bushlandnews
Fire – how can we do better? By Mary Gray Issue 66 Perth's bushland, while adapted to fire, suffers degradation from excessive fire frequency that Winter 2008 contributes to biodiversity loss. The Urban Bushland Council held a seminar in May to discuss local case studies and look at how we can do better. Time of Makuru and Djilba in the Nyoongar The seminar reviewed fire • keep fire management calendar. history, wildfire suppression plans updated with and post-fire management for Friends groups and land three bushland areas – Star Urban Nature update managers. There is Swamp Bushland, Warwick Page 2 considerable local Bushland and Careniup knowledge and expertise Bushland Weedwatch: Swamp, and Forrestdale within Friends groups Buffel grass Page 3 Bushland. Community which deserves speakers set the scene for recognition; Econote: Karst each bushland area followed Page 4 by local government or • provide bushland Department of Environment education programs for Tuart decline and Conservation (DEC) land firefighters including site Page 5 managers. Fire and Emergency visits in winter and Services Authority (FESA), local spring; and Learning opportunities Page 5 bushfire brigade and • lead a fire awareness and community representatives education program for What’s on Page 6 contributed useful discussion. Warwick Senior High From the case studies it was School which is located Funding opportunities clear that Friends groups in Warwick bushland Page 7 want more communication where 20–30 fires per with fire authorities and land Resprouting banksia after a fire event. year in this bushland are Regional reports Page 8 Photo – Jo Tregonning managers. Friends groups deliberately lit. have considerable local Woylies Page 10 • meet with land managers and Land managers: knowledge and expertise and want FESA before each fire season to Group profile: Friends to be included in preparation of • keep in touch and work with discuss fire management plans; of Talbot Road fire management plans and post Friends groups; Page 11 fire debriefs. There was also a • map the extent of each fire and • update and implement fire common perception among Friends keep good records; and management plans in Resources Page 12 groups that arson, the • monitor sites after fire. consultation with Friends predominant cause of wildfires, is groups; still not treated as a serious and Fire management agencies: socially unacceptable crime. • provide up-to-date maps, • hold debriefing sessions with contact details, access and Many practical suggestions arose Friends groups, land managers sensitive area information for from the seminar, including: and stakeholders after wildfires. each site to respective fire For example, include the high For Friends groups: stations each year; and school in sessions about • keep in touch with land managers • conduct site visits in spring Warwick Bushland; and local fire authorities; each year with local FESA • include damage to flora staff and Friends groups. • invite local FESA staff to Friend’s (hectares burnt) and fauna in group activities to help them For more information, or to media statements; Bushland News is a quarterly gain an appreciation of the borrow a mapping kit that newsletter of Urban Nature, a bushland; • increase public education and contains GPS and camera, Department of Environment and strengthen legal responses to contact the Urban Bushland Conservation (DEC) program to • become familiar with fire support community involvement management plans before each highlight that arson is a serious Council on 9420 7207 or in bushland conservation. summer; and socially unacceptable crime; [email protected].
www.dec.wa.gov.au bushlandnews Winter 2008
Weed distribution mapping
Urban Nature UPDATE By David Mitchell With the onset of autumn rain, weeds become more noticeable in bushland and DEC’s Urban Nature team is preparing for a busy works program during winter and wetlands. In the past couple of months spring. Like most bushland managers, we have identified many more things that we Urban Nature staff have revisited Talbot Road could or should be doing that we just do not have enough time for. Sometimes some Nature Reserve and Brixton Street Wetlands to update distribution and density maps of of the thrill of the job is in eventually achieving much more than you thought possible. more serious weeds such as veldt grass, Urban Nature is investigating opportunities to continue the successful weed control African lovegrass, Tribolium uniolae and projects funded by the Australian Government’s Natural Heritage Trust through the watsonia. The distribution of these weeds Swan Catchment Council and supported by the Department of Environment and across these reserves was first recorded nine Conservation’s (DEC’s) Saving our Species program. We are also looking at programs years ago and was last updated four years of management and research in conjunction with community land managers as well ago. We now use a differential GPS and are as operational staff from DEC’s Swan Region and Regional Ecologist Geoff Barrett able to produce very accurate maps. The who has recently joined the department. maps are important tools for carefully targeted bushland management. They also provide an understanding of weed distribution and densities over time and the By Robert Huston (DEC) Feral honeybees given the flick effectiveness of weed control programs.
DEC, in partnership with Tiwest Joint Venture, has completed a major effort to control colonies of feral honeybees (Apis mellifera) in three nature reserves in the Muchea area. The successful project mapped and eradicated 38 beehives from Barracca, Ioppollo and Bullsbrook nature reserves. The work was completed by Joe Tonga from Natsync Environmental. An ingenious method is used to quickly destroy the beehives. A powder chemical of 80 per cent talcum powder and 20 per cent pyrethrum base agent is injected directly into the hive. The hive is destroyed within 20 Rebecca Hayes mapping weeds at Brixton minutes of being injected and returning Street Wetlands. Photo – Grazyna Paczkowska worker bees are also killed as they make contact with the powder remaining in the hive. The pyrethrum has a very short life once applied and does not affect avian fauna. Contacts DEC nature conservation officers from the Urban Nature office Perth Hills District Office will implement a David Mitchell 9423 2913 follow-up program to monitor the destroyed Kate Brown 9423 2905 hives for possible feral bee re-invasion and for Grazyna Paczkowska 9423 2914 Karen Bettink 9423 2904 Joe Tonga treating a feral honeybee (Apis native wildlife returning to the hollows once mellifera) hive in Bullsbrook Nature Reserve. occupied by honeybees. Rebecca Hayes 9423 2924 Photo – Jim Prince The feral European honeybee is recognised as Department of Environment and a major threat to the terrestrial biodiversity of Conservation, Swan Region office the south-west of WA. They invade and 7 Turner Avenue, Bentley WA 6102 Spring Bushland News occupy tree hollow nesting sites (i.e. Carnaby’s PO Box 1167 black cockatoo) over large areas of bushland Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983 Spring Bushland News contributions and also pose a serious threat to native bees Fax 9423 2901 should be sent to Urban Nature by and other insect pollinators by out-competing Email [email protected] Friday 29 August 2008. them for limited food resources. Previous newsletter issues available at Compiled and edited by Jo Tregonning. For more information email Robert at www.dec.wa.gov.au [email protected].
