1775 – Spring 2007
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Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies
Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies Updated May 8, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44017 SUMMARY R44017 Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies May 8, 2019 Iran’s national security policy is the product of many overlapping and sometimes competing factors such as the ideology of Iran’s Islamic revolution, perception of threats Kenneth Katzman to the regime and to the country, long-standing national interests, and the interaction of Specialist in Middle the Iranian regime’s factions and constituencies. Iran’s leadership: Eastern Affairs x Seeks to deter or thwart U.S. or other efforts to invade or intimidate Iran or to bring about a change of regime. x Has sought to take advantage of opportunities of regional conflicts to overturn a power structure in the Middle East that it asserts favors the United States, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and other Sunni Muslim Arab regimes. x Seeks to enhance its international prestige and restore a sense of “greatness” reminiscent of ancient Persian empires. x Advances its foreign policy goals, in part by providing material support to regional allied governments and armed factions. Iranian officials characterize the support as helping the region’s “oppressed” and assert that Saudi Arabia, in particular, is instigating sectarian tensions and trying to exclude Iran from regional affairs. x Sometimes disagrees on tactics and strategies. Supreme Leader Ali Khamene’i and key hardline institutions, such as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), oppose any compromises of Iran’s national security core goals. Iran’s elected president, Hassan Rouhani, and Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif support Iran’s integration into regional and international diplomacy. -
Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies
Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies name redacted Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs December 21, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R44017 Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies Summary Iran’s national security policy is the product of many, and sometimes competing, factors: the ideology of Iran’s Islamic revolution; Iranian leadership’s perception of threats to the regime and to the country; long-standing Iranian national interests; and the interaction of the Iranian regime’s various factions and constituencies. Some experts assert that the goal of Iran’s national security strategy is to overturn a power structure in the Middle East that Iran asserts favors the United States and its allies Israel, Saudi Arabia, and other Sunni Muslim Arab regimes. Iran characterizes its support for Shiite and other Islamist movements as support for the “oppressed” and asserts that Saudi Arabia, in particular, is instigating sectarian tensions and trying to exclude Iran from regional affairs. Others interpret Iran as primarily attempting to protect itself from U.S. or other efforts to invade or intimidate it or to change its regime. Its strategy might, alternatively or additionally, represent an attempt to enhance Iran’s international prestige or restore a sense of “greatness” reminiscent of the ancient Persian empires. From 2010 until 2016, Iran’s foreign policy also focused on attempting to mitigate the effects of international sanctions on Iran. Iran employs a number of different tools in pursuing its national security policy. Some Iranian policy tools are common to most countries: traditional diplomacy and the public promotion of Iran’s values and interests. -
A Concise History of Fort Monmouth, New Jersey and the U.S
A CONCISE HISTORY OF FORT MONMOUTH, NEW JERSEY AND THE U.S. ARMY CECOM LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT COMMAND Prepared by the Staff of the CECOM LCMC Historical Office U.S. Army CECOM Life Cycle Management Command Fort Monmouth, New Jersey Fall 2009 Design and Layout by CTSC Visual Information Services, Myer Center Fort Monmouth, New Jersey Visit our Website: www.monmouth.army.mil/historian/ When asked to explain a loyalty that time had not been able to dim, one of the Camp Vail veterans said shyly, "The place sort of gets into your blood, especially when you have seen it grow from nothing into all this. It keeps growing and growing, and you want to be part of its growing pains." Many of the local communities have become very attached to Fort Monmouth because of the friendship instilled...not for just a war period but for as long as...Fort Monmouth...will inhabit Monmouth County. - From “A Brief History of the Beginnings of the Fort Monmouth Radio Laboratories,” Rebecca Klang, 1942 FOREWORD The name “Monmouth” has been synonymous with the defense of freedom since our country’s inception. Scientists, engineers, program managers, and logisticians here have delivered technological breakthroughs and advancements to our Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen for almost a century. These innovations have included the development of FM radio and radar, bouncing signals off the moon to prove the feasibility of extraterrestrial radio communication, the use of homing pigeons through the late-1950s, frequency hopping tactical radios, and today’s networking capabilities supporting our troops in Overseas Contingency Operations. -
