im thecommunityand in CEO, andresearching spent months they issues deemed what previous MCI mistakes initiatives, and failed startingnew Director inJanuarywiththeir strugglethereforean faced have uphill withoutreachLearning and empowerment. from many notincluded community projectshave at members theprocessand beginning ofthe evidentThis is inthe urban Onan Miami. level, agricultural in individual environment “P gainpeople and themovement AsSchlosberg honor andexpands. writes, pride (2007) articipation experience individual community bridgesaccomplishment.” the with portant.your They doors andcan“If askedwe on community make knock whatbetter, - step furtherandafter through theirprogramtrains school ocus on communication withresidentsocus revealed oncommunication an desire urgent a tohave safe

- n it’s a relationship.” relationship.” ait’s - Us Farm hasmanagedUs Farm engagement community - income marginalized communityincome they inMiami, spent -

to the pointthat people move have to Fostering community participationFosteringcommunity have doesnotalways to

40 -

Abety“Its says, about

ingLike their support. many d tothe area ofthe because eaknesses managersand ofthe then employs youths then employs to

with the simple actsimple of with the ly added a added ly farm to their ys. - down power

The preliminaryThe

6 months in in 6 months

- CEU eTD Collection fight to solutions the problems that andthe individuals community experience. Allthe and change begins their communal and suffering group facilitating There cohesion. in numbers isstrength On an level, individual and education awarenessparamount is toenlightening of residents motivated towardsaction. social gain communities operate.sense recognition of Through a environmental andbenefits social groups along withrespecting different and people how community level.”the agricultural Within includesrecognizing this the movement, Scholsberg “Recognition(2007) states, about is respect and existorganizations leading andthereby to acceptancerights As act. oftheir tothe Recognition practices thevalues, acknowledges and cultures,and residents of 7.3 projects. database tocontact person each faced onwhich for instarting and issue operatingl urban agriculture by wouldstrengthen community a orresource manual itself organizing have government operates inareactive policy still mannerand neither particularly nor responsive informative urban about agriculture The inMiami. that Distric once 8pm hours till a week. ThroughI theexperience ofresearching paper, this found andresident havecomplaints inquiresdoor an andpolicy, open even office extending The Count access government to maycause tomarket entry a projects. for barrier urbanfarm new despite ofperceived months proper operation, disparity OvertownMarket. Having a in in undesirable County land,and process hascaused this fail. manyare marketsto Marketseither placed farmersstated, most inMiami markets on permits tooperate, requirespecial except gardens and necessar markets. are Farmers markets therevenue structure evident thepermitting most andin Thisis istime frustration. system offarmers of not having the process access information to ofimplementation, andgovernmentcost The finance. of good eitherutilization constituents relationship through orstate the smoothes mandate agricultural projec participation. to limitation Thisbarriercan toorganizers of be urban problematic Accessgovernment inherent its uneventoresidents and be to can distribution another programs become to successful. feedback tobeincorporated need aswel intoallprojects how projectsin the community. and progressing are being Avenues perceived for their workers inthe communityground and onthe are inanadvantageous toknow position continually prevent fro encouraged to disenfranchisement Activedown from management. participation decision in Recognition expressed the idiom of‘it isbett expressed the idiom

y throughgovernment, officesDistrict Commissioner the to are receptive t Offices the Countyand onboth City while cordialandreceptive,were level, government connections oracohesive powerful, community support locations, Libertylocations, randomly Market, orcited for permitting City improper

ts. The case Miami YouthGardenshavingats. The and MCIshowsthat of with the understanding that no onewith the understandingand suffersalone thereare thatno y financial for and previously stability program sustainability. As

er to - making branch andfarms urbanmaking ofmany beg The forgiveness than toaskpermission’. 41

l as a review system in order in l asa for review system - - m the bottom ofthem the bottom ranks. The making processes needmaking processes tobe makers and organizers alike andmakers organizers purpose andarepurpose place and

