DOCSLIB.ORG

Climate Change Impacts on Local Community, Hussaini Gojal Gilgit- Baltistan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Climate Change impacts on local community, Hussaini Gojal Gilgit- Baltistan ALI REHMAT Hussaini Organization for Local Development (HOLD) Hussaini Gojal, Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan Hussaini Village is situated in Hunza valley, 145 km North of Gilgit and 45 km from Ali Abad in Central Hunza. Hunza River flows in to the east while the Karakoram Highway (KKH) passes to its west. Hussaini Village is situated on 74°52'23.42" East longitude and 36°25'29.14" North latitude at an altitude of 2,556 meters above sea level. South of Hussaini is Gulmit (the headquarters of Gojal magistracy - tehsil), Ghulkin is to the southwest, while Passu is in the north with famous Batura glacier. Hussaini glacier is located to the west with famous Shisper peak, 7611meters. Total Population 715 Male 353 (49%) Female 313 (44%) Household 93 Altitude 2,556m Source: Field Survey 2013 The area is prone to natural hazards i.e. glacier advancement, GLOFs. Land slide, soil erosion, climatic condition, snow avalanche, slop instability etc. through the modern technologies and applications the problems can minimized in mountainous areas. There is a disastrous situation in Hussaini village due the glacier advancement for the last many decades, resulting in much suffering of the local community Both for drinking and irrigation water, the people of Hussaini ware working on the glacier 8 to 12 hours on daily 6 Gulmurad Recengigh basis for many years now. 5 A glacier is located in the west and the Yaz Sam Khunzhrav River is flowing to the East of the village but due to lack of resources thereWater is no Channels water in the village. A drought like situation hovers on the village for many years. Aswashed the out by glacier is advancing very fast toward thethe glacier snout Khnzhrav River and KKH - located1 at a Wuch Wodz distance of some 254 meters,2 the four channels dug out from the snout of the glacierMuyona Wodz 3 have been destroyed and now the temporaryTumurben Wodz solution was obtaining insufficient4 water Past Wodz through a pipeline from the southern glacier's originated stream to the northern snout channels. There is a disastrous situation in Hussaini village in Hunza, Gilgit- Baltistan due the glacier advancement for the last many decades, resulting in much suffering of the local community both for drinking and irrigation water, the people of Hussaini are working on the glacier 8 to 12 hours on daily basis for many years now. A glacier is located in the west and the Khunjrav River is flowing to the East of the village but due to glacial fluctuation and surge there is no water in the village. A drought like situation hovers on the village for many years. As the glacier is advancing very fast toward the Khunzhrav River and KKH - located at a distance of some 254 meters, the four channels dug out from the snout of the glacier have been destroyed and now the temporary solution was obtaining insufficient water through a pipeline from the southern glacier's originated stream to the northern snout channels. Channel 4-Channels Pipelines Old Channel New Channel Source/Glacier 1 Originated stream Channels 2 Sedimentation Tank 3 Source/Glacier Originated stream Tank-2, Two Pipes Tank-1, One Pipe Yaz Sam 4 Feet Village Side Glacier Side Tunneling to protect from GLOFS HUSSAINI Vulnerable Village Town Plan Area Land Development Hunza River Shalmol/Shahbad 299 Acre Barren land 1.2 sq kms Zarabad 540 Acre 2.1 sq kms Hussaini Erosion by river 289 Acre Zarabad 1 sq kms 194 meters Proposed solution for irrigation of barren land 1st Option 2nd Option Sedimentation Tanks/Storage Water Lift Tanks pipeline from Hunza River Sprinkle System Hunza River A very visible impact of climate change is observing in Karakorum region, where the glaciers are melting very fast and GLOF events are occurring every year in the main three glaciers located along the Karakorum Highway. A community initiated project which has solved the water shortage in the village but as well as stopped the glacial lake formation and outburst at the same location. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUToiIbVVpw&feature=play er_embedded More videos: http://gulbtur.wordpress.com/projects/ THNAK YOU Ṣȟoboṣ̌ h ALI REHMAT www.holdgojal.wordpress.com .
Recommended publications
  • Cro Ssro Ads Asia