Iraq: Politics and Governance
Iraq: Politics and Governance Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Carla E. Humud Analyst in Middle Eastern and African Affairs March 9, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS21968 Iraq: Politics and Governance Summary Iraq’s sectarian and ethnic divisions—muted toward the end of the 2003-2011 U.S. military intervention in Iraq—are fueling a major challenge to Iraq’s stability and to U.S. policy in Iraq and the broader Middle East region. The resentment of Iraq’s Sunni Arabs toward the Shiite- dominated central government facilitated the capture in 2014 of nearly one-third of Iraqi territory by the Sunni Islamist extremist group called the Islamic State (IS, also known as ISIL, ISIS, or the Arabic acronym Da'esh). Iraq’s Kurds are separately embroiled in political, territorial, and economic disputes with Baghdad, but those differences have been at least temporarily subordinated to the common struggle against the Islamic State. U.S. officials assert that the Iraqi government must work to gain the loyalty of more of Iraq’s Sunnis—and to resolve differences with the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG)—if an eventual defeat of the Islamic State is to result in long-term stability. Prospects for greater inter- communal unity appeared to increase in 2014 with the replacement of former Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki with the current Prime Minister, Haydar al-Abbadi. Although both men are from the Shiite Islamist Da’wa Party, Abbadi has taken some steps to try to compromise with Sunnis and with the KRG. However, a significant point of contention with the KRG remains the KRG’s marketing of crude oil exports separately from Baghdad. -
Independent Report on the Events of September 1, 2013, at Camp Ashraf, Iraq
INDEPENDENT REPORT ON THE EVENTS OF SEPTEMBER 1, 2013, AT CAMP ASHRAF, IRAQ By 1 Jared Genser, Chris Fletcher, and Nicole Santiago Counsel to Menschenrechtsverein Für Migranten (Rights for Migrants) October 30, 2013 1 For further information contact Jared Genser at [email protected] or +1 (202) 466-3069. Perseus Strategies would like to thank Sara Birkenthal for her editorial support. The letter providing the terms of reference to Perseus Strategies can be found in Appendix II. 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 4 I. EVENTS OF SEPTEMBER 1, 2013 ................................................................................................. 7 A. Background on the Residents’ Presence in Camp Ashraf and Issues with Their Property Prior to the Assault ...................................................................................................................... 7 B. Statement of Facts Regarding the Massacre ....................................................................... 9 1. Overview .......................................................................................................................... 9 Map #1: Camp Ashraf and its Immediate Surroundings ...................................................... 10 Map #2 Attackers’ Entry Routes ........................................................................................... 12 2. The Entry ...................................................................................................................... -
ARMY COMMUNICATOR 150Th Anniversary Edition
Chief of Signal Significant accomplishments behind, challenges ahead We have certainly come a long way over the past 150 years. Beginning in 1860 with the inventor of the very first formal visual signaling system for the Army, Major Albert J. Myer, our first Chief of Signal, to the advanced information technologies we have today; it has been a tumultuous climb for all those who served in our Signal Regiment. Significant changes have coursed throughout the world during the past three years as we orchestrated communications in two combat theaters and advanced American interests globally. We are downsizing our military forces in Iraq where elections have taken place twice, demonstrating that this country is well on its way to establishing democracy and becoming a stabilized nation in the Middle East. As the threat in Afghanistan continues to grow, we are anticipating an increased military presence in that country for the foreseeable future. Natural disasters continue devastating areas of the United States and other parts of the world. The hybrid nature of the threats to our nation are forcing us to become more agile and adaptable as we learn to operate in complex, uncertain environments. The way our young Soldiers and leaders learn today is very different from the way our senior members of the force learned 10 or 20 years ago. The dramatic growth of information technologies fielded to our forces has placed unprecedented demands on our Regimental Soldiers at all echelons. For us, all these changes in our world demand change within our Regiment and institution. Over the past three years we continued modifying our enlisted force structure to ensure we have the right MOS to meet the requirements of a modular force. -