value on the individual and individual value onthe ocal

CEU eTD Collection like TheGardens, Farm ataregovernment activelyas Verde ofthe examples touted recognize projects norendorsegathering UA Someattention, projects wholesale. media Unlike othersuch majorLosAngeles, asYork, cities New and Chicago, M aregovernment here’hastourbanand different the agriculture relevance perspective. associatedcan The adageof ‘the old tourist with UA rules onlyimprove themovement. governmentLocal ofthe recognition tangible intangible and a values manyshown agrants itself. dependence a on barrier is in financial capitaldoesnothaveIn tobeaFarmat barrier. fact, TheVerde Gardens has River Earth Garden and Market, environmentalavailable inthearea capital inthe City Faith Little isnecessary. Garden, correct misunderstanding this financial,and recognitionofthe social, human, preconceivedurban agriculture notionthat i informing resources of foster organizers the could available cooperation. There isa creationa farming regional urban of entitywiththe purpose ofsupporting projectsand LittleFarms and River Garden Market, competin competition. The majorityarenon of the sitesstudied the urbanWithin agriculturallack ofcooperation movement thereisa leading to from strivingexpanding. and improvement, and development. community lack The ofrecognitionpr is entrepreneurialgoals achievegardens access to ofequal healthysoil the to foods, available.Ingardens, community privatefarms, and UA theform Miami takes of diversity theproblems resolve ofprojectsdifferent to dep social linking environmental social to benefits health. strengththe comes The ofUAfrom Urban theimportancea agriculture healthy of stresses health environment human to recently Andmost this. thethree story vacationrentalsin tre schools and organization; however, recent Ray’s toveganism conversion has a put to stop farmgoats historicallyeggs produce, sold honey, mik, offering to inaddition toursto farm has including ofanimals agoats, manegrie chickens, pigs, turkeys, goes volunteers, andcommunity needed. theresidents, surrounding tosupporting as The find neighborhoodplaying kidsgrownschool. is thefarm What withanimalsafter on has an intentional community and eco surroundingareas available,fewcrack The became farm 11intotala including houses. his propertyyears hasexpandedarea this naturally as the through property the in yearsneighborhood. 36 who Ray thefarm Chasser, founded agog withalarge farm safepoverty isanatural oasisand ridden refuge ina crime nestled and stricken TheMiami. farm sustainablewithapermaculture practices agriculture mentality.The Earth n' Us Farm a is 2acreLittle owned privately property neighbo inthe Haiti Us Earth n recognitiongovernment. organizations and amongst active the with more succes studysites inthis actively onthebenefits toeducate theseek though public ofUA some

–

If you recognize you comeIf they will s than others. Urban agriculture Urbanisplighted Miami s thanothers. lack by a of in

- n - Us Farms Us - village mindset andisopen tothe publi village mindset 42 s goingHealy)s (Erinexpensive and tobe to have allhave proven intheir own that style

g for grants.funding thesameand The - profits, except for Earth

e house or campsite. orcampsite. e house

ending on the resourcesending onthe nd benefits nd benefits and an emu.and The eventing UA iami doesnot c. Youcan - arden on n rhood of rhood of - Us

CEU eTD Collection many government andmakes departments disparate theidea plays a role of supporting bureaucracy 42 depart ofthefrom County an 88% infavorWith vote, theGimenez immediately new Carlosthe Mayor shrunk wasto the document), a theremassive re wascounty theformerassistant manager. growing for UA Unfortunately, political support inMiami. Greenprint champion of the The anditsrecognition creation of ofurban GreenPrint agricultureshow a to seem mean theUA hasth movement responsibilitygovernmentUA; the however, taking role topursue does a not supporting rolegovernment localUA, take plans to gives inrelationorganizations the to everything” jus andin fact is governmentunderstandinga “Thedoesgovernment UA.exclaimed, know official not As recognizingand time, doesorbudgetcapability thestaff, lacks have it not the of helporganizations to draft the ini the countyrealized sense role various ismade toplay in aand supporting brought mention ofurban agriculture. creating Duringdocument, theprocess Greenprint of the 2012andout in has a recom document onlyguiding creation serves asthe principles which CDMP, came for of the To datebeen noprogress these hasmade achieving any towards This initiatives. of benefits ofcommunitygardens Health theCommunity chapt in garner MDC released 2010,whichGreenPrint in istheirpremier sustainability The County plan. community involved withthe project. the County needs the recognizethevalue to projecttherebyrespecting of people and the preciselygrowin themengaged keeping tohelpwiththe starting preventing is theprogram, pulling what themfrom their supportor more cares program succeeds. already MDC ifthe thelimelight received andaccolades for ofgrantslist an i absence ofownership, in resulting value themultitude what aredown here?” doing With ofstakeholders we expansive and and atVerde DirectorofFarm rhetorically“Does Theasked, County Gardens, really the considering andgoals themission Mario project, Ya ofthe Battlingconstant from demands government fundingandrequirements unachievable attention. at phase theprojectssupportwanes initial government themedia ofthe and along with supporting ofthereality in community, UA tothe benefit but are ju these   

