DOCSLIB.ORG

Temporal Distribution of Malaria Vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) Across

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Temporal Distribution of Malaria Vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) Across Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (2011)498-504 498 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtm Document heading doi: Spatio-temporal distribution of malaria vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) across different climatic zones of Iran Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd1*, Shahyad Azari-Hamidian2, Hassan Vatandoost1, Zabihollah Charrahy3 1Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran 3Department of Education, Jehad-e-Daneshgahi of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Malaria is a main vector-borne public health problem in Iran. The last studies on Iranian Received 12 January 2011 Anopheles mosquitoes show 31 species including different sibling species and genotypes, eight of Received in revised form 11 March 2011 them are reported to play role in malaria transmission. The objective of this study is to provide a Accepted 15 May 2011 reference for malaria vectors of Iran and to map their spatial and temporal distribution in different Available online 20 June 2011 climatic zones. Shape files of administrative boundaries and climates of Iran were provided by National Cartographic Center. Data on distribution and seasonal activity of malaria vectors Keywords: 2003 were obtained from different sources and a databank in district level was createdAnopheles in Excel culicifacies , Anopheles inserted to the shape files and analyzed by ArcGIS 9.2 to provide the maps. s.l., Anopheles dthali Anopheles fluviatilis s.l., Anopheles maculipennis Giles Patton, James Meigen Malaria s.l., Anopheles sacharov Anopheles stephensi Anopheles superpictus i Favre, Liston, and Grassi have Distribution Anopheles pulcherrimus GIS been introduced as primary and secondary malaria vectors and Theobald Iran as a suspected- vector in Iran. Temporal distribution of anopheline mosquitoes is restricted to April December in northern Iran, however mosquitoes can be found during the year in southern region.Anopheles Spatial maculipennisdistribution of s.l malaria Anophelesvectors is differentsacharovi based on species, thus six of them (except for . and ) are reported from endemic malarious area in southern and southeastern areas of Iran. The climate of this part is usually warm and humid, which makes it favorable for mosquito rearing and malaria transmission. Correlation between climate conditions and vector distribution can help to predict the potential range of activity for each species and preparedness for malaria epidemics. 1. Introduction and Baluchistan, Hormozgan, and Kerman in southern and southeastern areas of the country[2]. There is another focus of the disease in northwestern Iran with an epidemic Malaria is one of the most important communicable in recent years[3]. The most routes of malaria cases are diseases transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: immigration from Afghanistan and Pakistan to southern and Culicidae) to humans. This disease is endemic in 108 southeastern areas of the country, as well as the Azerbaijan countries around the world. In 2008, there were an Republic in the northwest. The first study on malaria 243 863 000 estimated million cases of malaria causing vectors was conductedAnopheles about maculipennis 90 years ago, when Latishevs.l An. 5 [1] deaths, mostly of children under years old . It is one inmaculipennis 1921 identified Meigen . ( of the most infectious diseases in Iran with an average of ) as the vector of malaria in northern areas of 15 000 [2] about annual cases in the last decade, while total the country .Anopheles recorded cases has dropped to about 3 000 in 2010 (Ministry The genus Meigen includes seven subgenera of Health, annual reports). More than 80% of malaria and at least 463 species and more than 50 unnamed cases in Iran are reported from three provinces of Sistan members of species complexes[4]. About 70 species of them [5] are malaria vectors in which aboutAnopheles 40 are more important . So far 31 species of the genus representing two *Corresponding author: Hanafi-Bojd AA, Department of Medical Entomology and Anopheles Cellia Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, subgenera ( and ), including different Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 