© All material copyright. No part of the contents of the publication may be reproduced without the consent of the publishers. The views and opinions expressed in the articles in Bushland News are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Environment and Conservation.
2 Bushland News Issue 66 - Winter 2008 www.dec.wa.gov.au BUSHLAND WEEDWATCH: Control of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris)
By Bob Dixon (Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority)
Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) is an extremely tough and drought-resistant species. Widely planted in pastoral regions as a pasture grass, it is a widespread weed from Shark Bay to the Pilbara. It is found in south-west WA on roadsides used by stock trucks from the north. Native to Africa and India, buffel grass continues to spread.
Buffel grass has the ability to Spraying recommendations produce large amounts of viable Though the best time for spraying seed and can flower and seed adult plants is within the range of several times a year under three to five weeks after sufficient rain favourable conditions. Seedlings can has fallen, we find the best time for flower six weeks after germination, spraying is after six weeks when compounding control efforts, and parent plants are actively growing and some seed remains viable in the soil new seedlings are large enough to for at least five years. spray. Spraying too early misses the seedlings while spraying too late Which herbicide should I use? misses the seedlings as well as the Our trials indicated several parent plants, which are dropping herbicides will control this species to seed or drying off. varying degrees, depending on the We prefer to use Roundup Biactive® stage of growth and drought stress in sensitive areas as a spot spray, of the buffel grass. However, with avoiding susceptible native species. large-scale spraying programs you Use a rate of 6 L/hectare with the need to use the most cost-effective addition of a penetrant such as methods and balance this with any Pulse® at 2 ml/L in 400 L water. In perceived off-target damage. sensitive areas it may be necessary to The best overall grass-selective use Verdict® at 6 L/ha with a wetter herbicide trialled was Verdict® 104 or penetrant. The number of sprays (104 g/L haloxyfop) at 6 L/hectare each year depends on weather plus the addition of Agral 60 at a conditions. Complete kill of the plants rate of 3ml/L. Verdict® has the varies – without good spray coverage advantage of being grass selective, or in dry conditions many plants may however, it will kill native grasses. resprout from the base of the plant The disadvantage of using this and require follow-up spraying. In herbicide is the cost and it is very cyclone-prone areas the tops and, in particular the root systems, stay intact unpleasant to use in high for at least five years, reducing the risk temperatures (as are other grass- of wind erosion. selective herbicides containing Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) showing underground buds which assist in the plant’s tolerance to drought. Photo – Bob hydrocarbons). This is due to the These recommendations are based on Dixon hydrocarbons which are volatile and several years of research, including make some people feel sick. implementation of large-scale spraying operations carried out on Airlie Island Roundup Biactive® (glyphosate 360 and funded initially by Western g/L) was the only non-selective Mining Corporation (Petroleum herbicide we trialled. Surprisingly Division) then Novus Petroleum and many native species are fairly finally by Apache Energy. resistant to this herbicide. At 8 L/hectare extensive field trials References indicated the main perennial Dixon, I.R., Dixon, K.W. and Barrett, shrubby species on Airlie Island M. (2002). Eradication of buffel grass (near Onslow WA), Acacia bivenosa, (Cenchrus ciliaris) on Airlie Island, Acacia coriacea and Rhagodia Pilbara Coast, Western Australia. In: preissii are very resistant to Turning the tide: the eradication of Roundup Biactive®, but a word of invasive species. Veitch, C.R. and warning – always test rigorously as Spraying using a battery operated system; the use of dyes are Clout, M.N. (Eds). ICUN Publications. many Acacia species are very necessary to see where you have been spraying. Photo – M. Cambridge. susceptible to glyphosate. Barrett
Bushland News Issue 66 - Winter 2008 www.dec.wa.gov.au 3 ECONOTES:
Karst on the Swan Coastal Plain By Jay Anderson (Australian Speleological Federation)
Caves and karst are some of the most vulnerable and interesting ecosystems in the world, containing significant geological features and subterranean fauna. The Nullarbor karst system in Australia is one of the largest in the world. Fascinating examples of karst can be explored closer to home on the Swan Coastal Plain.
Karst is a landscape created from soluble through some coastal suburbs reveals refers to trogloxene (entrance dweller or rocks such as limestone, which have been limestone hills and cuttings and evidence animals that spend part of their life in dissolved by surface water or groundwater. of fissures, rhizomorphs (fossilised rootlets) caves), troglophile (spend the whole of This process creates distinctive surface and solution pipes. Some interesting their life cycle underground but are landforms (such as sinkholes and caves) examples include: capable of existing on the surface) or and drainage features. The original ‘karst’ is • Boomerang Gorge and Crystal Cave in troglobite (animals unable to exist the geographical name of a 160-kilometre- Yanchep National Park; outside the cave environment). However, wide limestone belt in western Slovenia – a not all fauna will fit one category. • limestone cliffs along the Swan River; place of barren white limestone surfaces There are several adaptations and with thin soils, devoid of surface rivers and • Point Walter–Blackwall Reach (cliffs, modification to life in darkness. having peculiar rocks and cave entrances. caves and springs within a karst system); Subterranean fauna have reduced size, • limestone features at the northern end Caves were documented early in Perth’s changes to circadian rhythms, loss of of Leighton Beach; and history. One report stated that “An excellent pigmentation, reduction in eyes, and commodious harbour was discovered • Mt Eliza, Kings Park (cliff, solution pipes, extension of sensory structures, changes about six miles from the mouth of the aquifer and karst system). in feeding appendages, elongation of [Swan] river. In one part of the shore they Subterranean fauna locomotory spines/claws and changes to found a romantic limestone cliff, several reproductive biology/life cycle. Although Karst is considered to be a complex and hundred feet high, the face of which most of the emphasis is often on diverse environmental system with presented spacious and magnificent caverns, invertebrate communities, vertebrates specialised life and ecosystems. hung with stalactites, of the purest and most also occur in caves. Creatures such as Subterranean fauna is of interest to beautiful kind. From some of them there bats, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish speleologists and karstologists, and is flowed chalybeate and saline springs, can also be found in caves. nothing inferior in virtue to the most specially adapted to living underground. celebrated spas in England”.1 Although These fauna, including threatened species, More information can be found in many of our WA karst some of these areas have been altered and Local speleologists assist DEC and the systems, including threatened fauna and developed, evidence of limestone is still WA Museum in ongoing research relating groundwater-dependent ecosystems. visible in many suburbs – and in many places to our understanding of caves and there may be unidentified caverns or cavities Terrestrial subterranean fauna is often subterranean life. Conservation and in the limestone. referred to generally as troglofauna and management issues in karst areas involve Karst in south-west WA is often associated those living in water as stygofauna. describing and protecting the diversity of with coastal calcarenites of the Tamala Terrestrial cave life has been classified a cave or karst area. Members of the Limestone. On the Swan Coastal Plain, according to the degree of visible external Australian Speleological Federation limestone occurs in the Spearwood and (morphological) modification, distribution (www.caves.org.au) undertake trips and Quindalup Dune systems. Many of our and the degree of dependency on document karst features. For more State reserves and bushland areas contain subterranean habitats. The classification information contact Jay Anderson on caves and significant karst features. A drive scheme for subterranean fauna generally 0407 473 539 or [email protected].
