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Leading-Edge Developments in Tourism Ict and Related Underlying Technologies

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Leading-Edge Developments in Tourism Ict and Related Underlying Technologies LEADING-EDGE DEVELOPMENTS IN TOURISM ICT AND RELATED UNDERLYING TECHNOLOGIES Nalin Sharda, Mladen Georgievski, Imran Ahmed, Leisa J. Armstrong, Mark Brogan, Andrew Woodward, Gurpreet Kohli and Martha Clark RELATED UNDERLYING TECHNOLOGIES Technical Reports The technical reports present data and its analysis, meta-studies and conceptual studies, and are considered to be of value to industry, government or other researchers. Unlike the STCRC’s Monograph series, these reports have not been subjected to an external peer review process. As such, the scientific accuracy and merit of the research reported here is the responsibility of the authors, who should be contacted for clarification of any content. Author contact details are at the back of this report. Editors Prof Chris Cooper University of Queensland Editor-in-Chief Prof Terry De Lacy Sustainable Tourism CRC Chief Executive Prof Leo Jago Sustainable Tourism CRC Director of Research National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication Data Leading-edge developments in tourism ICT and related underlying technologies : key findings and future research directions. Bibliography. ISBN 1 920704 84 1. 1. Tourism - Data processing. 2. Tourism – Technological innovations. I. Sharda, Nalin. II. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism. 338.47910285 Copyright © CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd 2006 All rights reserved. Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher. Any enquiries should be directed to Brad Cox, Director of Communications [[email protected]] or Trish O’Connor, Publishing Manager [[email protected]]. Acknowledgements The Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre, an Australian Government initiative, funded this research. Support from staff of the following organisations is also acknowledged: • Victoria University • Edith Cowan University ii LEADING-EDGE DEVELOPMENTS IN TOURISM ICT AND CONTENTS SUMMARY____________________________________________________________________________ VI CHAPTER 1 INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS ___________________________________________________ 1 WEB-BASED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (WISES) _________________________________________________ 1 FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS ___________________________________________________________ 1 PAPER 1 – ONTOLOGY BASED INTELLIGENT TOURISM INFORMATION SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS_____________________________________________ 2 Abstract _________________________________________________________________________ 2 Introduction ______________________________________________________________________ 2 Ontology Fundamentals _____________________________________________________________ 2 Selecting Protégé 2000______________________________________________________________ 5 Need Of Tourism Ontology___________________________________________________________ 7 Applications Of Tourism Ontology_____________________________________________________ 8 FUTURE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES ________________________________________________________ 9 Tourism Recommender System________________________________________________________ 9 Ontology-Based Intelligent Search Engines______________________________________________ 9 CONCLUSIONS _________________________________________________________________________ 9 CHAPTER 2 LOCATION-BASED SYSTEMS ______________________________________________ 10 MOBILE APPLICATIONS AND LOCATION-BASED SERVICES ______________________________________ 10 BENCHMARK PROJECTS _________________________________________________________________ 10 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS_______________________________________________________________ 10 FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS __________________________________________________________ 10 PAPER 2 – LOCATION BASED SERVICES AND MOBILE APPLICATIONS ______________________________ 11 Summary________________________________________________________________________ 11 Literature Summary _______________________________________________________________ 11 Discussion of Technology Issues (Maturity, Barriers And Drivers)___________________________ 12 Business Models and Applications (Tourism) ___________________________________________ 15 Technical Drivers_________________________________________________________________ 15 Case studies for push-based mobile devices_____________________________________________ 17 Research Directions _______________________________________________________________ 21 CHAPTER 3 LEADING-EDGE ICT: TOURISM PORTALS __________________________________ 22 PORTAL TECHNOLOGY IN TOURISM ________________________________________________________ 22 FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS __________________________________________________________ 23 PAPER 3 – LEADING-EDGE ICT: PORTALS AND DIRECTORIES ____________________________________ 23 Background _____________________________________________________________________ 23 First-generation Tourism ICT _______________________________________________________ 24 First and Second Generation Web-Enabled Portals ______________________________________ 25 Leading-Edge ICT in Tourism: Third- and Fourth-Generation Portals _______________________ 26 Literature Review (Case Studies, Maturity, Barriers And Drivers) ___________________________ 26 Conclusion ______________________________________________________________________ 38 Recommendations for Priorities in the Conduct of Research into Leading-Edge Portal Technologies 39 CHAPTER 4 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES _______________________________________________ 41 AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES______________________________________________________________ 41 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS_______________________________________________________________ 41 FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS __________________________________________________________ 41 PAPER 4 – WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES ______________________________________________________ 42 Review of Available Technologies ____________________________________________________ 42 Mobile Phones ___________________________________________________________________ 42 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANS) _______________________________________________ 43 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (Wmans) _________________________________________ 44 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) ________________________________________________ 45 Global Positioning System (GPS) ____________________________________________________ 46 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS_______________________________________________________________ 46 Priority Research Directions ________________________________________________________ 47 iii RELATED UNDERLYING TECHNOLOGIES CHAPTER 5 USABILITY ENGINEERING FOR ICT TOURISM SYSTEMS ____________________ 48 PAPER 5 – RE-ENGINEERING THE USABILITY TESTING PROCESS FOR LIVE MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS________ 49 Abstract ________________________________________________________________________ 49 Introduction _____________________________________________________________________ 49 Overview of Usability Testing _______________________________________________________ 49 Overview of Our QoS Research ______________________________________________________ 50 Traditional Usability Testing Process _________________________________________________ 50 Re-Engineered Usability Testing Process ______________________________________________ 52 Conclusion ______________________________________________________________________ 55 Further Work ____________________________________________________________________ 56 PAPER 6 – DEVELOPING USABILITY TESTING SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES FOR MOBILE TOURISM SERVICES 56 Abstract ________________________________________________________________________ 56 Introduction _____________________________________________________________________ 56 Mobile Tourism Systems and Services _________________________________________________ 56 Usability Testing Procedures ________________________________________________________ 58 Usability Testing Environment Architectures____________________________________________ 60 Mobile Usability Testing (MUST) ____________________________________________________ 61 Synchronisation of Duties __________________________________________________________ 61 Data Collection and Backup Procedures _______________________________________________ 63 Conclusions and Future Work _______________________________________________________ 64 CHAPTER 6 FUTURE RESEARCH/DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ___________________________ 65 DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUSTRALIAN TOURISM ONTOLOGY (AUTO) _______________________________ 65 DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE LOCATION-BASED SYSTEMS ________________________________________ 65 DEVELOPMENT OF A TOURISM INTERACTION USABILITY ENGINEERING RESOURCE KIT ________________ 65 APPENDIX A: WORKSHOP PRESENTATIONS ____________________________________________ 66 APPENDIX B: INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS _________________________________________________ 83 REFERENCES _________________________________________________________________________ 87 AUTHORS ____________________________________________________________________________ 90 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Ontology As The Core Of Intelligent Systems ___________________________________________ 3 Figure 2: Methodology To Develop Ontology ___________________________________________________ 4 Figure 3: A Conceptual View Of A Protégé–Based Ontology ______________________________________ 6 Figure 4: A Screen Shot Of A Prototype Tourism Ontology
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