    Cro Ssro Ads Asia

    11 How migrants made their way: The role of pioneering migrants and solidarity networks of the Wakhi of Gojal (Northern Pakistan) in shaping the dynamics of rural-urban migration Andreas Benz Working Paper Series Paper Working crossroads asia crossroads ISSN 2192-6034 Bonn, July 2013 Crossroads Asia Working Papers Competence Network Crossroads Asia: Conflict – Migration – Development Editors: Ingeborg Baldauf, Stephan Conermann, Anna-Katharina Hornidge, Hermann Kreutzmann, Shahnaz Nadjmabadi, Dietrich Reetz, Conrad Schetter and Martin Sökefeld. How to cite this paper: Benz, Andreas (2013): How migrants made their way: The role of pioneering migrants and solidarity networks of the Wakhi of Gojal (Northern Pakistan) in shaping the dynamics of rural-urban migration. In: Crossroads Asia Working Paper Series, No. 11. Partners of the Network: Imprint Competence Network Crossroads Asia: Conflict – Migration – Development Project Office Center for Development Research/ZEFa Department of Political and Cultural Change University of Bonn Walter-Flex Str. 3 D-53113 Bonn Tel: + 49-228-731722 Fax: + 49-228-731972 Email: [email protected] Homepage: www.crossroads-asia.de i How migrants made their way: The role of pioneering migrants and solidarity networks of the Wakhi of Gojal (Northern Pakistan) in shaping the dynamics of rural-urban migration Andreas Benz Table of Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2. The current state
  • Identification of Glacial Flood Hazards in Karakoram Range Using Remote Sensing Technique and Risk Analysis

    Identification of Glacial Flood Hazards in Karakoram Range Using Remote Sensing Technique and Risk Analysis

    IDENTIFICATION OF GLACIAL FLOOD HAZARDS IN Arshad Ashraf*† , Rakhshan Roohi*, Rozina Naz* KARAKORAM RANGE USING REMOTE SENSING and Naveed Mustafa* TECHNIQUEAND RISK ANALYSIS ABSTRACT importance of this situation has magnified over the past decades due to increase in numbers of glacial Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) are great lakes that are formed at the glacier terminus. Thirty- hazard for the downstream communities in context of five destructive out-burst floods have been recorded changing climatic conditions in the glaciated region of for the Karakoram Range during the past two hundred Pakistan. The remote sensing data of Landsat ETM+ years (Hewitt, 1982). Some of the ice dams may have was utilized for the identification of glacial lakes been the result of glacier surges. There is susceptible to posing GLOF hazard in Karakoram unambiguous evidence of large reservoirs ponded by Range. Overall, 887 glacial lakes are identified in 18 glaciers. Kelly (1988) outlines the historical different river-basins of Karakoram Range, out of development and disappearance of Virjerab lake in which 16 lakes are characterized as potentially Hunza due to glacial motion. There occurred a series dangerous in terms of GLOF. The analysis of of GLOF events in upper Hunza valley, central community’s response to GLOF events of 2008 in the Karakoram Range, within short time periods during central Karakoram Range indicated gaps in 2008 that had a devastating effect on the nearby coordination and capacity of the local communities to communities (Roohi, Ashraf, Mustafa and Mustafa, cope with such natural hazards. A regular monitoring 2008). The people residing at considerable distances of hot spots and potential GLOF lakes along with downstream from the unstable lakes are facing a capacity-building of local communities and institutions serious threat to their lives and property.
  • Gilgit- Baltistan)

    Gilgit- Baltistan)