Left: Dr Tim Moulds and Jay Anderson document subterranean fauna for the WA Museum. Right: Examining coastal karst at Mudurup Rocks (south of Cottesloe beach) with Dr Tim Moulds during a Geographical Association of Western Australia-Australian Speleological Federation workshop. Photos – Ross Anderson and Jay Anderson
1 The Colonist, Cape Town, South Africa, No.5, 20 December 1827 p.36. From: Journal of the Sydney Speleological Society (1992) Vol.36 (4) p.64.
4 Bushland News Issue 66 - Winter 2008 www.dec.wa.gov.au bushlandnews Winter 2008 Perth Urban Bushland Decline of tuart in the Yalgorup region Fungi Project
By Roz Hart and the PUBF team The Perth Urban Bushland Fungi (PUBF) project was started four years ago by the Western Australian Naturalists’ Club in collaboration with the Urban Bushland Council and DEC’s WA Herbarium. Through the involvement of community groups in fungi forays in local bushlands, the project has produced reports and collected many fungi specimens for the WA Herbarium. Despite thousands of fungi being documented in the Perth area during this time, there is still a good chance of encountering fungi which have not yet been named. It is estimated that there are 140,000 fungi in WA and fewer than 10 per cent that have been Decline and death of tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) in the Yalgorup region. Photo – Paul Barber discovered and named. By Paul Barber, Katinka Ruthrof, Bernard Dell and Giles Hardy The ‘fungiperth’ website was updated and Tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) is an icon of the Swan Coastal Plain and is one of a few launched in May. The website has an eucalypts that is adapted to calcareous soils. The largest intact stand of tuart occurs in the improved, easier-to-use version of the Yalgorup region immediately south of Mandurah, where it is suffering a serious decline in Fungi Field Book to help budding health from an unknown cause or causes. mycologists identify local fungi. Bushland fungi survey reports by PUBF are available The Tuart Health Research Group (THRG) based at Murdoch University and comprising which document approximately 3,000 members from universities, industry, agencies and local government, has been conducting fungi for 48 bushland areas in the Perth research into the cause or causes and management of tuart decline for the past five years. region. News items and information about THRG has demonstrated strong correlations between crown health of tuart, levels of free public events to be held in local micro-nutrients in the foliage, abundance and diversity of soil microbes, and soil chemistry. bushland this winter are also listed. Recently a new species of Phytophthora was found within declining stands, however, it is not known at this stage whether this is an aggressive pathogen or a latent pathogen The original website was designed by contributing to the decline in crown health which may be initiated by other factors. volunteer John Weaver and has been upgraded The ultimate outcome for THRG will be finding effective methods for managing the by DEC’s Brett Glossop decline of tuart to save these iconic trees as well as developing restoration strategies to and Sarah de Bueger increase their abundance. Trials with a range of treatments, including stem injections with from PUBF with input from nutrients and phosphite, have proven successful in reversing canopy decline in trees. THRG DEC mycologist has held native tree decline workshops in collaboration with Green Skills Inc., Bemax Cable Dr Neale Bougher. Visit Sands and Alcoa Alumina Australia to advise landholders how to effectively treat trees. www.fungiperth.org.au/. More information can be found at www.tuarthealth.murdoch.edu.au.
Learning opportunities
Courses to help you care for country: day and evening recycling old fencing and building materials. CVA completes more classes in native animals; wildflower identification and surveys; than 2,000 conservation projects across Australia every year. It is a wetlands; Indigenous culture; seed collecting; bush restoration and great way to enjoy the outdoors, meet new people and learn new weed control; and propagation. Enrolments 2–3 July. Classes start skills. To get involved freecall 1800 032 501 or visit 21 July at Swan TAFE, Midland. Contact Anne Taylor on 9374 6314 www.conservationvolunteers.com.au. or [email protected] or Ted Johnson on 9374 6314 Ecological risk assessment in wetland management or [email protected]. course by Wetlands.edu at Cockburn Wetlands Centre, Bibra Lake. Help create a better Earth by becoming a conservation 26–27 August 2008. Enrolments close 31 July. Cost $700. Visit volunteer in and around Perth. In May, teams of volunteers from www.wetlandsedu.org.au or contact Bill Phillips on 02 6281 7470 Conservation Volunteers Australia (CVA) worked on Rottnest Island or [email protected]. to help reduce visitor impact by stabilising dunes, revegetating and
Bushland News Issue 66 - Winter 2008 www.dec.wa.gov.au 5 what’s on
Opportunities for you to take part! Visitors always welcome but please confirm activities with the contact person. Most activities are FREE!
