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Speke Cycle Route
www.LetsTravelWise.org 1253 330 0151 Telephone: need. might you else 090305/IS/TM/08O9/P anything and times, the through you talk will bike. by easily more Speke around get and person local a – 33 22 200 0871 travel to way wiser a is cycling how shows leaflet This future. our and us on Traveline call want, for move wise a is out them trying Merseyside, in options of lots have We Updated you train or bus which out find To Getting around Speke on your bike your on Speke around Getting September journey. each making of way Manchester. best the about think to need all we cities big other in seen pollution and and Widnes Warrington, in stations 2011. congestion the avoid to want we If slower. getting is travel car meaning Cycle Speke Cycle for outwards and Centre City the in MA. rapidly, rising is Merseyside in car by made being trips of number the Central Liverpool and Street Lime but journeys, their of many or all for TravelWise already are people Most Liverpool towards stations rail Cross Hunts and Parkway South Liverpool from both operate trains Line City and Northern Frequent Centre. City car. a without journeys make the to Parkway South Liverpool from minutes 15 to 10 about takes only It to everyone for easier it make to aim we Merseytravel, and Authorities Local Merseyside the by Funded sharing. car and transport public cycling, trains. Merseyside walking, more – travel sustainable more encourage to aims TravelWise all on free go Bikes problem. a be can parking where Centre City Liverpool into travelling when or workplace, your or school to get to easier it makes www.transpenninetrail.org.uk Web: This way. -
The Spiritual Impact of the Religious Tract Society
THE SPIRITUAL IMPACT OF THE RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY. A Preliminary Survey of the History of the Religious Tract Society, Founded in London, 1799, and of its Spiritual Impact. Introduction. Good quality literature has always been an important feature in the strength and propagation of heart-felt Christianity since the invention of printing in Europe, and there have been certain special times when literature has played an outstanding role in the life of the Church. For example, the impact of Martin Luther in Germany was greatly increased by the spread of his various writings, and especially by his translation of the New Testament in the vernacular. Professor Lindsay says that the “Reformation movement may almost be said to have created the German book trade.” 1 The number of books which were published in Germany before 1518 was very few, and they were not of any great importance. From 1518 to 1521 there was a sudden increase which was created by Luther almost alone, mainly in the form of sermons, tracts and controversial writings. After that he had many disciples, who also wrote and published, and the total figures increased steeply. Luther’s translation of the New Testament appeared in September, 1522. The translation had been completed in only eleven weeks. Other translations had previously been made by other people, all based upon Saint Jerome’s Latin Vulgate. But in 1516, Erasmus had published a Greek New Testament, and Luther used this, translating it into the official German of the Saxon chancery, rather than into his own colloquial Saxon dialect. In this way “he helped create a standard German for all Germany.” Five thousand copies were sold in two months, and two hundred thousand copies in twelve years. -
IEEE P1363.2: Password-Based Cryptography
IEEE P1363.2: Password-based Cryptography David Jablon CTO, Phoenix Technologies NIST PKI TWG - July 30, 2003 What is IEEE P1363.2? • “Standard Specification for Password-Based Public-Key Cryptographic Techniques” • Proposed standard • Companion to IEEE Std 1363-2000 • Product of P1363 Working Group • Open standards process PKI TWG July 2003 IEEE P1363.2: Password-based Cryptography 2 One of several IEEE 1363 standards • Std 1363-2000 • Sign, Encrypt, Key agreem’t, using IF, DL, & EC families • P1363a • Same goals & families as 1363-2000 • P1363.1: Lattice family • Same goals as 1363-2000, Different family • P1363.2: Password-based • Same families • More ambitious goals PKI TWG July 2003 IEEE P1363.2: Password-based Cryptography 3 Scope of P1363.2 • Modern “zero knowledge” password