6446-14155. sibling species and genotypes, are recorded in the country, Fax: 0098 21 88951393 16 out of them are in complexes or sibling species that some E-mail: [email protected] Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd et al./Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (2011)498-504 499 [6-9] of them introduced as malaria vectorsAnopheles. culicifacies throughout the year. This contrasts with some basins of An. In southernculicifacies areas of thes.l country,Anopheles dthali An. dthali central plateau that receive 100 mm or less of precipitation ( Anopheles) Giles fluviatilis ., An. fluviatilis ( s.l ) annually (Figure 2). Patton,Anopheles stephensi An. stephensi( ) JamesAnopheles ., superpictus An. superpictus( ) Liston and ( ) Grassi are known to be proven malaria vectors,Anopheles while therepulcherrimus is also reportAn. pulcherrimus of sporozoite infection of ( ) [2,10-12] An. maculipennis s.lTheobaldAnopheles in southeastern sacharovi Iran An. sacharovi. Also An. superpictus., ( ) Favre and are introduced as malaria vectors of western, [2,11] northwesternAnopheles and centralhyrcanus plateau An. hyrcanus. Recently, a study reportedPlasmodium falciparum ( ) Pallas (infected to in Guilan Province, northern Iran, by nested polymerase chain reaction assay[13], but more studies areAnopheles needed to hyrcanus confirm this species as malaria vector in Iran. Group needs to be studied extensively in the western Palaearctic Region including Iran[14]. Figure 1 shows the map of Iran. It has a variable climate affected by heat, humidity and clouds, rainfall, wind and dust, radiation and thunder, respectively. Based on these six factors, fifteen climatic zones including Southern boundary zone(1), Caspian hinterland area(2), Central Iran area(3), Figure 1. Azeri area(4), Khuzy area(5), Moghani area(6), Western Map of Iran. Zagros region(7), Eastern Zagros region(8), Caspian littoral area(9), South hinterland area(10), Large Sistani area(11), Climates Micro-climtes Baluchi area(12), Makoui area(13), Small Sistani area(14), [15] and High Zagros area(15) have been described (Figure 2). Micro-climates <all other values> Also another (modified) classification demonstrates seven A A.A microclimates including: Arid (A), absolutely arid (AA), H.S.A M.S.A (HAS) (MSA) S.S.A highly semi-arid , moderate semi-arid , slight S.W (SSA) (SW) (W) W semi-arid , semi-wet and wet (FigureAnopheles 2). Each climate provides favorite conditions for some Rainfall ℃ 50-250 Temperature Rainfall species. Average temperature in arid area is 11-14 and 251-500 501-850 annual rainfall is 50-250 mm (Figure 2). Absolute Arid℃ 851-1250 climate has average temperature and rainfall of 15-20 1251-1800 Temperature and 50-250 mm, respectively (Figure 2). Highly semi-arid℃ 0-6 7-10 N climate contains areas with an average temperature of 7-10 11-14 15-50 W E and annual rainfall of 251-500 mm. In moderate semi- 21-28 S arid climate,℃ average temperature and annual rainfall are Figure 2. 21-28 and 50-250 mm. Slight semi-arid ℃climate covers Climatic zones, microclimates, temperature and rainfall areas with an average temperature of 7-10 and annual thematic maps of Iran. rainfall of 251-500 mm (Figure 2). Semi-wet climate℃ is mainly located in average temperature of 7-10 and annual rainfall of 501-850 mm. Finally,℃ the Wet climate has The aim of the present study is to map the spatial an average temperature of 0-10 and annual rainfall of distribution of main malaria vectors in different counties 851-1 800 mm. Therefore in the northwest of Iran, winters of Iran based on the reports of the previous studies, and to are cold with heavy snowfall and subfreezing temperatures match it with different climatic variables and areas.Anopheles Also in during December and January. Spring and fall are relatively different climates, the spatial distribution of one mild, while summers are dry and hot. In the south, winters species may be affected by some factors such as preferred are mild and summers are very hot,℃ having average daily host accessibility, human activity, etc. The last shape files of temperatures in July exceeding 38 . On the Khuzestan administrative boundaries (including 31 provinces), thematic plain, summer heat is accompanied by high humidity. maps of rainfall and temperature, and also map of climates In general, Iran has an arid climate in which most of the of Iran were obtained from the National Cartographic relatively scant annual precipitation falls from October Center. A databank for distribution