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Florence Research Naveiñ Reet: Nordic Journal of Law and Social Research (NNJLSR) No.8 2018, pp. 77-100 Civil Society and Governance in Gojal (Gilgit- Baltistan) Fazal Amin Beg 1 and Zoran Lapov 2 Abstract Focusing on both soft and hard development, Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) reached Gilgit-Baltistan and neighbouring Chitral (northern Pakistan) in 1982. In a short span of time, more than 4,500 community associations, namely village and women’s organisations (VWOs), were formed throughout the Region, introducing the local population to democratic governance grounded in civil society-based system. The phenomenon brought about producing significant public and agricultural infrastructures in less than 15 years. As a result, AKRSP turned into a laboratory and model of rural development for many South Asian realities. Underpinned by a qualitative case study and relevant literature review, the present research addresses the process of civil society construction in Gojal (sub-district of Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan), including the role and engagement of AKRSP: introduced by depicting the scheme of traditional social institutions in front of novel patterns of social organisation, the paper delves into the emergence of – formal and informal – civil society organisations (CSOs) in the form of local support organisations (LSOs) as federations of VWOs and related networks, whose establishment in Gilgit-Baltistan (as well as in Chitral) is a recent phenomenon dating back to the mid-2000s. 1 Fazal Amin Beg, the main author of the paper, has academic background in Sociocultural anthropology, and Farsi literature.
  • Open Access Journal Home Page: ISSN: 2223-957X

    Open Access Journal Home Page: ISSN: 2223-957X

    Int. J. Econ. Environ. Geol. Vol. Alam10 (4 et) 25al.- 29 /Int.J.Econ.Environ.Geol.Vol., 2019 10(4) 25-29, 2019 Open Access Journal home page: www.econ-environ-geol.org ISSN: 2223-957X c The Process Designing of Gold Extraction from Placers of Passu to Shimshal (Hunza Valley) Gilgit-Baltistan by Mercury Amalgamation and Cyanidation Leached Method Muhammad Alam1, Javed Akhter Qureshi2*, Garee Khan2, Manzoor Ali3, Naeem Abbas4, Sher Sultan2, Asghar Khan,2 Yasmeen Bano5 Government Degree College Gilgit,1 Department of Earth Sciences,2 Department of Physics,3 Department of Mining Engineering,4 Department of Mathematical Sciences,5 Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan *E mail: [email protected] Received: 22 October, 2019 Accepted: 03 January, 2020 Abstract: Gold wash through panning or washing in the fluvial sediments or sands is done on the river banks in Skardu, Hunza and other places. The method of gold washing is very crude, primitive and most of the gold is washed away back into the river. The current study mainly focused on extraction of placer gold deposits. Pneumatic machines from Passu to Shimshal (Hunza valley) Gilgit-Baltistan. The mercury amalgamation and cyanide leached methods have been used for placer gold deposits extraction from the concentrate obtained from shaking table. The amount of gold recovered from amalgamation method with mercury was 30.9%. The alloyed gold with other metals, gold dust, and fine gold was recovered by chemical process. The reagent consumption, i.e. 1.4 kg/ton of NACN and 6 Kg / ton of CaO were used for extraction of placer gold deposits.
  • Horizons of CPEC in Gilgit-Baltistan. 6Th and 7Th August, Passu Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan Conference Report

    Horizons of CPEC in Gilgit-Baltistan. 6Th and 7Th August, Passu Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan Conference Report

    Negotiating Change for Sustainability: Horizons of CPEC in Gilgit-Baltistan. 6th and 7th August, Passu Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan Conference Report Aga Khan Rural Support Programme Negotiating Change for Sustainability: Horizons of CPEC in Gilgit-Baltistan Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) Baber Road, P.O. Box 506, Gilgit Gilgit-Baltistan, PaKistan Phone: (+92-5811) 52480/52910/52679 Fax: (+92-5811) 54175 Rapporteurs: Anees Abbas and Sumaira Editor: Aziz Ali Dad AKRSP@2017 1 | Page Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 4 ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................ 5 EXCUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 7 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 10 1.1-OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2-STRUCTURE OF THE CONVENTION ............................................................................................. 10 2-INAUAGURAL SESSION ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 WELCOME SPEECH ................................................................................................................................
  • Passupassu Passu