Conservation Volunteers 15 Tuesday 9am 27 Sunday 9am–12 noon 16 Saturday 9am Australia 2008 conservation activity Euphorbia monitoring with the Planting at Ottawa Way Stormwater Activity morning with Friends of schedule. Overnight country trips to Friends of Paganoni Swamp. Call Drain, Lake Joondalup with the City of Brixton Street Wetlands. Call Regina one-day activities. 2/343 Newcastle Leonie 0439 921 298. Wanneroo. BBQ lunch provided. Call 9459 2964. St, Northbridge. Call Sandra or Steve the Wetlands Officer on 9405 5000. 9227 5711 or visit 19 Saturday 10am–12 noon 16–24 August [email protected]. Fungi Foray with Perth Urban 27 Sunday 10am–2pm National Science Week 2008. Bushland Fungi and Friends of Lake Guided walk to view waterfalls Gingin Observatory is holding a Sundays 8am–10am Gwelup followed by a hot soup. along Kitty’s Gorge, Jarrahdale. $2 stargazing night to look at ‘Jupiter – Bushcare activities every Sunday RSVP to Wayne on 9244 7553 or each or $5 per family. Call JHS. Our Olympic Planet’. Adults $29, with the Friends of Shenton Park 0407 383 425 or [email protected]. Seniors $25, Children $15. Contact Bushland. Contact Dani 9381 3470 27 Sunday 1pm–3pm Carol or Donna 9575 7740 or or [email protected]. 19 Saturday 9am Planting with the Friends of [email protected]. Activity morning with Friends of Bungendore Park (Bedfordale). Sundays 8.30am Brixton Street Wetlands. Call Regina Full details on Planet Ark’s website 17 Sunday 9am–12 noon Bushcare activities with the Friends 9459 2964. www.treeday.planetark.com. Watsonia control workshop of Wireless Hill. Held second and fourth along Piesse Brook. Schipp Rd Sunday of each month. Meet at main 20 Sunday entrance to Kalamunda National car park. Contact Margaret 9315 9075 Guided walk at Mount Dale. Enjoy August Park. Meet at the front gate. or [email protected]. 360° views, waterfalls in Helena Contact BSFH. National Park and morning tea. 18+ 1 Friday Tuesdays 8am–9am years. Cost $13 ($11 DC members). Planting day with the City of 17 Sunday 10am Bushcare activities every Tuesday Contact N2N. Rockingham followed by a sausage Guided walk with Urban Bushland with Byford Enviro-Link. Call Kristy sizzle provided by the Lions Club of Council at Garvey Park. Meet in the 20 Sunday 9am–12 noon 9526 0199. Rockingham. Contact David Mort parking area at the end of Bush regeneration and fungi on 9528 0487. Fauntleroy Ave, Ascot. Contact UBC spotting with the Friends of on 9420 7207 or [email protected]. July Warwick Bushland. Contact FPB. 5 Tuesday 9am Bird walk with the Friends of 17 Sunday 9am–11am 6 Sunday 9am–12 noon Paganoni Swamp. Call Leonie Planting at Middleton Park, Planting day at Rotary Wildflower 0439 921 298. Alexander Heights with the City of Reserve with Kwinana Rotary. Call Wanneroo. Call the Wetlands Officer Angela at Town of Kwinana on 20 Sunday 10.30am–12.30pm 10 Sunday 9am–11am on 9405 5000. 9439 0418. Busy bee with the Friends of Piesse Planting at Leemans Landing, Brook. Contact FPB. Two Rocks with the City of 17 Sunday 9am–12 noon 10 Thursday 8pm Wanneroo. Call the Wetlands Officer Bush regeneration, nature Eurady Station – a plant 24 Thursday 10am on 9405 5000. walk, species ID and paradise. Guest speaker Brian Moyle. Long-range camping excursion wildflower survey with the Contact AWSWA. with Busselton Naturalists’ Club. 13 Wednesday 7.30pm Friends of Warwick Bushland. Meet at Tamala Station, Shark Bay. Protecting Water Quality in Contact FWB. 12 Saturday 9am–11am Bring water, firewood, fishing gear. Geographe Bay. Guest speaker Planting at Compass Park, Yanchep Suitable for caravans. Call Noel Malcolm Robb, Department of Water. 17 Sunday 10.30am–12.30pm with the City of Wanneroo. Call the Titterington 9752 3295. Contact BNC. Busy bee with the Friends of Wetlands Officer on 9405 5000. Piesse Brook. Contact FPB. 26 Saturday 2pm–5pm 14 Thursday 8pm 13 Sunday Environmental Weeds Action Archiving and its application to 18–29 August Canning River Ramble to discover Network (EWAN) general meeting, botany. Guest speakers Alex George 2008 North Eastern Wheatbelt the unique riverine flora and fauna, speakers and networking. City West, and Dr Roberta Cowan. Contact Malleefowl Survey with WWF at abundant bird life. 6+ years. Cost $13 Lotteries House. Call Diane AWSWA. Bencubbin. Moderate fitness level ($11 DC members). Contact N2N. Matthews 9457 2896. required. Suggested minimum 15 Friday 7.30pm commitment is three days. BYO 13 Sunday 27 Sunday 9am–12 noon Frogs. Guest speaker Glen Gaikhorst. camping equipment and food. Behind the Scenes at the National Tree Planting Day at Kwinana Rockingham and Mandurah Contact Carl Danzi on 9387 6444 Observatory. Day tour includes new Chalk Hill, Medina with Friends of Branch of WA Naturalists’ Club. or 0427 982 011 or 30” telescope. 7+ years. Cost $13 Chalk Hill. Call Angela at Town of Naragebup Rockingham Environment [email protected]. Registration ($11 DC members). Contact N2N. Kwinana on 9439 0418. Centre. Call 9591 3077. forms due 28 July.
REGISTRATION/CONTACT DETAILS Activities key AWSWA Wildflower Society of WA FLG Friends of Lake Gwelup. FSSB Friends of Star Swamp Hands on – bushland and (Armadale Branch) History Contact Wayne 0407 383 425 or Bushland. Meet at Henderson wetland management activities. House, Jull St, Armadale Betty 9444 5640 or email Environment Centre, Groat St, Walks and tours – look, listen (near courthouse). Call Chris [email protected]. North Beach. Contact Christine 9398 9140. and enjoy guided walks and FPB Friends of Piesse Brook. Meet at 9447 2983 or excursions. BSFH Bush Skills for the Hills the gate into Kalamunda National [email protected]. offers free hills-focused Park, end of Schipp Rd, Piesse Brook. JHS Jarrahdale Heritage Society Skills development workshops. Contact Robbie Wear boots, gloves and hat. Bring guided walks. Share with us. activities – talks, 9424 2216 or drink, secateurs and a smile. Call Tony 9525 5161. [email protected]. presentations, training courses Contact Linda 9293 3102 (A/H) or N2N Nearer to Nature activities by and workshops. BNC Busselton Naturalists’ Club. [email protected]. DEC. Affordable prices. Discount Meet RSL Hall, Causeway Rd, FWB Friends of Warwick Bushland. for Discovery Club (DC) members. Meetings and events – Busselton. Contact Bernie Meet at bowling/tennis club car park, Bookings: 9295 2244 or visit group meetings, expos, festivals Masters 9727 2474 or Lloyd Drv, Warwick. Contact Janina www.naturebase.net/n2n. and conferences. [email protected]. 9447 9494 or [email protected].