methods • Uses public key techniques • Uses two or more parties • Needs no other infrastructure • Authenticated key establishment • Resists attack on low-grade secrets • passwords, password-derived keys, PINs, ... PKI TWG July 2003 IEEE P1363.2: Password-based Cryptography 4 Rationale (1) • Why low-grade secrets? • People have trouble with high-grade keys • storage -- memorizing • input -- attention to detail • output -- typing • Passwords are ubiquitous • Easy for people to memorize, recognize, and type. • Reduce security/convenience tradeoffs. PKI TWG July 2003 IEEE P1363.2: Password-based Cryptography 5 Rationale (2) • Why use public-key techniques? • Symmetric methods can’t do it. • Why new methods? • Different than symmetric, hash, or other PK crypto. • AES, SHA-1, DH, and RSA can’t do it alone. PKI TWG July 2003 IEEE P1363.2: Password-based Cryptography 6 Chosen Password Quality Summarized from Distribution Morris & Thompson ‘79, Klein ‘90, Spafford ‘92 0 30 or so 60 or so Password Entropy (bits) History of protocols that fail to dictionary attack (or worse) • Clear text password π • Password as a key Eπ (verifiable text) • (e.g. -
Analysing and Patching SPEKE in ISO/IEC
1 Analysing and Patching SPEKE in ISO/IEC Feng Hao, Roberto Metere, Siamak F. Shahandashti and Changyu Dong Abstract—Simple Password Exponential Key Exchange reported. Over the years, SPEKE has been used in several (SPEKE) is a well-known Password Authenticated Key Ex- commercial applications: for example, the secure messaging change (PAKE) protocol that has been used in Blackberry on Blackberry phones [11] and Entrust’s TruePass end-to- phones for secure messaging and Entrust’s TruePass end-to- end web products. It has also been included into international end web products [16]. SPEKE has also been included into standards such as ISO/IEC 11770-4 and IEEE P1363.2. In the international standards such as IEEE P1363.2 [22] and this paper, we analyse the SPEKE protocol as specified in the ISO/IEC 11770-4 [24]. ISO/IEC and IEEE standards. We identify that the protocol is Given the wide usage of SPEKE in practical applications vulnerable to two new attacks: an impersonation attack that and its inclusion in standards, we believe a thorough allows an attacker to impersonate a user without knowing the password by launching two parallel sessions with the victim, analysis of SPEKE is both necessary and important. In and a key-malleability attack that allows a man-in-the-middle this paper, we revisit SPEKE and its variants specified in (MITM) to manipulate the session key without being detected the original paper [25], the IEEE 1363.2 [22] and ISO/IEC by the end users. Both attacks have been acknowledged by 11770-4 [23] standards. -
Education in Uganda
0E-14103 Bulletin 1964, No. 32 Education in Uganda by DAVID SCANLON Professor of International Education Teachers College, Columbia University In U.S.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Office of Education Foreword ASTRIKINGrTHENOMENON of the last few years has been the mounting interest among citizens of the United States in the developing areas of the worldparticularly per- haps the area of middle Africa.Since 1960 most of the coun- tries in this area have gained their independence and are confronting the great problems of nation building and economic development. The entireregionshowsbotha popular enthusiasm for education and a conviction among leaders that education is a key to economic and social developmentan enthusiasm and conviction almost unsurpassed anywhere else in the world. It is not, surprising, then, that during recent years an increas- ing number of Africans have come to study in the United States and hundreds of Americans have traveled in the opposite direc- tion to teach in African schools or otherwise help develop Afri- can educational systems.Administrators of American insti- tutions having African students, teachers of comparative education and social studies, persons engaged in programs for educational assistance in Africa, and others, have reflected a demand for basic information on the educational systems of that continent.This bulletin on education in Uganda is one response to the need. The author, Professor of International Education at Teachers College, Columbia University, spent several months in Uganda during academic year 1960-61 lecturing at the Institute of Edu- cation, Makerere College.During this period he consulted with educators, visited educational institutions, and gathered materials for the present study. -