    Passupassu Passu

    NWFP Wildlife Department Government of NWFP NA Forestry, Parks and Wildlife Department NA Administration PASSUPASSUPASSUPASSU MagnificentPASSU Glaciers & Mighty Peaks Rock flutes near Fatima Hil © all photographs Matthieu Paley p12 PASSU IS MAGNIFICENTLY SITUATED, IN A COUNTRY WHERE NATURE HAS DESIGNED EVERYTHING ON A NOBLE AND LAVISH SCALE. “Col. R. C. F. Schomberg, “Between the Oxus and the Indus” ” all maps by Mareile Paley. Created with the help of WWF GIS-Lab, ESRI and ERDAS imagine all maps by Mareile Paley. PASSU FACTS location Gojal, Upper Hunza, on the Karakoram Highway main settlements Passu, Janabad public transport any transport on Karakoram Highway going between Aliabad and Sost accommodation several small guesthouses in Passu, guesthouses and hotels in Janabad supplies best to buy all your trekking food in Sost, Aliabad or Gilgit population 98 households, 880 people indigenous language Wakhi indigenous wildlife snow leopard, Himalayan ibex, red fox, wolf, Himalayan snow cock, rock partridge common plant species juniper, willow, poplar, wild roses, seabuckthorn View of Passu from Avdegar INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION With the completion of the Karakoram Highway (KKH) in 1978, the previously inaccessible maze of high mountains, glaciers and hidden valleys which make up the Karakoram Range, suddenly opened its doors to the world. An area of unspoiled mountain beauty with rugged glaciers, unclimbed peaks and pristine wildlife, Gojal, the region north of Hunza, has since become a popular spot for ecotourism. The sun-drenched summits Passu village with its small rural Wakhi community lays in the heart of Gojal. Passu’s idyllic Despite its popularity as a opposite Passu are commonly trekking destination, Passu known as the Cathedral Peaks.
  • Tntroduction to the Geological Map of the North Karakorum Terrain from the Chapursan Valley to the Shimshal Pass 1:150.000 Scale

    Tntroduction to the Geological Map of the North Karakorum Terrain from the Chapursan Valley to the Shimshal Pass 1:150.000 Scale

    Riv. It. Paleont. Strat. v. 100 n. 1 pp. 725-736 Giugno 1994 TNTRODUCTION TO THE GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE NORTH KARAKORUM TERRAIN FROM THE CHAPURSAN VALLEY TO THE SHIMSHAL PASS 1:150.000 SCALE ANDREA ZANCHI * & MAURZIO GAETANI * *, + * with contributioru from Lucia Angiolini Frangois Debon ", Flavio Jadoul & Alda Nicora Key-zoords: Geological map, Karakorum, Pakistan. Riass*nto. Questa nota introduce una nuova carta geologica a scala 1:150.000, allegata al presente articolo. L'area cartografata include un vasto settore dell'alta valle di Hunza (Karakorum, Pakistan), situato a N del Batolite Assiale del Karakorum e comprendente la copertura sedimentaria del Karakorum, l'età della quale è compresa tra il Permiano e il Cretacico superiore. Sono state riconosciute 4 grandi unità strutturali, che risultano dislocate in modo complesso durante eventi orogenetici polifasici, anivi dal Cretaceo sino a tutto il Cenozoico, in conseguenza delle successive collisioni contro il margine asiatico dell'Arco del Kohistan prima e della Placca Indiana poi. La cartografia presentata, pur avendo un marcato carattere stratigrafico-strut- turale, tiene conto, a grandi linee, anche della distribuzione dei depositi quaternari. Abstract. These notes introduce a new geological map at 1:150,000 scale of a large part of the Upper Hunza valley (Karakorum, Pakistan). The mapped area includes the Permian to Cretaceous sedimentary cover of the Karakorum, which is located north of the Karakorum Axial Batholith. The rnapped sedimentary and intrusive complexes form four major tectonic units, stacked in a very complex system, due to polyphase events, spanning from Cretaceous to Cenozoic. These even6 are linked to repeated collisions against the Asian margin of the Kohistan Arc during the Cretaceous and of the Indian Plate during the Cenozoic.
  • Pakistan: Hunza Landslides and Floods

