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Comparative Efficacy of Residual Insecticides Against the Turkestan Cockroach, Blatta Lateralis

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Comparative Efficacy of Residual Insecticides Against the Turkestan Cockroach, Blatta Lateralis insects Article Comparative Efficacy of Residual Insecticides against the Turkestan Cockroach, Blatta lateralis, (Blattodea: Blattidae) on Different Substrates Sudip Gaire 1 and Alvaro Romero 2,* 1 Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-575-646-5550 Received: 19 June 2020; Accepted: 24 July 2020; Published: 28 July 2020 Abstract: The Turkestan cockroach, Blatta lateralis (Walker) is an invasive urban pest prevalent throughout the Southwestern United States. Despite the presence of this cockroach in peridomestic areas, there is limited information on strategies that can be utilized by pest management professionals (PMPs) to effectively manage populations of this pest. We evaluated the efficacy of dry residues of liquid insecticides commonly used for household and structural insect pest control: Tandem (0.10% thiamethoxam, 0.03% lambda-cyhalothrin), Transport GHP (0.05% acetamiprid, 0.06% bifenthrin), Temprid SC (0.10% imidacloprid, 0.05% beta-cyfluthrin), Demand CS (0.06% lambda-cyhalothrin), Talstar P (0.06% bifenthrin), and Phantom (0.5% chlorfenapyr) on three different substrates against Turkestan cockroach nymphs. Except for Phantom and Talstar P, all insecticide formulations killed 100% of the cockroaches on concrete, 89–100% on tile, and 77–100% on wood within 4 days. The rate of cockroach mortality varied according to the substrates to which they were exposed. Temprid SC and Transport GHP killed cockroaches faster on tile than wood. Tandem provided a faster mortality rate than Transport GHP and Temprid SC on concrete. Demand CS and Tandem killed cockroaches at similar rates on the three substrates. This study provides information to guide PMPs in their selection of insecticide formulations for the management of Turkestan cockroach infestations. Keywords: peridomestic cockroach; invasive urban pest; insecticide efficacy; dry residues; substrate type 1. Introduction The Turkestan cockroach, Blatta lateralis (Walker) (Blattodea: Blattidae) is a peridomestic cockroach that inhabits arid and semi-arid areas of the world. It is native to Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Southern Russia, and some parts of Africa [1–3]. In the last few decades, this cockroach species has expanded from their native range to other Asiatic countries and other continents [4]. In the United States, Turkestan cockroaches were first detected in 1978 at a military base in Lathrop, California, and it is believed that initial infestation occurred when military equipment was brought back from Middle East and Asian military bases [5]. Since then, infestations of this cockroach have established in desert regions of most other southern states, such as Arizona [6], New Mexico [7], Texas [8], and Georgia [9]. Anecdotal accounts by extension entomologists and pest management professionals (PMPs) indicate that Turkestan cockroaches are the most common outdoor cockroach species in many urban areas in the Southwestern United States. In Southern California, the Turkestan cockroach is a prevalent outdoor nuisance pest occupying similar habitats to that of the Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis, L.) [10]. Recent studies suggested that Oriental cockroaches are being displaced as major outdoor pests Insects 2020, 11, 477; doi:10.3390/insects11080477 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects Insects 2020, 11, x 2 of 10 prevalentInsects 2020, 11outdoor, 477 nuisance pest occupying similar habitats to that of the Oriental cockroach (Blatta2 of 9 orientalis, L.) [10]. Recent studies suggested that Oriental cockroaches are being displaced as major outdoor pests in this area due to the faster development and reproduction of Turkestan cockroaches [11].in this A arearising due concern to the is faster the expansion development of Turkestan and reproduction cockroaches of Turkestan to areas cockroachesoutside the southwestern [11]. A rising Unitedconcern States is the through expansion pet of stores Turkestan selling cockroaches them as a feeder to areas species outside [11]. the The southwestern spread of the United Turkestan States cockroachthrough pet may stores also selling facilitate them the as co a feeder‐introduction species [of11 the]. The invasive spread Herpomyces of the Turkestan fungi cockroach that naturally may alsolive onfacilitate the cockroaches the co-introduction and cause of plant the invasivediseases [12].Herpomyces fungi that naturally live on the cockroaches andTurkestan cause plant cockroaches diseases [12 ].live in outdoor areas that offer shelter (e.g., most crevices around structures,Turkestan