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Documento Completo Descargar Archivo UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN SECRETARÍA DE POSGRADO Itinerarios de Althusser en Argentina: marxismo, comunismo, psicoanálisis (1965-1976) Marcelo Starcenbaum Tesis para optar por el grado de Doctor en Historia Director: Aníbal Viguera (UNLP) Codirector: Jorge Cernadas (UBA/UNGS/UNLP) La Plata, Diciembre de 2016 1 Índice Introducción……………..………………………………………………………………….. 12 Capítulo 1. Althusser en Argentina: cuestiones de orden teórico y metodológico……………………………………………………………………………..… 22 1.1. El althusserianismo como objeto político-intelectual 1.2. Althusser y sus mediadores latinoamericanos: Régis Debray y Marta Harnecker 1.3. Entre La Habana y Santiago de Chile: itinerarios de Althusser en América Latina 1.4. Althusser en Argentina: de los relatos canónicos a las indagaciones contemporáneas 1.5. Historia intelectual y recepción de ideas Capítulo 2. De la desestalinización a la lucha armada: Althusser y los comunistas argentinos…………………………………………………………………………………… 75 2.1. Introducción 2.2. La necesidad de la teoría: lucha política y lucha teórica en la recuperación revolucionaria del PCA 2.3. Insurrección o guerrilla: el marxismo althusseriano y el debate acerca de la lucha armada 2.4. Organigramas para la revolución: althusserianismo y lucha armada en el nacimiento del PCR 2.5. El giro maoísta: antirrevisionismo y antialthusserianismo en el PCR 2.6. En defensa del marxismo-leninismo: los intelectuales comunistas y la modernización del marxismo 2.7. La teoría enloquecida: el maoísmo francés visto por los comunistas argentinos 2.8. Las ambivalencias del Marx estructural: lecturas de Althusser en Cuadernos de Cultura 2.9. Contra la finalización del marxismo: Abel García Barceló y las lecturas de Althusser en la década de 1970 2.10. A modo de cierre Capítulo 3. Entre el estructuralismo y el maoísmo: el Althusser de Los Libros………………………………………………………………………………………. 138 2 3.1. Introducción 3.2. El paradigma estructural: crítica y crítica de la crítica 3.3. El dispositivo althusseriano: sociología, ciencia, filosofía, política 3.4. ¿Qué es el estructuralismo? Difusión y control de un programa renovador de las ciencias humanas 3.5. Una crítica política de la cultura: Mao y Althusser 3.6. El aparato ideológico escolar: ideología y educación en Argentina 3.7. La interferencia cultural: del Gramsci althusseriano al potencial de la cultura popular 3.8. A modo de cierre Capítulo 4. Más allá del principio de exclusión: el Althusser de Pasado y Presente………………………………………………………………………………........ 217 4.1. Introducción 4.2. Althusser y Gramsci en América Latina: límites de una historización 4.3. La reflexión del hombre sobre el hombre: un marxismo humanista e historicista para la cultura argentina 4.4. Las tensiones de la modernización: marxismo y estructuralismo 4.5. Los cuadernos althusserianos 4.5.1. La parcialidad del pensador francés: primeras lecturas de Althusser 4.5.2. ¿Gramscianos vergonzantes? Althusser y las posibilidades de una lectura renovada de Gramsci 4.5.3. Gramsci o Althusser, una falsa disyuntiva. El debate en torno al concepto de formación económico-social 4.5.4. La revolución que tuvo lugar: Nicos Poulantzas entre el historicismo y el estructuralismo 4.6. Partir de la fábrica: intelectuales y partido en la conformación de una fuerza revolucionaria 4.7. Una diferencia necesaria: estado, política e ideología entre Gramsci y Althusser 4.8. A modo de cierre Capítulo 5. Entre Lacan y el freudomarxismo: el Althusser de los psicoanalistas argentinos………………………………………………………………………………….. 280 5.1. Introducción 5.2. 1965, annus mirabilis 3 5.3. El momento fenomenológico: marxismo, fenomenología y estructuralismo en los tempranos 1960 5.4. El desplazamiento estructural: entre el saber marxista y la práctica teórica 5.5. Leer a Freud: marxismo, estructuralismo y psicoanálisis 5.6. La mediación althusseriana: lecturas de Lacan en la década de 1970 5.7. La veta freudomarxista: marxismo y psicoanálisis en la crisis de la APA 5.8. Althusser sin Lacan: la singularidad de una lectura 5.9. Entre el lacanismo y el freudomarxismo: el Althusser de Gregorio Baremblitt 5.10. Un marxismo sin sujeto: el antialthusserianismo de León Rozitchner 5.11. Althusser con Lacan: disputas en torno a una apropiación 5.12. A modo de cierre Capítulo 6. Hacia la fundación científica de la psicología: Carlos Sastre y Roberto Harari lectores de Althusser……………………………………………………….…… 344 6.1. Introducción 6.2. Un pensamiento falso: la polémica Carlos Sastre-Hernán Kesselman 6.3. El despertar de un sueño: Althusser contra la psicología de la conducta, el hombre alienado y la antipsiquiatría 6.4. La psicología, red ideológica: ciencia e ideología en la conformación de un campo profesional 6.5. Confusiones epistemológicas: las polémicas de Roberto Harari con Juana Danis, Hernán Kesselman y Antonio Caparrós 6.6. Realismo, abstracción y formalismo: crítica de la psicología de la conducta y fundación científica de la disciplina 6.7. Althusser en la villa: ideología y reproducción en comunidades marginales 6.8. A modo de cierre Consideraciones finales………………………………………………………………… 402 Apéndice de imágenes…………………………………………………………………... 