Eurocrypt'2000 Conference Report
Eurocrypt'2000 Conference Report May 15–18, 2000 Bruges Richard Graveman Telcordia Technologies Morristown, NJ USA [email protected] Welcome This was the nineteenth annual Eurocrypt conference. Thirty-nine out of 150 papers were accepted, and there were two invited talks along with the traditional rump session. About 480 participants from 39 countries were present. Bart Preneel was Program Chair. The Proceedings were published by Springer Verlag as Advances in Cryptology— Eurocrypt'98, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 1807, Bart Preneel, editor. Session 1: Factoring and Discrete Logarithm, Chair: Bart Preneel Factorization of a 512-bit RSA Modulus, Stefania Cavallar (CWI, The Netherlands), Bruce Dodson (Lehigh University, USA), Arjen K. Lenstra (Citibank, USA), Walter Lioen (CWI, The Netherlands), Peter L. Montgomery (Microsoft Research, USA and CWI, The Netherlands), Brian Murphy (The Australian National University, Australia), Herman te Riele (CWI, The Netherlands), Karen Aardal (Utrecht University, The Netherlands), Jeff Gilchrist (Entrust Technologies Ltd., Canada), Gérard Guillerm (École Polytechnique, France), Paul Leyland (Microsoft Research Ltd., UK), Joël Marchand (École Polytechnique/CNRS, France), François Morain (École Polytechnique, France), Alec Muffett (Sun Microsystems, UK), Chris and Craig Putnam (USA), Paul Zimmermann (Inria Lorraine and Loria, France) The authors factored the RSA challenge number RSA-512 with the general number field sieve (NFS). The algorithm has four steps: polynomial selection, sieving, linear algebra, and square root extraction. For N known to be composite, two irreducible polynomials with a common root mod N are needed. f1 (of degree 5 in this case) should have many roots modulo small primes as well as being as small as possible. -
H. Krawczyk, IBM Reasearch R. Barnes, O. Friel, Cisco N. Sullivan
OPAQUE IN TLS 1.3 NICK SULLIVAN H. Krawczyk, IBM Reasearch CLOUDFLARE R. Barnes, O. Friel, Cisco @GRITTYGREASE N. Sullivan, Cloudflare MODERN PASSWORD-BASED AUTHENTICATION IN TLS OPAQUE IN TLS 1.3 A SHORT HISTORY ▸ Password-based authentication ▸ * without sending the password to the server ▸ SRP (Secure Remote Password) — RFC 2945 ▸ aPAKE (Augmented Password-Authenticated Key Exchange) ▸ Widely implemented, used in Apple iCloud, ProtonMail, etc. ▸ Dragonfly — RFC 8492 ▸ SPEKE (Simple password exponential key exchange) derived ▸ Independent submission OPAQUE IN TLS 1.3 SRP IN TLS (RFC 5054) ▸ Salt sent in the clear ▸ Leads to pre-computation attack on password database ▸ Unsatisfying security analysis ▸ Finite fields only, no ECC ▸ Awkward fit for TLS 1.3 ▸ Needs missing messages (challenges outlined in draft-barnes-tls-pake) ▸ Post-handshake requires renegotiation OPAQUE A new methodology for designing secure aPAKEs OPAQUE IN TLS 1.3 OPAQUE OVERVIEW ▸ Methodology to combine an authenticated key exchange (such as TLS 1.3) with an OPRF (Oblivious Pseudo-Random Function) to get a Secure aPAKE ▸ Desirable properties ▸ Security proof ▸ Secure against pre-computation attacks ▸ Efficient implementation based on ECC OPAQUE IN TLS 1.3 OPAQUE DEPENDENCIES OVERVIEW ▸ Underlying cryptographic work in CFRG ▸ OPAQUE (draft-krawczyk-cfrg-opaque) ▸ OPRF (draft-sullivan-cfrg-voprf) ▸ Hash-to-curve (draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve) EC-OPRF FUNDAMENTALS FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS / TERMINOLOGY ▸ The OPRF protocol allows the client to obtain a value based on the password and the server’s private key without revealing the password to the server ▸ OPRF(pwd) is used to encrypt an envelope containing OPAQUE keys ▸ The client’s TLS 1.3-compatible private key ▸ The server’s TLS 1.3-compatible public key EC-OPRF FUNDAMENTALS FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS / TERMINOLOGY ▸ Prime order group ▸ e.g. -
English Women and the Late-Nineteenth Century Open Space Movement