ed national attention anded awards for national sustainability. attention Thisplan recognizesthe Development Boundary (UDB) Code toprovide for urban sustainable, agricul 125 buildable lots' and churches close community toschools into gardens; 124 122

- - -

Amend theComprehensiveDevelopmentCounty (CDMP) Plan and Master Develop Creategroupa tocoordinate working food initiatives; sustainable an analysis ofpotentialan and analysis sites approach develop 'un for turning mendeddate makes achievementof no 2040.The CDMP t afacilitator of newfoundrecognitionofthe This resources. e supportorgovernment. theblessings ofthe tiatives. reflects This greater a inthe county of theme

call of election County Alvarez. Mayor Carlos After documents(but notpertaining release the ments to 25.Thisreorganizationments to has combined 43

t remains unclear thewhether County tural practicestural Urban the inside g pains of the project? Tostart,g of theproject? pains nez, Founder of Earthlearning Foundernez, of er with specific initiatives: st grand gesturesst grand

CEU eTD Collection L.E.A.D.Youth intheir afterschool spends the majority time training programs of with aninability tochange the impossible issues tounderstand making behavior. it their thinking and general skills, employability. low these basic studen Without skills, generations“deplorable and lacking critical system” ofstudents school inliteracy, Unfortunately,situation. the history ofsocio Educationa and is basicenablesanyone andimprove right skills todevelop This alsoapplies togroups and organizations. Itlife. thateveryone from a a aposition right has to and starts productive flourishing life. seeks level addressa to indi basic what limitingan is on opportunity. prerequisite achieving for thatskill. In termsfunctions simple a and function abilities. is Capability from thecapability isafactorapproa adapted 7.4 agricultural be thechange wants see movementit can to inthe world. patience,andIn a ofpassionatededication. lot greater the pursuingrecognition, Apoliticalcapital andcultural resourcesrequire changewill work, ofMiami. time, more community, thehuman, UA social, utilize further can environmental,financial and environmentalBy culture. all theassetsrecognizing cooperatinginth available and and localpolitical operates system non foodsystemMiami’s still under and predominate Theagricultural urbanimprove urbanenvironment whilestriving Miami’s to movement representation. maybe This a result ofitbeing a issue, volunteer niche organization. SFFPC also struggleswithbecomingbodyan community effective withlimited the not viewedorganization is In as mattering. of explaining thewords Artwhen Friedrich markets.social benefits Policymaker as offarmers engagement limited, the is allowingexemption farmers tosellproducethemselves, which the ignores tosupport chairman, view isthecity’s outdated and ofengagement. lack city The provides The bysuccessoutlined main barrierstheactingFriedrich, tothe as oftheSFFPC Art eventsyearallowed times a onlyfew general events a toweeklyon usezonedproperty. farmers movedamendment farmers for process. market The permitting speci markets monthlyorganization holds inchanging meetings andofMiami’s theCity participated motivating residentsinformingThis grassroots,based volunteer and city officials. (SFFPC)Council tocoalescewiththe g foodinMiami local theissuessurrounding Community local the and Florida organizationsformed South Policy members Food UA, thereare initiativesunder way. nomajor disadvantage. manygovern While ofthe sustainability UA promotesandUA at project, overseesa department leaving Miami continual thereIn budgetshortfalls dedicated isno cities, the issue. other stafftothis addition, the Countythe Cityand Miam of more navigatingInalso thatmuch acute, more makes departments difficult. but these

city’s view of the SFFPC, “Does it exist and is it important? Icity’s important? and ofit “Does is so.” view theSFFPC, exist The it don’t think Capability In a capabilityfunction section, toboth refer and this will ability. Capability