6 Bushland News Issue 66 - Winter 2008 www.dec.wa.gov.au bushlandnews Winter 2008
23 Saturday 9am–12 noon 21 Sunday 9am–12 noon Watsonia control workshop along Bushcare day with the Friends of Helena River. Meet at the end of Lake Gwelup. Contact FLG. Highlights Helena Valley Road, Helena Valley. Contact BSFH. 21 Sunday 9am–12 noon 23–27 August 2009 Bush regeneration, nature walk World Conference on Ecological Restoration, Perth. A scientific program of 24 Sunday 9am and wildflower survey with the topics with debate on ‘Our restoration capabilities within a changing world’. Visit Seventh leg of the Cape to Cape Friends of Warwick Bushland. www.seri2009.com.au. Track: Conto’s Camp Ground to Contact FWB. Boranup Lookout. Bus $12 per adult. 4 July 17 kilometre walk requiring moderate 21 Sunday 10.30am–12.30pm Dieback Information Group Conference 2008, The University of Western fitness. Walkers to carry lunch. Busy bee with the Friends of Piesse Australia. Topics include dieback mapping, phosphite research, innovative education. Contact BNC. Brook. Contact FPB. Contact Steve McCabe [email protected] or fax 9374 0685. 24 Sunday 10am–2pm 26 Friday 9.30am-12.30pm 26–29 September Guided walk to top of the Scarp, Native tree decline workshop – Kings Park Festival and native plant sale. Contact Friends of Kings Park on Jarrahdale. Breathtaking views. recognition, treatment, protecting 9480 3679 or visit www.bgpa.wa.gov.au. $2 each or $5 per family. Call JHS. healthy trees. Serpentine-Jarrahdale. Call Green Skills 9360 6667. 29 October–19 November 7.30pm–9.30pm 26 Tuesday 9am Astronomy for Beginners at Gingin Observatory. Wednesday evenings. Cost Euphorbia control and field 28 Sunday 10am–1pm $148 for 4 lessons. Contact Peter Birch 9575 7740 or [email protected]. herbarium with the Friends of Guided wildflower walk at Jarrahdale. BYO camera and picnic. Sunday 2 November Paganoni Swamp. Call Leonie Earth Solutions Expo, Northam. For information phone Helen Evans on 9574 2306. 0439 921 298. $2 each or $5 per family. Call JHS. 28 Sunday 9am–12noon 24–27 November 31 Sunday 2pm 2008 Australasian Wildlife Management Society Conference, Fremantle. Guided wildflower walk with Lupin pull at Star Swamp Bushland. Contact FSSB. A theme of 'Human Impacts on Wildlife' encompassing invasive and threatened the Friends of Star Swamp Bushland. species, climate change, habitat disturbance and sustainable use of wildlife. Visit Contact FSSB. www.awms.org.nz/index.html. October September 4 Saturday 9am–12 noon 10 Wednesday 7.30pm Watsonia control along Jane A special vegetation community Brook. John Forrest National Park, of the Swan Coastal Plain. Guest Pechey Rd, Swan View. Meet at car speaker Andrew Webb (DEC). park opposite National Park Rd. Contact BNC. Contact BSFH. 11 Thursday 8pm 7 Tuesday 9am The little things that count. Guest Cotton bush control with the speaker David Pike. Contact AWSWA. Friends of Paganoni Swamp. Call Leonie 0439 921 298. 14 Sunday 9.30am-12.30pm Native tree decline workshop – 8 Wednesday 7.30pm recognition, treatment, protecting The Tamala Limestone and the 2008 Conservation Award winners, Conservation Council of WA. (Left) Gracetown Cliff Collapse. Guest healthy trees. Kwinana. Call Green Brian Moyle, Margaret Perret (Wildflower Society of WA winner of the Len speaker Phil Playford. Contact BNC. Skills 9360 6667. Howard Community Conservation Group Award), Norma Calcutt (Friends of 14 Sunday 9am–1pm Bold Park Bushland), Environment Minister David Templeman, Doug Sawkins Be prepared – fire safety in the Please send us your October, (Friends of Foxes Lair), Robert Frith (Bridgetown Greenbushes Friends of the hills. Gidgegannup Fire Shed, Toodyay November, December events by Forest), Marion Timms (Peel Preservation Group), Jane O'Malley (City of Rd, Gidgegannup. Contact BSFH. Friday 29 August 2008. Mandurah, John Oldham Conservation Employee Award) and Jonathon Thwaites (Perth Sun Fair). Photo – Conservation Council of WA 16 Tuesday 9am Euphorbia control and field herbarium with the Friends of Paganoni Swamp. Call Leonie 0439 921 298. Funding opportunities 20 Saturday 9am–12 noon Quadrat flora survey and basic plant identification at Ray Owen Caring for our Country program will deliver Federal funding through regional Reserve, Lesmurdie. Contact BSFH. Natural Resource Management bodies to local communities. The program will focus on the key goals of a healthier environment, which is better-protected, well-managed and more resilient 20 Saturday 8am–9.30am Guided walk with the Friends of against the challenges of climate change. It will invest in projects which match six national Lake Gwelup. Call Christine FLG. priorities. Visit www.nrm.gov.au or phone 1800 552 008. 20 Saturday 9am Gordon Reid Lotterywest Grants for Conservation aim to support community Activity morning with Friends of organisations to conserve the State’s natural habitats and diversity (ongoing). Brixton Street Wetlands. Call Regina Visit www.lotterywest.wa.gov.au/asp/ index.asp?pgid=444, email 9459 2964. [email protected] or phone 1800 655 270 or 9340 5270. 21 Sunday 8:30am–11am Djilba spring walk with the Friends Community Coastcare Grants include small grants up to $50,000 and larger-scale targeted of Bungendore Park (Bedfordale). grants up to $250,000. Closes: 25 July 2008.Visit www.nrm.gov.au/funding/coastcare.html. Call City of Armadale’s Events Coordinator 9399 0111. Junior Landcare Grants Program includes the Coles School Garden Grant ($1,000), the Australia Post Landcare Biodiversity Grant ($500), and the VISY Landcare Recycling Grant 21 Sunday 9am ($1,000). Closes: 1 August and 24 October 2008. All are partnered with Landcare Australia. Wildflower walk at Crooked Brook Forest. Bus $10. BYO lunch. Visit www.landcareonline.com/funding_opportunity_ details.asp?fo_id=6. Contact BNC.