of malaria vectors was through April. In most of the country, yearly precipitation created in Excel software (Microsoft 2003) and then used averages 250 mm or less. The major exceptions are the for preparing the distribution maps in ArcGIS 9.2 software. higher mountain valleys of the Zagros and the Caspian These data were prepared and analyzed by ArcMap for coastal plain, where precipitation averages at least 500 mm spatial distribution mapping of the main malaria vectors annually. In the western part of the Caspian, rainfall exceeds at the county level in different climates and their temporal 1 000 mm annually and is distributed relatively evenly activity through the year. Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd et al./Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (2011)498-504 500 2. Distribution of malaria vectors in different climatic zones of Iran as the predominant oviposition sites of this species in most areas[10,20]. The spatial distribution of this species Anopheles is restricted to Bushehr, Hormozgan, Kerman, Sistan and There are 31 species including different sibling Baluchistan, South Khorasan and Khuzistan Provinces. It species and genotypes in Iran, eight of them are assumed mainly reported from moderate semi-arid and southern part [6,8,10-12,18,21-27] to play role as malaria vectors.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Species Diversity and Insecticide Resistance Within the Anopheles
    Species diversity and insecticide resistance within the Anopheles hyrcanus group in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand Anchana Sumarnrote, Hans Overgaard, Vincent Corbel, Kanutcharee Thanispong, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Sylvie Manguin To cite this version: Anchana Sumarnrote, Hans Overgaard, Vincent Corbel, Kanutcharee Thanispong, Theeraphap Chare- onviriyaphap, et al.. Species diversity and insecticide resistance within the Anopheles hyrcanus group in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. Parasites & Vectors, 2020, 13, pp.525. 10.1186/s13071- 020-04389-4. hal-03083171 HAL Id: hal-03083171 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03083171 Submitted on 15 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Sumarnrote et al. Parasites Vectors (2020) 13:525 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04389-4 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Species diversity and insecticide resistance within the Anopheles hyrcanus group in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand Anchana Sumarnrote1, Hans J. Overgaard1,2,3, Vincent Corbel1,2, Kanutcharee Thanispong4, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap5 and Sylvie Manguin6* Abstract Background: Members of the Anopheles hyrcanus group have been incriminated as important malaria vectors. This study aims to identify the species and explore the insecticide susceptibility profle within the Anopheles hyrcanus group in Ubon Ratchathani Province, northeastern Thailand where increasing numbers of malaria cases were reported in 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research
    Taxonomic Tapestries The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research Taxonomic Tapestries The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research Edited by Alison M Behie and Marc F Oxenham Chapters written in honour of Professor Colin P Groves Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Taxonomic tapestries : the threads of evolutionary, behavioural and conservation research / Alison M Behie and Marc F Oxenham, editors. ISBN: 9781925022360 (paperback) 9781925022377 (ebook) Subjects: Biology--Classification. Biology--Philosophy. Human ecology--Research. Coexistence of species--Research. Evolution (Biology)--Research. Taxonomists. Other Creators/Contributors: Behie, Alison M., editor. Oxenham, Marc F., editor. Dewey Number: 578.012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press Cover photograph courtesy of Hajarimanitra Rambeloarivony Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2015 ANU Press Contents List of Contributors . .vii List of Figures and Tables . ix PART I 1. The Groves effect: 50 years of influence on behaviour, evolution and conservation research . 3 Alison M Behie and Marc F Oxenham PART II 2 . Characterisation of the endemic Sulawesi Lenomys meyeri (Muridae, Murinae) and the description of a new species of Lenomys . 13 Guy G Musser 3 . Gibbons and hominoid ancestry . 51 Peter Andrews and Richard J Johnson 4 .