Capability is linked tochoice,Capability and options, is ment officials would like tosee wouldlike an in increase ment officials i have with sustainabilitybut departments, 44 - economic discrimination hasleft a

like and a skill vidual from fulfillingfunctional a ch, which between differentiates ch,

abilityis the

their

urban an ts are left oal of e al

CEU eTD Collection governmentIn limitingagriculture capabilities. policythatdetersurban as the By lookat health awarenessincreaseand they could efforts if outapartnership. their seek new adviceis already seekers; however, Health inthe Hood and providing environmental residents. The office,extension garden whichfreecommercial provides agriculture and advice toall are isalready needed. all thatis Expertise freely availablethrough thecounty agricultural vacant andspaces lots rea passionate andpeople. The dedicated low capitalgovernment start orto urban connections agriculture. required Allthatis is in the CityLittleand Riv available.In low Miami’s case , of the Before thepotential into utilize looking future all to thecurrent isimportant it local assets importance toeducation Inspirationinspired can anda theadultssense renewed quicklylead followed. ofthe to gardenkids” and the happenedrightbecome tobea stepintheThe direction. kids neighborhood. AsGuttier capital for andthat one theand community another out pride towatch take intheir started anything. workinggarden MCIfound that intheblockssocial community improved the personalWith growthmi in reevaluate to individuals themselves and reincorporate intosociety. these programs jobtraining gardening provide atmosphere alongenables withthe that seed nursery Institute,and theEverglades Correctional maintaingarden whereand prisoners anedible programstate correctionalFlorida South operatesintwo Correctional facilities, Facility qualify theF totake coupled with workinggarden. inanedibleend of Atthefour provides recoveringa with chance addicts toparticipateinanhorticulturecurriculum The Addicted to Gardenin programsare GreenworksLiving overseen toGardening byand Urban Addicted Garden. combinegrowth, personaltraining jobs and TwoasMiami. Urban such Greenworksin peace iswhat br a calmness whilegarden their working to anxieties inthe same ofcalm andsense the and agriculturegrowth orLotus rehabilitation. workersfrom expressed ispersonal The House enterprise upon participantsenvironmental its sothat they capacitycan in entrepreneurial pursue The Farm at through Verde Gardens program build apprenticeship to its seeks agarden well wouldreap maintainedharvest. productive a and are die; however, will reinforcementc it negligent, the positive andyou inatangibleIf farming skills toteach these fashion. donottakegarden ofa care accountability, responsibility,and social norms.gardening Thereisanopportunityfor discussing acceptable professionalas conduct well as andbehavior onth capabilities as what is necessary for functioning, then you ascapabilities what at necessary is functioning, for then look can

with the produce andtolow plantsdonated extension officeavailable haveextension resources not does thetoactively pursue

graduatingbenefitadded the program. ofworking An inurban ings residents to Earth to residents ings lorida stateLiving professional horticulturallorida The exam. Garden , which can tomore lead opportunities. er Garden Market show that youer financial Garden large Market showthat donotneed ez dilyagriculture. urbanawareness availablefor and Guidance g rehabilitation Help center program atHere’s Opa in nd, motivation is is nd, motivation the basic prerequisite toaccomplish - Abety me,“Every for told theirparent best wants what’s - - income peoplegreatest areas, are assets. the Faith n - Us Farms. Some localFarms. Some programsUs explicitly - income marginalized areas have Miami around income 45