Bushland News Issue 66 - Winter 2008 www.dec.wa.gov.au 7 bushlandnews regionalreports Please send us your regional report (150–200 words) and a photo by Friday 29 August 2008. Text may be edited in response to volume of submitted reports.
‘Kaala Boodja’ – Forrestdale fire history By Dr Rod Giblett after the fire Fires in Forrestdale Lake Nature Reserve in To highlight the historic significance of the By Angela Jakob recent years have burnt vegetation, planting flagpole, the Friends and DEC made and areas and infrastructure. The Friends of mounted a plaque on the flagpole to The Spectacles Wetland is the most Forrestdale Inc. have been disappointed with commemorate the sailing club. However, southerly in a chain of wetlands that form the outcomes from these fires, in particular during another fire in January 2007 FESA Beeliar Regional Park. On 25 May a that the fires were not controlled to protect trucks knocked over the flagpole. Plans community information meeting was held public property. are underway to re-erect it, but this time at the Spectacles in the Town of Kwinana. bolted to steel and mounted on a The meeting was a local community In January 2003 the boardwalk in the reserve concrete plinth. response to the Christmas fires which was completely burnt. The boardwalk was a burnt an area of more than 800 hectares community project built by unemployed youth We believe the development of a fire of bushland, and had a big impact on in 1994. The materials alone cost more than response plan involving the Friends group, local wildlife. $20,000. Disappointingly, the boardwalk was FESA and the local shire is necessary to not water-bombed to save it as it had been highlight significant infrastructure and The community event was attended by during a fire some years earlier. The base of the vegetation for priority protection during a more than 50 people who listened to fire. The plan would also include post-fire presentations by guest speakers. DEC’s historic flagpole from Lake Jandacot Sailing Club (circa 1950) was also nearly lost. Quick recovery plans and the responsible David Mitchell, Trevor Walley and Penny authority for implementation. Hussey talked about the effect of fire on action by David James (Friends President) the landscape, Indigenous fire use and the meant he managed to save the flagpole from For more information phone Rod Giblett relationship between fire and weeds. being burnt by using a bucket of water. on 93972874. Marilee Burtt shared her experiences as a wildlife carer, and Councillor Sandra Lee encouraged the community to participate Acid sulfate soils project in on-ground activities in their local bushland areas. The successful day ended By Alison Dugand (Project Officer, with a tour of the area and some delicious Wooroloo Brook LCDC) bush tucker. The event launched a new community group interested in protecting The aim of the acid sulfate soil (ASS) and restoring this area. project is to develop mitigation techniques for the potential use of sites that have For more information or to register your been affected by ASS. This project was interest in becoming a volunteer please developed by Alison Dugand with support contact Brett Brenchley on 9439 0420 or from the Department of Agriculture and the Town of Kwinana on 9439 0200. Food (DAFWA). Swan TAFE students were also involved in the process to share the values of local Landcare initiatives. Alison and Sim Kuiper identified the Kuiper property in Wooroloo many years ago as one degraded by salinity. This site was also recently confirmed as also being Rotary hoe process of lime application at affected by ASS by DEC Land for Wildlife eight tonne per hectare to trial rehabilitation officer, Zara Kivell. Since the early 1980s, of lands affected by acid sulfate soils. Photo – the Kuipers have progressed with a Alison Dugand successful rehabilitation regime, with compost was applied. Native and fodder healthy stands of sheoak and melaleuca crop species planted in the quadrats will be surviving the toughest odds. monitored for five years and DAFWA The on-ground project component started scientists will analyse data as part of a recently due to early rains. Quadrats were larger research project. set up to test a variety of mitigation For more information phone Alison at the treatments. Six tonnes of lime, coarse chaff Eastern Metropolitan Regional Council on cut from 400 bales of hay and 45 cubic 9424 2264. Trevor Walley explains how humans received metres of high-grade mushroom compost fire according to Aboriginal Dreaming during a workshop at the Spectacles Wetland. Photo were used in the trials. Various quadrats For an explanation of ASS see Bushland – Brett Brenchley were rotary hoed before and after chaff or News Issue 65 p.10.
8 Bushland News Issue 66 - Winter 2008 www.dec.wa.gov.au Winter 2008 regionalreports Star Swamp is City of Rockingham carbon neutral program recovering from fire By Christine Curry Since 1987 there have been 10 fires in Star Swamp Bushland Reserve. The fire on 5 March 2007 burnt approximately 60 per cent of the reserve, including a large part of the swamp and surrounding melaleuca (paperbark) trees. Efforts to put out the fire were hampered initially as water bombers were unable to fly during the night and the use of chemical fire retardants in the swamp was limited. The fire was intense and FESA estimated fuel loads were 38 tonnes per hectare in some areas (seven tonnes is ideal).