    Pakistan: Hunza Landslides and Floods

    DREF operation n° MDRPK004 Pakistan: GLIDE n° LS-2010-000004-PAK Operation Update 1 Hunza landslides 15 June 2010 and floods The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC) Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) is a source of un-earmarked money created by the Federation in 1985 to ensure that immediate financial support is available for Red Cross and Red Crescent emergency response. The DREF is a vital part of the International Federation’s disaster response system and increases the ability of National Societies to respond to disasters. Period covered by this update: 6 June to 11 June 2010 History: • On 5 June 2010, CHF 187,128 (USD 162,160 or EUR 132,492) was allocated from the International Federation’s Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) to support the Pakistan Red Crescent Society (PRCS) in delivering immediate assistance to 14,700 beneficiaries. Unearmarked funds to repay DREF are encouraged. Summary: Massive landslides hit Hunza (Gilgit Baltistan) on 4 January 2010, sliding two villages into the Hunza river. This resulted in the blockage of the river and the Karakorum highway, thereby damming up the area. The situation deteriorated during the second half of May as the monsoon season started and temperatures increased, which resulted in further rise of the water level in the dam. According to the latest updates made available during the general coordination meeting organized by UNOCHA, as of 10 June, over 27,600 people have been internally displaced and they are living in more than 24 different camps as well as with host families. PRCS response team arriving in Hunza.
  • Brief Description of the Northern Areas

    Brief Description of the Northern Areas

    he designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do T not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by: IUCN Pakistan. Copyright: ©2003 Government of Pakistan, Northern Areas Administration and IUCN–The World Conservation Union. Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior permission from the copyright holders, providing the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of the publication for resale or for other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holders. Citation: Government of Pakistan and IUCN, 2003. Northern Areas State of Environment and Development. IUCN Pakistan, Karachi. xlvii+301 pp. Compiled by: Scott Perkin Resource person: Hamid Sarfraz ISBN: 969-8141-60-X Cover & layout design: Creative Unit (Pvt.) Ltd. Cover photographs: Gilgit Colour Lab, Hamid Sarfraz, Khushal Habibi, Serendip and WWF-Pakistan. Printed by: Yaqeen Art Press Available from: IUCN–The World Conservation Union 1 Bath Island Road, Karachi Tel.: 92 21 - 5861540/41/42 Fax: 92 21 - 5861448, 5835760 Website: www.northernareas.gov.pk/nassd N O RT H E R N A R E A S State of Environment & Development Co n t e n t s Acronyms and Abbreviations vi Glossary
  • A Late Quaternary Catastrophic Flood in the Lahul Himalayas

    A Late Quaternary Catastrophic Flood in the Lahul Himalayas

    JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE (1996) 11 (6)495-510 CCC 0267-8179/96/060495-16 0 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. A Late Quaternary catastrophic flood in the Lahul Himalayas PETER COXON Department of Geography, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland LEWIS A. OWEN Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 OEX, England WISHART A. MITCHELL School of Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Luton, Luton LU1 3JU, England Coxon, P., Owen, L.A. and Mitchell, W.A. 1996. A Late Quaternary catastrophic flood in the Lahul Himalayas. Journal of Quaternary Science, Vol. 11, pp. 495-51 0. ISSN 0267-8179 Received 6 March 1996 Accepted 8 May 1996 ABSTRACT: Impressive flood deposits are described resulting from a catastrophic lake outburst in the Upper Chandra valley in the Lahul Himalaya, northern India. Reconstructions of the former glacial lake, Glacial Lake Batal, and the discharges were undertaken using landforms and sediment data. The glacial dam burst released 1.496 km3 of water in 0.72 days, with peak discharges of between 21 000 and 27000 m3 s-' at Batal. Dating by OSL suggests the flood occurred ca. 36.9 If: 8.4 to 43.4 2 10.3 ka ago. This cataclysmic flood was responsible for major resedimentation and landscape modification within the Chandra valley. Journal of Quaternary Suence KEYWORDS: Himalayas; high-magnitude flood event; northern India; glacial lake outburst; glacial geomorphology. Introduction The study area The flood deposits occur as extensive but discontinuous Catastrophic outbursts of glacial lakes in the Himalayas have sheets of bouldery diamicton between Batal and Chhatiru been described by several authors (Mason 1929, 1930; in the upper Chandra valley (Fig.
  • Glaciers in Pakistan | World General Knowledge