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Tapestries the Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research
    Taxonomic Tapestries The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research Taxonomic Tapestries The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research Edited by Alison M Behie and Marc F Oxenham Chapters written in honour of Professor Colin P Groves Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Taxonomic tapestries : the threads of evolutionary, behavioural and conservation research / Alison M Behie and Marc F Oxenham, editors. ISBN: 9781925022360 (paperback) 9781925022377 (ebook) Subjects: Biology--Classification. Biology--Philosophy. Human ecology--Research. Coexistence of species--Research. Evolution (Biology)--Research. Taxonomists. Other Creators/Contributors: Behie, Alison M., editor. Oxenham, Marc F., editor. Dewey Number: 578.012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press Cover photograph courtesy of Hajarimanitra Rambeloarivony Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2015 ANU Press Contents List of Contributors . .vii List of Figures and Tables . ix PART I 1. The Groves effect: 50 years of influence on behaviour, evolution and conservation research . 3 Alison M Behie and Marc F Oxenham PART II 2 . Characterisation of the endemic Sulawesi Lenomys meyeri (Muridae, Murinae) and the description of a new species of Lenomys . 13 Guy G Musser 3 . Gibbons and hominoid ancestry . 51 Peter Andrews and Richard J Johnson 4 .
    [Show full text]
  • DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) ) Stet '1+ Nf ? 1`R3 I1
    A MORPHOF ETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE CULICOIDES PULICARIS SPECIES COMPLEX (n.1'1 (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) ) stet '1+ nf ? 1`r3 I1 BY Richard Paul Lane, B.Sc. (London), A.R.C.S. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London and for the Diploma of Imperial College Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology, Imperial College, London, S.W.7. August 1979 ABSTRACT This study assesses the value of currently available multivariate morphometric techniques in the analysis of the Culicoides pulicaris complex. This midge complex is typical of species groups which are difficult to separate into discrete clusters (species). Initially, emphasis is given to the study of eight nominal taxa in Britain: C. delta Edwards, fagineus Edwards, grisescens Edwards, impunctatus Goetghebuer,.lupicaris Downes & Kettle, newsteadi Austen, pulicaris Linnaeus and punctatus Meigen. Subsequently, material from other parts of the Palaearctic Region is included. Morphological characters of adults are tested to evaluate the nature and extent of variation. Size is rejected as unreliable, since both intraspecific and seasonal variation is excessive. Allometry of size in legs, antennae and palps is studied in large homogeneous samples of three species and the implications for taxonomy discussed. A new system for coding wing pattern,utilising pattern elements, is developed and compared to a mechanical scanning method. The former, based on only 13 characters, is preferable, on practical and theoretical grounds, to the scanning method involving 420 characters. In constructing a classification, two points are considered. Firstly, whether a large number of characters is required for a reliable classification and secondly, whether the recognised species are homogeneous.
    [Show full text]
  • A Systematic Review of the Natural Virome of Anopheles Mosquitoes
    Review A Systematic Review of the Natural Virome of Anopheles Mosquitoes Ferdinand Nanfack Minkeu 1,2,3 and Kenneth D. Vernick 1,2,* 1 Institut Pasteur, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France; [email protected] 2 CNRS, Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling and Health (UMR2000), 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France 3 Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Paris VI, 75252 Paris, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-1-4061-3642 Received: 7 April 2018; Accepted: 21 April 2018; Published: 25 April 2018 Abstract: Anopheles mosquitoes are vectors of human malaria, but they also harbor viruses, collectively termed the virome. The Anopheles virome is relatively poorly studied, and the number and function of viruses are unknown. Only the o’nyong-nyong arbovirus (ONNV) is known to be consistently transmitted to vertebrates by Anopheles mosquitoes. A systematic literature review searched four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Lissa. In addition, online and print resources were searched manually. The searches yielded 259 records. After screening for eligibility criteria, we found at least 51 viruses reported in Anopheles, including viruses with potential to cause febrile disease if transmitted to humans or other vertebrates. Studies to date have not provided evidence that Anopheles consistently transmit and maintain arboviruses other than ONNV. However, anthropophilic Anopheles vectors of malaria are constantly exposed to arboviruses in human bloodmeals. It is possible that in malaria-endemic zones, febrile symptoms may be commonly misdiagnosed.