English Women and the Late-Nineteenth Century Open Space Movement Robyn M. Curtis August 2016 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Australian National University Thesis Certification I declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of History at the Australian National University, is wholly my own original work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged and has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Robyn M. Curtis Date …………………… ………………… Abstract During the second half of the nineteenth century, England became the most industrialised and urbanised nation on earth. An expanding population and growing manufacturing drove development on any available space. Yet this same period saw the origins of a movement that would lead to the preservation and creation of green open spaces across the country. Beginning in 1865, social reforming groups sought to stop the sale and development of open spaces near metropolitan centres. Over the next thirty years, new national organisations worked to protect and develop a variety of open spaces around the country. In the process, participants challenged traditional land ownership, class obligations and gender roles. There has been very little scholarship examining the work of the open space organisations; nor has there been any previous analysis of the specific membership demographics of these important groups. This thesis documents and examines the four organisations that formed the heart of the open space movement (the Commons Preservation Society, the Kyrle Society, the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association and the National Trust). It demonstrates connections between philanthropy, gender and space that have not been explored previously. -
Strong Password-Only Authenticated Key Exchange *
Strong Password-Only Authenticated Key Exchange * David P. Jablon Integrity Sciences, Inc. Westboro, MA [email protected] September 25, 1996 A new simple password exponential key exchange method (SPEKE) is described. It belongs to an exclusive class of methods which provide authentication and key establishment over an insecure channel using only a small password, without risk of offline dictionary attack. SPEKE and the closely-related Diffie-Hellman Encrypted Key Exchange (DH- EKE) are examined in light of both known and new attacks, along with sufficient preventive constraints. Although SPEKE and DH-EKE are similar, the constraints are different. The class of strong password-only methods is compared to other authentication schemes. Benefits, limitations, and tradeoffs between efficiency and security are discussed. These methods are important for several uses, including replacement of obsolete systems, and building hybrid two-factor systems where independent password-only and key-based methods can survive a single event of either key theft or password compromise. 1 Introduction It seems paradoxical that small passwords are important for strong authentication. Clearly, cryptographically large passwords would be better, if only ordinary people could remember them. Password verification over an insecure network has been a particularly tough problem, in light of the ever-present threat of dictionary attack. Password problems have been around so long that many have assumed that strong remote authentication using only a small password is impossible. In fact, it can be done. Since the early 1990’s, an increased focus on the problem has yielded a few novel solutions, specially designed to resist to dictionary attack. -
J-PAKE: Authenticated Key Exchange Without
J-PAKE: Authenticated Key Exchange Without PKI Feng Hao1 and Peter Ryan2 1 Thales E-Security, Cambridge, UK 2 Faculty Of Science, University of Luxembourg Abstract. Password Authenticated Key Exchange (PAKE) is one of the important topics in cryptography. It aims to address a practical security problem: how to establish secure communication between two parties solely based on a shared password without requiring a Public Key In- frastructure (PKI). After more than a decade of extensive research in this ¯eld, there have been several PAKE protocols available. The EKE and SPEKE schemes are perhaps the two most notable examples. Both tech- niques are however patented. In this paper, we review these techniques in detail and summarize various theoretical and practical weaknesses. In addition, we present a new PAKE solution called J-PAKE. Our strategy is to depend on well-established primitives such as the Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP). So far, almost