Our Warmest Wishes for the Holidays
Our Warmest Wishes For The Holidays The National Officers and Staff of the Korean War Veterans Association, Inc. The Graybeards is the official publication of the Korean War Veterans Association (KWVA), Camp Beauregard, LA. MAILING ADDRESS OF THE KWVA: 163 Deerbrook Trail, Pineville, LA 71360. Website: http://www.kwva.org. It is published six times a year for members and private distribution. It is not sold by subscription. The mailing address for change of address is: Administrative Assistant, P.O. Box 22857, Alexandria VA 22304-9285. The mailing address for magazine articles and pictures is: Graybeards Editor, 152 Sky View Drive, Rocky Hill, CT 06067. In loving memory of General Raymond Davis, our Life Honorary President, Deceased. We Honor Founder William Norris Editor Secretary Thomas S. Edwards National Chaplain Arthur G. Sharp Frank E. Cohee, Jr. P. O. Box 10129, Jacksonville, FL 32247 Leo G. Ruffing 152 Sky View Dr 4037 Chelsea Lane Ph: 904-730-7183 FAX: 904-367-8774 3500 Doerr Rd., Portsmouth, VA 23703-3183 Rocky Hill, CT 06067 Lakeland, Fl 33809-4063 [email protected] [email protected] Ph: 757-484-8299 Ph: 860-563-6149 [email protected] Thomas M. McHugh KWVA Committees [email protected] Ph: 863-859-1384 217 Seymour Road (ART III, Sect 1G, Bylaws) Advertising Manager Treasurer Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Frank Bertulis Richard E. Hare [email protected] Ph: 908-852-1964 Budget/Finance Committee 99 Deerfield Ln 1260 Southhampton Dr Marvin Dunn, Chairman Matawan, NJ 07747-1332 Alexandria, LA 71303 Appointed/Assigned Staff (See Directors) [email protected] [email protected] Judge Advocate Bylaws Committee Ph: 732-566-2737 Ph: 318-487-9716 Leo D. -
Cowpens 225 Anniversary
Vol. 3 No. 2.3 _______ ________________________________ _____ _ _ February 2006 Commemorating those who fought for Liberty: Cowpens 225th Anniversary Sons of the American Revolution compatriots honor the brave troops and fallen heroes of the Patriots’ Victory at Cowpens. Photo by William T. Graves. “It is not a field of a few acres of ground, but a cause, that we are defending, and whether we defeat the enemy in one battle, or by degrees, the consequences will be the same.” Thomas Paine, 1777 "The Crisis" i 1 On January 28, 2006 at Hopewell Presbyterian Church, Beattie's Ford Road in Huntersville, North Carolina, a memorable commemorative ceremony was held honoring the life and death of North Carolina Patriot militia Gen. William Lee Davidson and the brave Patriots who defended Cowen's Ford of the Catawba River on February 1, 1781 from the rapid advance of Lord Cornwallis' army from Ramsour's Mill. To the lament of bagpipes and under the majestic beauty of the Carolina blue skies, heritage societies laid wreaths by the memorial to the Patriot hero. In the historic sanctuary of Hopewell Presbyterian Church, founded in 1762 by Scott Irish Presbyterian immigrants in Northern Mecklenburg, North Carolina, SCAR editors, Charles B. Baxley and David P. Reuwer, discussed the conditions that created and sustained the American Revolution as epitomized by the rear guard action of Gen. William Lee Davidson and 300 brave militia who defended Cowan’s Ford against the advance of Lord Cornwallis' southern army. Miss Megan Dunbar, (left) of Lincolnton, NC sings “America the Beautiful”. Graveside wreath laying was conducted by SAR officials Grady Hall, Rev. -
Iraq Ten Years On’ Conference and at the Suleimani Forum at the American University of Suleimaniya, Both in March 2013
Iraq on the International Stage Iraq on the International Stage Foreign Policy and National Jane Kinninmont, Gareth Stansfield and Omar Sirri Identity in Transition Jane Kinninmont, Gareth Stansfield and Omar Sirri July 2013 Chatham House, 10 St James’s Square, London SW1Y 4LE T: +44 (0)20 7957 5700 E: [email protected] F: +44 (0)20 7957 5710 www.chathamhouse.org Charity Registration Number: 208223 Iraq on the International Stage Foreign Policy and National Identity in Transition Jane Kinninmont, Gareth Stansfield and Omar Sirri July 2013 © The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2013 Chatham House (The Royal Institute of International Affairs) is an independent body which promotes the rigorous study of international questions and does not express opinions of its own. The opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility of the authors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Please direct all enquiries to the publishers. Chatham House 10 St James’s Square London SW1Y 4LE T: +44 (0) 20 7957 5700 F: + 44 (0) 20 7957 5710 www.chathamhouse.org Charity Registration No. 208223 ISBN 978 1 86203 292 7 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Cover image: © Getty Images/AFP Designed and typeset by Soapbox Communications Limited www.soapbox.co.uk Printed -