- income Both neighborhoods. of

- month program students month omes in toplayomes in since

e job e job

- Locka CEU eTD Collection residentsemployment, a need anditis match made in heaven they bothaccept. that But we point theconclusion couldAt this with stop thatThe Farmand needsworkers the in However,Farm The employment)already possible lacking but is training (and provides educational isanother outreach, which of th Thereforeget thestage to residents ofemployability tothere the be to needs or educational mental opportunity, ordisability illness, a few. toname intrin residents have donot a tolearn.way desire another attached Put an have residents not theyaFor havetolearn. reason, willingness many, must whatever and thereare the have tob Employment a is result of and stability they employment, need not exist. whichdoes unequal through engagement. community The arestruggling residents withaninjusti ForFarm theneeds it tobe successful thatthey is this are entitiesby twoseparate divided animosity, distrust. friction, and TheI perceive Farm andmutually theresidents as What exclusive. themselves me sufficientownership transferringGardensstandsnow, by community.it tothe Verde As Letmain priorities oneofat ofThe theVerde usdissect Gardens:become Farm to self 7.5 Summary occurring the sites. inoneof the pursuit ofenactingchange,I positive applyfactors will the four toareal sustainability urbanagriculture byexposing inMiami in interactionsand of relationships To summarize howusingthe environmental justi environmentallyand socially isalong friendly maybe thefirstculture more of step. Aparadigmis shift thepredominate toonethat justice discourse le should issues facing Using oursociety. all thecomplimentaryfactors of theenvironmental To change requires ordinance this theentire counties changing understanding ofthe Miami. zoningthe heart ordinance,at of lies implementationagricultural ofurbanamending Addressing issueandthe projects. this developerencroachment, nowhasconsequence theunintended ofpreventing easy Urban Development Bounda Comprehensive Development Master that use, Plan zoning determines andthe land outreach or ewhich valueleads inturn, of training.beachieved learning, to Thiswill through sic value tolearning.a history fromdiscrimination, Thiscouldcome lack of job

Distribution ecomes training Employability employable. from someone andtotrain inorder

Participation

of employment.In now have words, thattheresidents homes other ad to social action. Amending the laws to allow this to happenad to Amending tosocial thelaws action. toallowthis Capability

ry that was created to protectrycreatedfrom thatwas to agricultural land

from The Farm’s side.

the issue ofurban agriculture’s in the sustainability . Proof: In. Proof: get residents to order the employment, Participation Distributional 46

- term goal.term

ce framework the enhances

of the residents accomplished

inequalitycommunity. inthe

- Recognition life dilemma ce due tothe an by

CEU eTD Collection change themselvesa and person their how sees community. agricultureon a level change may life, to everyone’s be appears never it that and gain services. Residents also self organization and giving community much the needed residents benefitsenvironmental participation empower will the community lendingagric supporttothe urban recognition, and capability participation, shownthat ishasbeen coupled recognition with Using Justice theEnvironmental framework makeshould therecommendations locallyand culturally appropriate. the previous section’sgrounded findingsa be have to locallyapplied context to. This urban agriculture culturally. social views Thisanalysis andcommunal sothat establishes This section onhowthe presents differentethnicities races of finds andMiam organizations. alsoThis is thesame factor neededensure urban sustainabilityagriculture to of specific empowerment oncommunity focus orrecognition andparticipati regardsout thatUA’s with benefits influencingfood to theinjusticeaccessa of exclusion overlap frameworkeach The andother as has EJ influence just thecase brought studies. Like theVenn sustainability Schlosberg’s the diagramof metric, compo four 7.6 community ownership. by strength capitalizingonits gives return theresidents in asfacilitators,for employment bringthe benefit insocial issues for andsituation providedfor asocialreason Thea justification action. Farm now hasto Usingenvironmental framework realrevealed this an justice hasthein world problems ownership. appreciateFarm economic as Thesho an which engine, ( to bringaddingto their constituents, jobs theextra benefitcorrecting ofprocedural justice offeringemployableworkforce.nothing an electe Andthere is thearea,lack, to tobringemployment either bygovernment, directly orthrough the address the residents due need totheir lack will willingness enticement of tocontinue,TheSo Farm needsgets ‘free’ whichfromBut workers, it trainees. the for The Farm mayany nothaveenough jobs. or jobs in reality, unsteadyhistory their Participation

Conclusion 8.0

RECOMMENDATIONS

Distribution

) infavor thenof both, The residents. Farm and the Residentswill

problem by and power theresidents its influence, using which may preventThe from the residents workingFarm and at PERSPECTIVES PERSPECTIVES of its environmental goals. The Farm management, goals.of itsenvironmental TheFarm - empowerment, respect,empowerment, self