all of the past solutions have avoided using ZKP for the concern on e±ciency. We demonstrate how to e®ectively integrate the ZKP into the protocol design and meanwhile achieve good e±ciency. Our protocol has comparable computational e±ciency to the EKE and SPEKE schemes with clear advantages on security. Keywords: Password-Authenticated Key Exchange, EKE, SPEKE, key agree- ment 1 Introduction Nowadays, the use of passwords is ubiquitous. From on-line banking to accessing personal emails, the username/password paradigm is by far the most commonly used authentication mechanism. Alternative authentication factors, including tokens and biometrics, require additional hardware, which is often considered too expensive for an application. -
Comics and Graphic Novels for Young People
27 SPRING 2010 Going Graphic: Comics and Graphic Novels for Young People CONTENTS Editorial 2 ‘Remember Me’: An Afrocentric Reading of CONFERENCE ARTICLES Pitch Black 14 Kimberley Black The State of the (Sequential) Art?: Signs of Changing Perceptions of Comics, Manga and Graphic Novels and the Holocaust 15 Graphic Novels in Britain 3 Rebecca R. Butler Mel Gibson Copulating, Coming Out and Comics: The High From Tintin to Titeuf: Is the Anglophone Market School Comic Chronicles of Ariel Schragg 16 too Tough for French Comics for Children? 4 Erica Gillingham Paul Gravett Is Henty’s History Lost in Graphic Translation? The Short but Continuing Life of The DFC 5 Won by the Sword in 45 pages 17 David Fickling Rachel Johnson Out of the Box 6 Sequences of Frames by Young Creators: The Marcia Williams Impact of Comics in Children’s Artistic Development 18 Raymond Briggs: Blurring the Boundaries Vasiliki Labitsi among Comics, Graphic Novels, Picture Books and Illustrated Books 7 ‘To Entertain and Educate Young Minds’: Janet Evans Graphic Novels for Children in Indian Publishing 19 Graphic Novels in the High-School Malini Roy Classroom 8 Bill Boerman-Cornell Strangely Familiar: Shaun Tan’s The Arrival and the Universalised Immigrant Experience 20 Britain’s Comics Explosion 9 Lara Saguisag Sarah McIntyre Journeys in Time in Graphic Novels from Reading between the Lines: The Subversion of Greece 21 Authority in Comics and Graphic Novels Mariana Spanaki Written for Young Adults 10 Ariel Kahn Crossing Boundaries 22 Emma Vieceli Richard Felton Outcault and The Yellow Kid 10 Dora Oronti Superhero Comics and Graphic Novels 22 Jessica Yates As Old as Clay 11 Daniel Moreira de Sousa Pinna Composing and Performing Masculinities: Of Reading Boys’ Comics c. -
The Hispaniola Plate
&^^ 1^" W^' Mh' >». "t- ''i?3^%J'M .^AV-. ^S*9: LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE .:> fc«- > y y ^ y y "y £jr Libris ISAAC FOOT ^^. r-W lUliiftr ,^vi»s^ m '^it^^ fe-^^ft «^»./fe.^ >4^«^ig&fe IBfe Vli- —-- iS»^^ "w * • 'i^ilil A^anfJ W^^m«3^%| ^ % THE IIlSPAi^IOLA PLATE liY THE SAME AUTHOR. The Desert Ship. The Adventuiies of Viscount Aneuly. A Gentleman Advexttuer. His Own Enbmy. The Silent Shore. ETC. etc. The Hispaniola Plate (1683-1893) BY JOHN BLOUNDELLE-BURTON We passed the tropics, as near as we could guess, just luhere the Juinous Sir William Fhips fislied vp the silver from the Spanish Plate ivreck."— Defoe ("Colonel Jack"). CASSELL AND COMPANY, Limited LONDON, PARIS &- MELBOURNE 189s ALL RIGHTS KESERVED ©71 H^T "(> OFFICEKS OF THE EOYAL NAVY AVITU AVIIOM I HAVE, FOR SOMf: YEAKS, SPENT MANY PEEASAXT AVEEKS ANNUALLY BVRING THE XAVAL MAN(EUYRES, V.IIILE ACTING AS SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT OP THE STAXDAUD, I VENTURE TO INSCRIBE, YTITU GREAT CORDIALITY, THIS STORY PARTLY TRUE AND PARTLY FICTITIOUS —OF Captain, Sir William Phips, R.N., AND OF Lieutenants Nicholas and Reginald Ci!Afkr, H.X. PREFACE. Most of the maps of the West Indies published during the first half of the present century and anterior to that date mark distinctly the spot where the following story prmcipally takes place. Thirty miles due nortli of Cape Fran^ais, on the north coast of San Domingo, is a reef entitled " Bajo de la Plata, or Phips's Plate," while more modern maps simply describe it as " Silver Bank." This is, of course, the spot where Sir William Phips^a now forgotten figure in history—obtained the plate mentioned by Defoe; and, so far as I am aware, there is but one detailed account in existence of how he found and secured that plate.