    [Show full text]
  • 28Th Annual Molecular Parasitology & Vector Biology Symposium
    28th Annual Molecular Parasitology & Vector Biology Symposium The Georgia Center for Continuing Education Athens, Georgia Thursday, April 26, 2018 Organizational support provided by: Dennis Kyle, Director David Peterson, Symposium Adviser Annie Curry, Donna Huber, & Erica Young, Meeting Coordinators David Dowless, Registration Manager http://ctegd.uga.edu https://www. facebook.com/CTEGD https://twitter.com/CTEGD To receive future announcements about the symposium, please sign up for our mailing list: http://eepurl.com/81ZAX Program 8:15 AM Registration and Poster Set-up 9:00 AM Opening Remarks: Dennis Kyle, Director of CTEGD SESSION 1 — Msano Mandalasi & Ruby Harrison 9:10 AM Stephen Vella, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, UGA Calcium Signaling and Toxoplasma Motlity 9:30 AM Brian S. Mantilla, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, UGA InsP7 Protein Targets Reveal Distinct Roles in Proliferative Stages of Trypanosoma cruzi 9:50 AM Catherine D. Morffy Smith, CTEGD and Dept. of Infectious Diseases, UGA Composition of the Gut Microbiota Influences Infection Severity and Pregnancy Out- come in Plasmodium chabaudi-infected Pregnant Mice 10:10 AM BREAK — POSTER VIEWING SESSION 2 — Stephen Vella & Catherine Smith 10:50 AM Wei Wang, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, UGA First Glimpse at a High-quality, Evidence-based and Chromosome-level Reference Genome Assembly for Trypanosoma cruzi 11:10 AM Elisabet Gas Pascual, CTEGD and Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, UGA A Glycobiology Toolkit for Parasitologist: Toxoplamsa gondii Glycogene Genome Editing System 11:30 AM Peiwei Liu, Dept. of Cellular Biology, UGA The Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Protein Complex is an Adapter Expanding the Cargo Range of Intraflagellar Transport Trains for Ciliary Export 11:50 AM Heather M.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter One: Introduction
    TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF HUMAN RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS IN IJARA DISTRICT, GARISSA COUNTY, KENYA MUIRURI, SAMUEL KINYANJUI DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY 184/10733/2006 A RESEARCH THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE SCHOOL OF HEALTH SCIENCES OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OCTOBER 2011 ii DECLARATION This Thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University ………………………….. Date…………………. MUIRURI, SAMUEL KINYANJUI We confirm that this thesis was carried out by this candidate under our supervision as the university supervisors …………………………. Date………………… PROF. EPHANTUS W KABIRU Department of Pathology Kenyatta University ………………………….. Date………………….. DR ERIC M MUCHIRI Division of Vector-Borne & Neglected Tropical Diseases Ministry of Public Health & Sanitation Nairobi. …………………………. Date…………………… PROF. CHARLES KING Center for Global Health and Diseases Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 44106 – 7286 USA iii DEDICATION To my wife Ann and daughters Nancy, Judy, Karen and Cynthia for their endurance during the time of this study iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to thank all individuals who supported me during my study. Special gratitude goes to my Supervisors, Prof. Ephantus Kabiru of Department of Pathology, Kenyatta University, Dr Eric Muchiri of Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases (DVBNTD) in the Ministry of Public Health & Sanitation and Prof. Charles King of Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) in the United States of America. Special thanks also go to Desiree LaBeaud, Peter Zimmerman, Laurie Gray, Moses Bockarie and Florence Bockarie all of Case Western Reserve University for their kind support while I was running the Polymerase Chain Reaction tests.