WITH WITH 47

(Schlosberg 2007) (Schlosberg

RACE AND ETHNICITY ETHNICITY RACE AND uld organically transition into uld organically into transition

d officials like more like d officials than to learn. The Farmto learn. The can

consisting of distribution, of distribution, consisting - esteem. Though urban

on is required.on is

nents it canit ultural i perceive CEU eTD Collection polit UA projects and framework within from will both alsoshowdue the outside.This tothe grassrootshas ledtoamentality. faced conditions Current areas attracted inthese have The research h onetosucceednext p predominate continually culture isto uponthesuccesses build ofeach and thedisparateethnic racial and commun beinggoals thevarious and inasingle facilitates government done ofUA tolocal voice structure thatpromotes cooperation, understanding,therespect, work andwhichhonors InIessence, agricultural feel the urban Iyetmajor question toresolve. have policy isanecessitybuthowtoaccomplish thescarce thatwith available resources isa and deter and Greater time. to funding accessgrants theuse but isimportant of complicate to seems The research has also shown roject, ical power there of aprevalence Cubans isnot ofUA.

essentially, an ‘habitus’. organizational iorate the mission andprojects. the successmanygovernmentiorate mission Changing of local as shown that showsthat the historicalas shownthat socio

that a cultural shift is necessary,that a culturaleducation which is requires shift

community community ities, becauseities, onlyway the tochange the 48

When one fails, it makes it harder onefor fails,makes it the it When

needs'new' form to support a central -

economic disenfranchisement

subsequent

UA CEU eTD Collection accomplish contribute goalsorganizations tothe both interested and downsouth. andagricultural Miami in makeI recommendations. organizations to able was Mygoal community toprovide information the andonthe was urban stakeholders 8 cooperationamongstcommunity and synergyand NGO’s members overseesrelevant policyand howtogetwiththem. contact There in isaneedtobuild be replicate what and at projects projects what inMDC stage.howcan are working are What and they The step:Acommunity Next needed food is assessment toidentify comprehensively more nuance factorsapparentthesis. notreadily this in Also,acomparasonminorities. minorityand ofwhite study neighbor Research thescopeexpand studyareas predominate of isneededto toincludeofother 8 CHAPTER 8 .2 Fulfillment ofresearch objective .1 Going forward d. What sources of funding is available. Who inthe local offunding sources d. What Who isavailable. government : CONCLUSION

s will brings will out

CEU eTD Collection R.,andGottlieb, Fisher,A. 1996 FoodUrban and (FAO)For Agriculture2007. Organication Agriculture Sustainable Feenstra, G.2002 Zeeuw,De H., Veen Van DeMuth, S. Deelstra, H.2000. and Girardet, T., Cone, and C.A., B Allen, P.2008 T.M.2012 Alkon, A.H., and Mares, Alkon, A.H. 2006 Agyeman, J., Agyema rown, K. H., and Jameton, A. L.H., andA. rown, Jameton, K. 2000. Community Sec Food Poverty Agriculture andH ScienceAgricultural agriculture cities indevelopingresilient inbuilding countries. possibilities. and neoliberalvisions constraints. Association Perspective.Environmental Justice Academy and ofPolitical Building Solutions.with Sustainable Rights Equity and Resource Guide Entwicklung (DSE). Bakker cities, growing Growing food. alternative toindustrialag Journal Health ofPublic Policy n, J. 2008 n, J.

1993.

Alleviation and FoodAlleviation and Security pp. and Evans, T. 2003 and Evans, . Miningjustice inthe for food perceptions, system: and practices, et al

Myhre pp. 1 . Creating sustainable space food for . Toward a “just” sustainability? Agriculture and Human Values Community Supported Agriculture (CSA):Community Supported Agriculture Bibliography An Annotated . Where We Live, We Play from. Where and Food EAT an Work, Approaching ., 43 – uman Values uman , A , 27 - 66. Feldafing,66. huizen, R., and R., Dubbelinghuizen,

. 149 . 2000.Community

urity. , USDA,National

(1):

Social Science . “First Feed the Face”:Feed. “First Justice and Environmental the Antipode . TowardSustainability Just inUrban Communities:

riculture. REFERENCES 153

Urban agriculture and sustainable cities. In: Urbanagriculture andcities. sustainable

19: . Food s – Urban agriculture onthepolicy 163.