Revegetating Baldivis Tramway in 2007 as part of the City of Rockingham’s Carbon Neutral After the fire, the City of Stirling Program. Photo – David Mort undertook a clean up, carried out track The site is being revegetated after Rail Link maintenance, replaced fencing and By David Mort withdrew its construction yard. Six removed 10 burnt-out trees next to The City of Rockingham’s carbon neutral thousand trees will also be planted at tracks. Ten days after the fire a public program is in its third year. The program Westonia, east of Merredin to fight meeting was held and attended by 50 aims to offset carbon emissions from the Wheatbelt salinity. people. Speakers from groups such as city’s machinery and vehicle fleet on an FESA, the Friends group, and the City of The City of Rockingham invites you to join annual basis. Funds raised by the program Stirling outlined the issues surrounding them on 1 August for a day of planting, are used to plant endemic native seedlings the fire from their perspective. The City of followed by a sausage sizzle and soft on dedicated sites, usually for improvement Stirling presented a report to its council drinks provided by the Lions Club of of the rural environment. three weeks after the fire that identified Rockingham. Phone David (Conservation priority issues. It then contracted weed This year the City of Rockingham Men of Officer, City of Rockingham) on spraying, began a photo-monitoring Trees and Singleton Primary School will 9528 0487. For more information on project in parts of the burnt area and plant 2,000 trees and shrubs at the Dixon the Carbon Neutral Program visit began a rabbit and fox baiting program. Road Conservation Precinct in Hillman. www.carbonneutral.com.au/. Since the fire there has been an amazing amount of regrowth and, in particular, grass trees have made a strong recovery. Wildflower Society celebrates 50th anniversary Melaleucas and most medium-sized shrubs and trees have resprouted and there are hundreds of parrot bush (Dryandra This year is also the 20th anniversary By Diane Matthews sessillis) seedlings emerging. We hope of the society’s successful Flora The Wildflower Society of Western these will grow rapidly and replenish Survey Project that has Australia Inc., a voluntary stocks relied on by Carnaby’s black contributed approximately 3,000 community organisation, is cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus latirostris) specimens to the WA Herbarium. celebrating its 50th anniversary in which visit the reserve. Hundreds of tuart This program continues to provide 2008. Through its principle aims of tree seedlings have germinated in the ash opportunities for both members and ‘knowing, growing and conserving our beds beneath the tuarts destroyed in the landholders to discover the ‘treasures’ to native flora’ the society plays a significant fire. Hopefully the next bushfire will not be found on their land. role in developing community awareness of occur before the seedlings have grown the values of the State’s unique flora, as Through a diverse range of activities, sufficiently to withstand fire. well as leading and participating in its study, including cultivation and publications, the On the downside, we have noted a lot and encouraging its place in our landscapes. society’s members develop their interests more dead wood on the remaining tuart and achieve their own personal goals. Over trees and dense growth of veldt grass in The society was recently awarded the the years there have been individual some parts of the burnt area. Frequent Conservation Council of WA’s Len Howard members who have made outstanding fires are not good for the bushland, but it Community Group Award in recognition of individual achievements that have benefited has been very interesting to watch strong its outstanding commitment and success in the society and WA. natural regeneration and bushland the conservation of the WA environment. recovery. This was a worthy acknowledgment of the For more information professionalism and expertise of the phone the society on For more information phone Christine dedicated members in this organisation. 9383 7979. on 9447 2983.
Bushland News Issue 66 - Winter 2008 www.dec.wa.gov.au 9 bushlandnews
Mystery woylie decline By David Mitchell (DEC)
On 14 February 2008, researchers, managers and community members held a symposium on recent dramatic declines of woylies (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi) throughout south-western Australia. The symposium included presentations on the patterns and possible causes of these declines.
Woylies are small nocturnal marsupials that These conservation efforts increased the New conservation initiative weigh 1–1.5kg and are distantly related to number of locations that the woylie could The Woylie Conservation Research Project kangaroos. They are also known as brush- be found – from Shark Bay to the south- coordinated by DEC started in 2006. It tailed bettongs because of the distinctive west of WA; in three re-established wild involves collaboration with Murdoch black brush they have at the end of their populations in SA (two islands and at University, Perth Zoo and the Australian tail. ‘Woylie’ is their Indigenous Nyoongar mainland Venus Bay Conservation Park); Wildlife Conservancy, as well as support name. and in fenced sanctuaries in WA, SA and from the South Australian Department of NSW. These marsupials forage primarily Environment and Heritage, The University for underground fungi (native of Western Australia, the University truffles) and also eat seeds, tubers of Adelaide, and the South-West and bulbs. Their diggings help Catchments Council. water seep into the ground and The project has received $626,000 move nutrients in the soil. Fungal from DEC’s Saving our Species spores survive being eaten by biodiversity conservation initiative, woylies and are dispersed around and more than 85 experts and the forest in woylie scats 120 volunteers have been (droppings). As fungi help plants working long and hard to save to grow, woylies play an the woylie. The collaborations are important role in the re- the greatest strength of the establishment of native research project and provide the vegetation. Woylies are also greatest prospects to solving what known to disperse and store seeds is a very complex mystery. which also affect the recruitment A dramatic decline in woylie numbers has been observed over the The project has investigated the and regeneration of vegetation. past few years. Photo – Babs and Bert Wells/DEC main possible causes for the Woylies originally occupied most decline – limits on food resources, of the Australian mainland south predation, disease and parasites. of the tropics, including the arid and semi- Preliminary outcomes suggest that an arid zones of Western Australia, the unknown disease is either killing woylies or Northern Territory, New South Wales and weakening them and making them more Victoria. However, by the 1970s their vulnerable to predation by introduced foxes occupancy was reduced to three locations or cats. in WA – Tutanning Nature Reserve, Interestingly the decline is not occurring in Dryandra Woodland and the Perup/Lake woylie populations at the 265-hectare Muir area. Karakamia Wildlife Sanctuary near Perth. Karakamia has a fox-proof fence and Conservation success story ‘unravels’ frequent fox baiting. Woylie numbers are In 1975 there were thought to be less than high and even show signs of food 2,000 woylies remaining and they faced limitation compared to other populations. extinction due to habitat clearing and This population provides an important predation by foxes. As a result of DEC’s comparison for the research on the Western Shield program (a large scale fox- declining populations. baiting and native species translocation Scientists research the possible causes for program), the woylie and some other the woylie decline. Photo – Marika Maxwell More information mammals made a remarkable recovery. Visit www.naturebase.net/content/view/ Hailed a wildlife conservation success story, However, since 2001 there has been a 3230/1524/ for information on woylie in 1996 the woylie was the first species to huge decline in numbers (as high as 95 per conservation, including the Progress be removed from State and Commonwealth cent in some populations). This decline is of Report of the Woylie Conservation endangered species lists due to specific such significance that in 2008 the woylie Research Project. recovery actions. By 2001 the woylie was re-listed as endangered under the population reached approximately 40,000. State Wildlife Conservation Act 1950.
10 Bushland News Issue 66 - Winter 2008 www.dec.wa.gov.au Winter 2008
GROUPPROFILE:
Friends of Talbot Road Reserve By Rebecca Hayes (DEC) and the Friends group
The Friends of Talbot Road Reserve formed when local residents expressed concern over the extension of O’Connor Road through the reserve to Stratton Boulevard and proposed development of bushland adjoining Talbot Road. Other significant threats included a proposed extension of the cemetery and talk of a golf course being built within the reserve. The Friends first met in December 1996 and became incorporated in 1997.