    [Show full text]
  • BCIL Vector Biology PDF.Pdf
    Vector Biology and Control An Update for Malaria Elimination Initiative in India Edited by Vas Dev M.Sc. (Hons.), Ph.D (Notre Dame), FNASc The National Academy of Sciences, India 2020 Vector Biology and Control: An Update for Malaria Elimination Initiative in India Edited by Vas Dev Contributors Sylvie Manguin, Vas Dev, Surya Kant Sharma, Rajpal Singh Yadav, Kamaraju Raghavendra, Poonam Sharma Velamuri, Vaishali Verma, Sreehari Uragayala, Susanta Kumar Ghosh, Khageswar Pradhan, Vijay Veer, Varun Tyagi, Manoj Kumar Das, Pradyumna Kishore Mohapatra, Ashwani Kumar, K. Hari Krishan Raju, Anupkumar Anvikar, Chazhoor John Babu, Virendra Kumar Dua, Tapan Kumar Barik, Usha Rani Acharya, Debojit Kumar Sarma, Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharyya, Anil Prakash, Nilanju Pran Sarmah Copyright © 2020 NASI Individual chapters of this book are open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0) which permits users download, build upon published article, distribution, reproduction in any medium so long as the author(s) and publisher are properly credited. The author(s) have the right to reproduce their contribution in toto or part thereof for wider dissemination provided they explicitly identify the original source. All rights to the book are reserved by the National Academy of Sciences (NASI), India. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed, or used for commercial purposes without NASI written permission. Enquiries concerning the use of the book be directed to NASI ([email protected]). Violations are liable to be prosecution under the governing Copyright law. Notice Statement and opinions expressed in the chapter are those of the contributor(s) and not necessarily those of the Editor or Publisher or the Organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Composition and Diversity of Malaria Vector Breeding Habitats in Trincomalee District of Sri Lanka
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID 823810, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/823810 Research Article Species Composition and Diversity of Malaria Vector Breeding Habitats in Trincomalee District of Sri Lanka Nayana Gunathilaka,1,2 Wimaladharma Abeyewickreme,1 Menaka Hapugoda,1 and Rajitha Wickremasinghe3 1 Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, P.O. Box 6, Thallagolla Road, Ragama, Sri Lanka 2Tropical&EnvironmentalDiseases&HealthAssociates,No.3,ElibankRoad,Colombo5,SriLanka 3Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, P.O. Box 6, Thallagolla Road, Ragama, Sri Lanka Correspondence should be addressed to Nayana Gunathilaka; [email protected] Received 8 June 2015; Revised 26 August 2015; Accepted 3 September 2015 Academic Editor: Carlos E. Almeida Copyright © 2015 Nayana Gunathilaka et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Introduction. Mosquito larval ecology is important in determining larval densities and species assemblage. This in turn influences malaria transmission in an area. Therefore, understanding larval habitat ecology is important in designing malaria control programs. Method. Larval surveys were conducted in 20 localities under five sentinel sites (Padavisiripura, Gomarankadawala, Thoppur, Mollipothana, and Ichchallampaththu) in Trincomalee District, Eastern Province of Sri Lanka, between June 2010 and July 2013. The relationship between seven abiotic variables (temperature, pH, conductivity, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and salinity) was measured. Results. A total of 21,347 anophelines were recorded representing 15 species. Anopheles subpictus 24.72% (5,278/21,347) was the predominant species, followed by 24.67% (5,267/21,347) of An.