Download Full Report (Pdf)
Report on the September 1st Massacre at Camp Ashraf Contents ...................................................................................................................................... i Foreword .................................................................................................................................... 1 Glossary ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 4 Authors and Organisations ..................................................................................................... 4 Aims and Methodology .......................................................................................................... 4 Interviews with PMOI Members Present at Camp Liberty .................................................... 5 Conclusions............................................................................................................................. 5 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 7 The Massacre ............................................................................................................................. 9 Timeline of -
Iraq in Crisis
MAY 2014 Iraq in Crisis ANTHONY H. CORDESMAN AND SAM KHAZAI AND SAM ANTHONY H. CORDESMAN 1616 Rhode Island Avenue NW| Washington DC 20036 t. (202) 887-0200 | f. (202) 775-3199 | www.csis.org Iraq in ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Lanham, MD 20706 t. (800) 462-6420 | f. (301) 429-5749 | www.rowman.com Crisis AUTHORS Cover photo: Photo by Kaveh Seyedahmadian. http://www.flickr.com/photos/samanvari/3388535986/. Anthony H. Cordesman ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD ISBN 978-1-4422-2855-9 Sam Khazai Ë|xHSLEOCy228559z v*:+:!:+:! A Report of the CSIS Burke Chair in Strategy Blank Iraq in Crisis Authors Anthony H. Cordesman Sam Khazai A Report of the CSIS Burke Chair in Strategy May 2014 ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK About CSIS For over 50 years, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has worked to develop solutions to the world’s greatest policy challenges. Today, CSIS scholars are providing strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to help decisionmakers chart a course toward a better world. CSIS is a nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Center’s 220 full-time staff and large network of affiliated scholars conduct research and analysis and develop policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded at the height of the Cold War by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke, CSIS was dedicated to finding ways to sustain American prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world. Since 1962, CSIS has become one of the world’s preeminent international institutions focused on defense and security; regional stability; and transnational challenges ranging from energy and climate to global health and economic integration. -
State Sponsor of Terror: the Global Threat of Iran
STATE SPONSOR OF TERROR: THE GLOBAL THREAT OF IRAN HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TERRORISM, NONPROLIFERATION, AND TRADE OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION FEBRUARY 11, 2015 Serial No. 114–9 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/ or http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 93–283PDF WASHINGTON : 2015 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 16:07 Apr 07, 2015 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 F:\WORK\_TNT\021115\93283 SHIRL COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS EDWARD R. ROYCE, California, Chairman CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida BRAD SHERMAN, California DANA ROHRABACHER, California GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York STEVE CHABOT, Ohio ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey JOE WILSON, South Carolina GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas THEODORE E. DEUTCH, Florida TED POE, Texas BRIAN HIGGINS, New York MATT SALMON, Arizona KAREN BASS, California DARRELL E. ISSA, California WILLIAM KEATING, Massachusetts TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania DAVID CICILLINE, Rhode Island JEFF DUNCAN, South Carolina ALAN GRAYSON, Florida MO BROOKS, Alabama AMI BERA, California PAUL COOK, California ALAN S. LOWENTHAL, California RANDY K. WEBER SR., Texas GRACE MENG, New York SCOTT PERRY, Pennsylvania LOIS FRANKEL, Florida RON DESANTIS, Florida TULSI GABBARD, Hawaii MARK MEADOWS, North Carolina JOAQUIN CASTRO, Texas TED S.