Ger Agriculture andHuman Values

21:

Public health implications ofurban implications health Public agriculture. A 99

nnual meeting ofthe Americannnual meeting Sociological 28 many

– Human Organization 50 20

106.

(2): overeignty in US food movements: radical foodovereignty inUS movements:

- 590 –

Agricultural Library,Agricultural Sept supported agriculture:supported Asustainable 39. 1

: De :

– 193

(1): 25 84.

Continuum , M.2011 (2) utsche Stiftung utsche für internationale –

35 203. systems: Lessonssystems: the field. from :

– The Annals of theAmericanThe Annalsof 157 53.

– . The role. The ofurban

161.

(6): 59(2): 187

The Journal of The Journal

751 agenda

1993. – (3): 756. – 197.

, 347

eds. eds.

–

359.

CEU eTD Collection Nugent, 2000. R. Mu Mougeot,L. A.2000. J. Moore, Samuel, N.2013 A.,Harder,and 278 Desjardins, C., McCullum, E., 2011.TheLin,of Urban Power J. Eth Krasny L.Jarosz, 2008. Hu. A A.2011 Hill, Havaligi, N. 2008 Guthman, J. llin, llin, J - 283. Wageningen: Academic Wegeningen Pre WorldSocial Toward Learning: aSustainable growth of a community Thesis. Akamai University, Environmental Studies. food practice. . , Acosta, A. , M. E., Tidball, K.G. 2007 , M.E.,Tidball, Feldafing,Germa N. Bakker, S.Gundel, V.Sabel M.Dubelling, In special URL: Feldafing,Germany: Guendel,Bakker, M.Dubbeling, U.Sabel S. Growing Cities, Growing Food: UrbanAgriculture onthePolicy Agenda 2013]. URL: Gainesville. projects. community food security. Routledge metropolitan areas. agriculture farm. barriersand promotinggrown strategies for locallyproduce an urban from

. 2002.We’re Number One! A Special Report Growing Cities, Growing Cities, Growing Food:

2011

. Ahelping localhand andgreen the and government, many citizens thumbs: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/WC/WC13900.

report http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2002

The cityin the country:The growing alternative food University , New York, New The impactonthe agriculture ofurban . Bringinggood investigating food toothers: ofalternative thesubjects . The Social and Economic, Elements Political Chan ofClimate ,

Cultural GeographiesCultural

Mcdaniel, A. Mcdaniel, -

part

Urban presence,In agriculture: Definition, andrisks. potentials Health PromotionPractice Health ny: Food andFood AgricultureDevelny: - two/ Journal of RuralStudies of Journal of FloridaInstituteof of -

based food economy. . GermanFoundation

Kraak,VL,

[consulted on30April[consulted 2013]. ,

Journal oftheDie American and G.2013.Community Gittelsohn, on perspectives . Urban Commun nics Place

15 et al Urban Agriculture onthePolicy Agenda 51 (4): 431 .

Developing community urban garden ss.

. 2005. Evidence . 2005. .

Cultural Heritage andCommunityCultural Life

Food and Agriculturaland Food Sciences,

for Internationalfor Development. , ed. E.J.A. Wals, 149 E.J.A. , ed. Local Environment ity Greening and Civic Ecology. Inity Ecology. Greening and Civic

- 24: – 14: - Ko 447. 447. Koschella, and - 10

– schel 231

household economies. andlocal opment Centre (ZEL).opment

- Part Two 03/news/we

- 74. - pdf 44. la, andZeeuw,1 H.de

tetic Assocation

- [consulted on24April[consulted based strategiesbased tobuild

netw .

Miami New Times Miami

A. ZeeuwA. -

orks in orks 16 re - - (6): number 164,

539

105(2): .

, ge. - –

eds. eds. one

553. , eds. -

42. - . a N.

- .