sewer cockroaches system, livemanholes, in outdoor crawlspaces, areas that oetc.),ffer shelter moisture (e.g., most(e.g., creviceswater meter around boxes structures, and irrigationsewer system, boxes), manholes, and food crawlspaces, (e.g., leaf litter etc.), and moisture garbage) (e.g., (Figure water 1) [7]. meter This boxes cockroach and irrigation is also found boxes), in areasand food around (e.g., animal leaf litter barns and where garbage) there is (Figure organic1)[ matter7]. This and cockroach animal feed is also (Figure found 1). This in areas species around has theanimal potential barns whereto mechanically there is organic vector matter bacteria and such animal as feedSalmonella (Figure spp.,1). This a known species human has the and potential animal to pathogenmechanically [13,14]. vector They bacteria frequently such asestablishSalmonella harboragesspp., a knownin basements human and and crawlspaces animal pathogen and become [13,14]. occasionalThey frequently intruders establish when harborages they disperse in basements from these and harborages crawlspaces into and private become homes, occasional schools, intruders and apartmentwhen they buildings disperse from [7]. these harborages into private homes, schools, and apartment buildings [7]. Figure 1. 1. TurkestanTurkestan cockroaches cockroaches in in outdoor outdoor and and indoor indoor areas. areas. (A) ( WaterA) Water meter meter box, box, (B) manhole, (B) manhole, (C) sheep(C) sheep feed feed trough, trough, (D) (feedD) feed mill, mill, (E) sticky (E) sticky trap trap in dorms, in dorms, and and (F) kitchen (F) kitchen sink. sink. An effective effective and environmentally sustainable strategy for the management of peridomestic cockroachescockroaches isis based based on theon combinationthe combination of tactics of thattactics include that structural include exclusion,structural habitat exclusion, modification, habitat modification,and a rational and use ofa rational insecticides use throughof insecticides the application through ofthe baits application and liquid of spraysbaits and outdoors liquid directlysprays outdoorsin or near directly cockroach in harboragesor near cockroach [15–17]. Aharborages program that[15–17]. included A program different that management included strategiesdifferent managementagainst the smokybrown strategies against cockroach, the smokybrownPeriplaneta cockroach, fuliginosa (Serville), Periplaneta provided fuliginosa greater (Serville), control provided than greatertraditional control insecticidal than traditional perimeter spraysinsecticidal [15,16 ].perimeter Integrated sprays management [15,16]. programs Integrated that management incorporate programstargeted application that incorporate of insecticides targeted can application reduce human of insecticideinsecticides exposure, can reduce the deleterious human insecticide effects on exposure,non-target the organisms deleterious [18], effects and the on development non‐target organisms of insecticide [18], resistance and the indevelopment pest populations of insecticide [19]. resistanceCurrently, in pest information populations on [19]. integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling Turkestan cockroachesCurrently, is justinformation beginning on to emergeintegrated [10 ,pest20]. Laboratorymanagement and (IPM) field strategies evaluations for conducted controlling by Turkestanthe University cockroaches of California is just [10 ]beginning showed that to bait-basedemerge [10,20]. programs Laboratory can be anand eff ectivefield evaluations tool for the conductedmanagement by ofthe Turkestan University cockroaches of California in [10] environmental showed that sensitive bait‐based areas. programs Similarly, can Alkan be an eteffective al. [20] toolshowed for the that management diatomaceous of Turkestan earth (DE) cockroaches is very eff ectivein environmental when used sensitive against Turkestan areas. Similarly, cockroaches. Alkan etCurrently,there al. [20] showed is no that information diatomaceous available earth on the (DE) residual is very effect effective of insecticides when onused Turkestancockroaches. against Turkestan cockroaches.Since insecticide Currently, efficacy there can varyis no depending information on available the substrate on the [21 residual], we evaluated effect of in insecticides this study theon Turkestanmortality of cockroaches. Turkestan cockroaches Since insecticide exposed efficacy to various can insecticide vary depending formulations on the on commonsubstrate harborage [21], we evaluatedmaterials. Thein this results study from the this mortality laboratory of studyTurkestan might cockroaches help PMPs select exposed insecticide to various formulations insecticide for formulationstargeted application on common when harborage managing Turkestanmaterials. cockroachThe results
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