    Glaciers in Pakistan | World General Knowledge

    Glaciers in Pakistan | World General Knowledge With 7,253 known glaciers, including 543 in the Chitral Valley, there is more glacial ice in Pakistan than anywhere on Earth outside the polar regions, according to various studies. Those glaciers feed rivers that account for about 75 percent of the stored-water supply in the country of at least 200 million. But as in many other parts of the world, researchers say, Pakistan’s glaciers are receding, especially those at lower elevations, including here in the Hindu Kush mountain range in northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Among the causes cited by scientists: diminished snowfall, higher temperatures, heavier summer rainstorms and rampant deforestation. 1) Baltoro Glacier The glacier at 63km in length is one of the largest land glaciers on Earth. It can be accessed through Gilgit-Baltistan region. The glacier gives rise to the Shigar River. 2) Batura Glacier At 53 km in length, the Batura Glacier is up there with the biggest in the world. It lies in the Batura Valley in the Gojal region of Gilgit Baltistan. 3) Biafo Glacier The Biago Glacier is 67kms long and the third biggest land glacier in the entire world. Mango, Baintha and Namla are campsites set up near the glacier and can be accessed through the Askole Village of Gilgit-Baltistan. 4) Panmah Glacier Located in the Central Karakoram National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, 5) Rupal Glacier It is the source of the Rupal River and lies in the Great Himalayas. It is South of the Nanga Parbat and North of Laila Peak. Downloaded from www.csstimes.pk | 1 Glaciers in Pakistan | World General Knowledge 6) Sarpo Laggo The glacier flows from Pakistan to China just north of the Baltoro Muztagh Range.
  • Eprofmediafile 417.Pdf

    Eprofmediafile 417.Pdf

    Timing of multiple late Quaternary glaciations in the Hunza Valley, Karakoram Mountains, northern Pakistan: De®ned by cosmogenic radionuclide dating of moraines Lewis A. Owen* Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0423, USA Robert C. Finkel Marc W. Caffee² Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA Lyn Gualtieri Quaternary Research Center, Box 351360, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1360, USA ABSTRACT Mountains, southwest Asian summer monsoon, through its control on the moisture monsoon. ¯ux, is the primary agent regulating glaciation Moraines and associated landforms in on the plateau and in its bordering mountain the upper Hunza Valley, Karakoram INTRODUCTION ranges. Mountains, northern Pakistan, provide an The moraine successions in the glaciated valleys along the entire length of the Trans- excellent record of multiple glaciations. The geologic archive attests to numerous During the late Quaternary, glaciers ad- changes in climate (Bradley, 1999; Lowe and Himalayan mountain belt record changes of vanced at least eight times. By using 10Be Walker, 1997). Global climate can be read in moisture and temperature, and therefore mon- and 26Al surface-exposure dating on mo- marine sediments and polar ice cores (Brad- soon variability, for at least the last two glacial raine boulders and scoured bedrock, we de- ley, 1999; Lowe and Walker, 1997). Regional cycles. Earlier studies suggested that glacia- termined the timing of glaciation for four climate changes are evidenced in many forms. tions may have been asynchronous in different of these glacial advances: ca. 54.7±43.2 ka In mountain areas, these changes are recorded parts of the Himalaya and with global glaci- (Borit Jheel glacial stage), ca.