CEU eTD Collection Torreggiani, D., Tompkins, Taylor, D. E.2000 L.Tan, H.H., Nasr, J., Smit, J., K.1995. Schmelzkopf, Schlo Schlosberg,D. 2004 Saldivar H.H., andRisks, Reese Pothukuchi Pothukuchi Bidirectional countryside. between city and trends Scientist and theSocial of Construction Environmental Discourses. com March 2013]. 2001ed.Cities URL: [consulted http://www.jacsmit.com/book/AppC.pdf Abstract andKeywords Justice asDistribution Theories.Political gardens York New City. in neighborhood and open civic space, agr papersworkshopand and proceedings, Environment, Poverty Urban 2005 Sept peri Association The role ofmunicipal instit sberg,D. 2007 , A. and Rosenfeld, , A.and Rosenfeld, [consulted on [consulted Today Review inUrbanPolicy Culture comeback. - - Tanaka, L.,Tanaka,Krasny, and M.E.2004 munity gardensmunity Singapore. urban in urban agricurban W. , K.,and , K.,and

43(4):

and Neo, H. 2009 Neo,and

2007. Mimai povertyhighest says.rateamong US,Censusreport in 85: N

Dall’Ara, E.,and2012 P. Tassinari,

16: 21 ews and Ratta, A. and 2001.UrbanAgriculture Sustainable Food, Jobs Pr

. The Rise ofRise theEnvironmentalParadigm:. TheInjustice Justice Framing American Planning Association Planning American 364

oduction, L.oduction, 2005

. And Justice:. Reconceiving GlobalMovements Environmental Kaufman, J. L Kaufman, J. urban dirt: with Flisram, G.2009.Aserious flirt 508 ulture and livestock production and inSub ulture . Defining Environmental Justic Defining

URL 19 –

3 Urbangardens communityas contested space. Environmental Politics 381. – - March 2013]. 224. 5 R. 80. :

A. 2012.

http://www.miamitodaynews.com/news/070830/story7.shtml

- . “Community inBloom”: local of participation utions in food in systemsutions planning. Agriculture and Human Values Agriculture andHuman Making . 1999 Comparative CivicTheRole Culture: ofLocal . Human Health risksandHealth benefitsHuman and ofurban

. . Placing the food system agenda:. Placingonthe urban Surrey, Ashgate UK: publishing 52 iculture: The case of Latino case The community iculture: of . Culturing development, community Local Environment

(3):

75(8): . Oxford: Scholarship. Oxford e: Theories . The urbanagriculture: natureof

517 Cities 14 – - 540. Saharan Africa. Resource - 19.

29 , American Behavioral Behavioral American

21 (6): Movements

American Planning Planning American 14 (4): (6):

412 farming a makes Geographical Geographical

399

529 – . 416. – – 412. 412. , and Nature , andNature 539. 539.

on 14

Miami

CEU eTD Collection Young, C. HealthWorld Organization (WHO). 2013. Worden, A., E.,Hunsberger, Wenz, Viglucci, Vallianatos, R.,and Gottlieb, Haase, M., A. 2004 M. Approach. Urban Combating and Health, Establishing Sprawl, Food a Systems Community P.S. 1988. Health Department. County: supermarketneed. access Expanding areas Miami to in owth_text/en/ URL:http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_pop URL: University Press. 20 April 2013]. regional/miami Miami A. ,

Karpyn, A

2010. Miami

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep124

Herald. Journal EducationandResearch ofPlanning Environmental

of Florida Institute Florida ofFood Sciencesof and Agricultural

[consulted on17May[consulted 2013]. .

, and Treering,HealthierFuture, and D.2012.A Miami for -

URL: dade - Dade is rich, poor, polarized andDade polarized getting educated. isrich,poor, better

is and 2002 McLaughlin, J. http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/state March Food 2012.The Trust - rich

Jus - poor tice . -

Albany, NY:New UniversityAlbany, State York of polarized

Global Health Observatory [ 53 consulted on24April 2013].

- and . Farm .

- Startinggarden. a community getting . - to

23 - School: StrategiSchool: - bett/nLnjb/ (4):

414 . - Dade County , Gainesville. –

423.

[consulted on [consulted - Dade -

ulation_gr fores

CEU eTD Collection

APPENDICES 54

CEU eTD Collection