Talbot Road Reserve is 106.9 hectares located in the Perth foothills on the border of Stratton and Swan View and includes 66 hectares of A-class reserve. It contains banksia, marri and wandoo woodlands and 366 known flora species. Three flora are priority species and two of the vegetation communities are critically (From left) Dave Harwood, Jan Lynn, Mark Gloyn and Wendy Booreman cutting lovegrass endangered. The list of known fauna includes (Eragrostis curvula) along Blackadder Creek. Photo – Rebecca Hayes seven frog species, more than 47 bird and 54 spider species, as well as bandicoots, kangaroos and honey possums. invade the relatively intact bushland along Blackadder Creek. While this could have potentially become a massive problem, the The reserve has been recognised by the Australian Heritage fire also provided a window of opportunity to control these weeds Commission, the National Trust and Bush Forever. It is the largest, before they spread. The Friends, Swan TAFE, City of Swan and most intact area of its kind remaining on the Ridge Hill Shelf soil DEC have ‘pooled’ resources to target the most invasive species type north of the Swan River. The land, in particular Blackadder Creek, is also of great significance to the Nyoongar people, as it is along the creek – follow-up control and ongoing monitoring will the home of the Green Bullfrog Dreaming Track and is part of the determine the success. Dreaming Track of the Ancestors. In addition, the Friends have contributed substantial funding Friends towards the installation of a diversion pipeline at the end of O’Connor Road, in order to stop severe erosion occurring towards After lobbying to protect the reserve from development, the Myles Road and the natural creek bed. This work will be Friends obtained funding to produce a management plan in undertaken by City of Swan and DEC. Once completed, the conjunction with the City of Swan and the Department of Friends will partner with City of Swan and DEC to begin Conservation and Land Management (now DEC). The plan was rehabilitating this massive erosion channel. published in July 1999 and is still used to guide bushland management. The Friends have been actively involved over the Projects planned for next spring include tackling African lovegrass years, particularly with rubbish clearing, weed control and dieback along Blackadder Creek and Watsonia control. We also plan to treatment, using funding gained from numerous sources. rehabilitate disturbed sections along the creek and walk trails, as Membership of the group waned during 2005 due to the well as work with DEC on a variety of dieback management departure of several key members and the death of Helen projects. Gardiner – the chairperson at the time. In June 2007, the Urban Nature team organised a planting day followed by a guided Taking ‘time out’ wildflower walk in September. This resulted in 10 people A picnic lunch at a local winery in December was a recent social expressing their interest in re-activating the Friends group. The highlight which was thoroughly enjoyed by all attendees. Walks to previous treasurer, John Basell, volunteered to continue his role in look at nocturnal animals, birds, wildflowers and fungi will be the re-established group. Since then, the Friends have organised a organised in the near future. A dieback awareness day is also number of litter clean-up days, and are beginning to tackle some scheduled to coincide with the installation of new dieback of the weedier areas of the reserve. signage. Partnerships and plans for the future The Friends of Talbot Road Reserve are hoping to generate more A large fire in 2007-08 provided the perfect opportunity for weeds interest from local residents to join in and help protect this special such as African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula), typha (Typha patch of bush. For more information call Rebecca at Urban Nature orientalis), pig melon (Citrullus lanatus) and Watsonia spp. to on 9423 2924.
Bushland News Issue 66 - Winter 2008 www.dec.wa.gov.au 11 bushland them andadetailedresources guide. pronunciation, hintstohelpremember why plantnameschange,their modified byhumans, for wildplants,plants writing conventions to thenamingand RRP $39.95.Aguide www.publish.csiro.au/. CSIRO Publishing Gardens, Melbourne. P. Lumley. RoyalBotanic R. Spencer, R.Cross and nomenclature Plant Names–Aguidetobotanical Publications Are yourdetailscorrect? [email protected]. titled ‘emailme’to electronically, sendanemail receive thisnewsletter on 94232914.Ifyou’dprefer to change anythingbyphoningus and letusknowifweneedto Please checkyourmailingdetails Resources PO Box1167,BentleyDeliveryCentre, Kensington,WA 6983 to If notclaimedwithin7days,pleasereturn (2007) news Website watch Coolatai grass( ( African boxthorn available ontheWeeds CRCwebsiteare: New weedmanagementguides other major grass ( biodiversity, provides anestimateof which potential impactsofclimatechangeon summarises informationaboutthe A Preliminary Assessment Australia's NationalReserveSystem- Implications ofClimateChangefor www.padil.gov.au/aboutOverview.aspx. fungi andbacteria.Visit marine pestsandalsodiseasessuchas provides imagesofexoticinsectand PaDIL www.fungiperth.org.au/. launched inMay. Visit website hasbeenupdatedandwas Perth UrbanBushlandFungiProject man_guides.html#biodiversity. www.weeds.crc.org.au/publications/weed_ biology andtheircontrol. Visit and theguidesdetailidentification, spp.). Theseweedsthreaten biodiversity feather andmissiongrasses( claw creeper ( monspessulana on brooms ( Printed on 100% recycled, totally chlorine free (TCF)paperusingvegetable-basedinks. totallychlorinefree Printed on100%recycled, ), Spanishheath( Erica Cenchrus ciliaris Pest andDiseasesImageLibrary spp. Comingsoonare guides Cytisus scoparius,Genista Macfadyena unguis-cati ) andrelated species,cat’s Hyparrhenia hirta Lycium ferocissimum ), periwinkle( Erica lusitanica . Thisreport Pennisetum ), buffel Vinca now ) and ) and ), with postaldetails. 3561 [email protected] Bellamy attheStateNRMOffice on9368 CD versionsare alsoavailablefrom Sarah www.nrm.wa.gov.au andhard copiesand supporting documentsare availableat The planand management. in naturalresource Australians involved for allWestern provide direction and actionsto of goals,outcomes provides avision,set comment. Theplan released forpublic Plan forWestern Australia The ations/nrs-report.html. www.climatechange.gov.au/impacts/public the DepartmentofClimateChange).Visit and theAustralianGreenhouse Office (now Environment, Water, HeritageandtheArts) Australia (nowintheDepartmentof CSIRO SustainableEcosystemsforParks National ReserveSystem.Prepared by strategic frameworkusedtodevelopthe management ofprotected areas andthe implications forconservationpolicy, different regions, anddiscusseskey impacts mightbemore importantin A NaturalResourceManagement Winter UT 6000 AUST. POSTAGE PERTH WEST. PAID has been 2008
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