414 Bibliografía………………………………………………………………………………… 429 4 Siglas utilizadas AIE Aparato Ideológico de Estado API Asociación Psicoanalítica Internacional APA Asociación Psicoanalítica Argentina CC Comité Central CNRR Comité Nacional de Recuperación Revolucionaria CTERA Confederación de Trabajadores de la Educación de la República Argentina ENS École Normale Supérieure FAL Fuerzas Argentinas de Liberación FAP Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas FAR Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias FJC Federación Juvenil Comunista FREJULI Frente Justicialista de Liberación GAN Gran Acuerdo Nacional IMEC Institut Mémoires de l’édition contemporaine OSPAAL Organización de Solidaridad de los pueblos de Africa y América Latina PCA Partido Comunista Argentino PCF Partido Comunista Francés PCI Partido Comunista Italiano PCR Partido Comunista Revolucionario PCCh Partido Comunista Chino PRT Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores RCPCh Revolución Cultural Proletaria China SFP Sociedad Francesa de Psicoanálisis SMATA Sindicato de Mecánicos y Afines del Transporte de la República Argentina UMSNH Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo UNAM Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México VC Vanguardia Comunista 5 Índice del Apéndice de imágenes Imagen 1: Tapa de García Barceló, Abel. Hegel y la dialéctica científica de Marx. Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Marxistas-Leninistas Victorio Codovilla, 1971. Imagen 2: Diagrama inserto en García Barceló, Abel. Hegel y la dialéctica científica de Marx. Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Marxistas-Leninistas Victorio Codovilla, 1971. Imagen 3: Diagrama inserto en García Barceló, Abel. Hegel y la dialéctica científica. Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Marxistas-Leninistas Victorio Codovilla, 1971. Imagen 4: Tapa del número 4 de Los Libros. Un mes de publicaciones en Argentina y el mundo (octubre de 1969). Imagen 5: Tapa del número 25 de Los Libros. Para una crítica política de la cultura (marzo de 1972). Imagen 6: Tapa del número 31 de Los Libros. Para una crítica política de la cultura (agosto-septiembre de 1973). Imagen 7: Tapa del número 36 de Los Libros. Para una crítica política de la cultura (agosto de 1974). Imagen 8: Tapa del Cuaderno de Pasado y Presente número 4; Althusser, Louis. La filosofía como arma de la revolución. Córdoba, Pasado y Presente, 1968. Imagen 9: Tapa del Cuaderno de Pasado y Presente número 48; Poulantzas, Nicos. Hegemonía y dominación en el Estado moderno. Córdoba, Pasado y Presente, 1973. Imagen 10: Tapa de Masotta, Oscar. Introducción a la lectura de Jacques Lacan. Buenos Aires, Proteo, 1970. 6 Imagen 11: Tapa de Masotta, Oscar. Ensayos lacanianos. Barcelona, Anagrama, 1976. Imagen 12: Tapa de Baremblitt, Gregorio y otros. El concepto de realidad en psicoanálisis. Buenos Aires, Socioanálisis, 1974. Imagen 13: Tapa de Rozitchner, León. Freud y los límites del individualismo burgués. Buenos Aires, Siglo XXI, 1972. Imagen 14: Tapa de Sastre, Carlos. La psicología, red ideológica. Buenos Aires, Tiempo Contemporáneo, 1975. Imagen 15: Tapa de Harari, Roberto (comp.). Teoría y técnica psicológica de comunidades marginales. Buenos Aires, Nueva Visión, 1974. 7 Sobre las citas y las traducciones A menos que se indique lo contrario, todas las traducciones son nuestras. A los fines de facilitar la lectura, hemos optado por reproducir en primer lugar la versión castellana de los pasajes citados. A continuación de cada traducción o en nota al pie, según corresponda, reproducimos el texto en su idioma original. A menos que se indique lo contrario, las citas son fieles del texto original. Con excepción de algunos resaltados nuestros, que se encuentran debidamente señalados, los subrayados, las negritas, las cursivas y las mayúsculas pertenecen a las versiones originales de los textos. 8 Agradecimientos La realización de esta tesis hubiese resultado imposible de no contar con la ayuda de un conjunto de personas e instituciones que contribuyeron de distintos modos a lo largo de estos años. Ana Julia Ramírez estuvo en los inicios alentando el camino de la investigación y brindando consejos que resultaron fundamentales para la delimitación del objeto de estudio. Aníbal Viguera y Jorge Cernadas en su calidad de directores contribuyeron con lecturas y consejos a lo largo de todo el recorrido que culminó con la presentación de la tesis. El CONICET me otorgó una beca doctoral que me permitió dedicarme exclusivamente
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