    [Show full text]
  • Their Lives and Contributions to the Study of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ecuador
    RamónBiomédica GM, 2019;39(Supl.1): Pérez R, Jarrín172-98 P Biomédica 2019;39(Supl.1):172-98 doi: https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v39i3.4415 Historical review Francisco Campos-Rivadeneira and Roberto Levi- Castillo: Their lives and contributions to the study of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ecuador Giovani Marcelo Ramón1,2, Rodolfo Pérez3, Pablo Jarrín4 1 Museo de Zoología, Instituto de Zoología Terrestre, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador 2 Instituto Biosfera, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador 3 Academia Nacional de Historia del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador 4 Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador The study of mosquitoes is important in the prevention of vector-borne diseases. In Ecuador, the study of local mosquito biodiversity was pioneered by two entomologists whose contributions span through the first half of the 20th century, Francisco Campos- Rivadeneira and Roberto Levi-Castillo. Both of them contributed to general aspects of Entomology and to particular insights in mosquito taxonomy. Their publications and discoveries were recognized by the international scientific community but went unnoticed in South America during their time. Today, very few citizens remember the names and contributions of these two scientists. Here, we provide an overview of their lives, a summary of their contributions, and we conclude with a broader outlook on the practice of science in Latin America during their time. Keywords: Culicidae/classification; disease vectors; entomology/history; Ecuador. Francisco Campos-Rivadeneira y Roberto Levi-Castillo: sus vidas y contribuciones al estudio de los mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) en Ecuador El estudio de los mosquitos es una importante tarea en la prevención de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores.
    [Show full text]
  • Mutations in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Gene of Anophelines And
    Silva et al. Parasites & Vectors 2014, 7:450 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/7/1/450 REVIEW Open Access Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids – a review Ana Paula B Silva1, Joselita Maria M Santos1 and Ademir J Martins2,3* Abstract Constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. One of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. The voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) is the target of pyrethroids and DDT insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultural and veterinary importance, such as anophelines. It has been reported that the presence of a few non-silent point mutations in the NaV gene are associated with pyrethroid resistance, termed as ‘kdr’ (knockdown resistance) for preventing the knockdown effect of these insecticides. The presence of these mutations, as well as their effects, has been thoroughly studied in Anopheles mosquitoes. So far, kdr mutations have already been detected in at least 13 species (Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles sacharovi, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles paraliae, Anopheles peditaeniatus and Anopheles albimanus) from populations of African, Asian and, more recently, American continents. Seven mutational variants (L1014F, L1014S, L1014C, L1014W, N1013S, N1575Y and V1010L) were described, with the highest prevalence of L1014F, which occurs at the 1014 site in NaV IIS6 domain.
    [Show full text]
  • Eco-Biology of Anopheles Superpictus in Iran
    J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2018, 12(3): 196–218 H Vatandoost et al.: Bioecology of … Review Article Bioecology of Dominant Malaria Vector, Anopheles superpictus s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran *Hassan Vatandoost 1, 2, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd 1, 2, Ahmad Raeisi 2, 3, Mohammad Reza Abai 1, 2, Fatemeh Nikpour 1, 2 1Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran (Received 8 July 2018; accepted 29 Sep 2018) Abstract Background: Malaria continues to be a main vector-borne public health problem in Iran. The endemic foci of the disease are mainly located in south-eastern part of the country. Iran is now launching the elimination of malaria. Studies on the bioecology and susceptibility of malaria vectors to insecticide are essential in this phase. Methods: The literature on bio-ecology of Anopheles superpictus s.l. was reviewed in Iran in more than half a centu- ry. Different aspects including, distribution, key identification, larval habitats, flight range, seasonal activities, irrita- bility/susceptibility to insecticides, and anthropophilicity index were identified. Results: The adult females of An. superpictus s.l. were susceptible to all WHO-recommended imagicides except DDT. Distribution, morphology, sibling species, larval habitat, flight range, irritability tests, sustainability index, blood feeding preference and related factors were discussed in details Conclusion: Results of the evaluating will help for decision making of authorities for vector control. Keywords: Anopheles superpictus s.l., Ecology, Biology, Insecticide resistance, Iran Introduction Mosquito-borne diseases are the major ern areas of the country in Sistan and Baluchi- problems worldwide, among them malaria stan, Hormozgan and South of Kerman Prov- presents a major health problem globally.
    [Show full text]