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Daniela Urbanová Latin Curse Tablets of the Roman Empire

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Daniela Urbanová Latin Curse Tablets of the Roman Empire INNSBRUCKER BEITRÄGE ZUR KULTURWISSENSCHAFT Im Auftrag der Innsbrucker Gesellschaft zur Pfl ege der Geisteswissenschaften herausgegeben von WOLFGANG MEID Neue Folge Band 17 DANIELA URBANOVÁ LATIN CURSE TABLETS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE INNSBRUCK 2018 English translation, revised and updated, of the original publication Latinské proklínací tabulky na území římského impéria Host / Masarykova Univerzita, Brno 2014 Published with the fi nancial support of Masaryk University, Brno Cover Illustration: Curse Tablet Bologna 1 & 3 © Museo Civico Archeologico di Bologna ISBN 978-3-85124-245-4 © The Author, Masaryk University and Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft 2018 INNSBRUCKER BEITRÄGE ZUR KULTURWISSENSCHAFT Series Editor: Wolfgang Meid Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck Bereich Sprachwissenschaft Copy editing by the Author and Mag. Tomás Hlavička English translation by Natália Gachallová Translation reviewed by Sarah Legowski Processed for printing by ARCHAEOLINGUA Budapest Printed by Prime Rate Kft. Budapest Orders to be addressed to: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck Bereich Sprachwissenschaft Innrain 52 6020 Innsbruck, Austria e-mail: [email protected] LATIN CURSE TABLETS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE DANIELA URBANOVÁ English Translation: Natália Gachallová Native speaker proof-reading of the English text: Sarah Legowski ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For inspiration, advice, and support, I would like to offer my special thanks to A. Bartoněk, P. Poccetti, P. Cuzzolin, W. Meid, B. Adamik, A. Barta, J. Nechutová, V. Blažek, J. Franek, N. Gachallová, L. Minarini. Significant assistance in processing statistical data provided by L. Novák. Many thanks also to T. Hlavička for his help in technical issues regarding the text, maps, and his friendly support as well as to L. Urbanová for her illustration. For the financial support of the publication, I am grateful to the Dean of the Faculty of Arts at Masaryk University M. Pol, Vice-Dean J. Horáková, and the Head of the Department of Classical Studies I. Radová. Ringraziamenti: Un particolare ringraziamento devo alla direzione del Museo Civico Archeologico di Bologna, che mi ha gentilmente concesso la riproduzione della fotografia per la copertina. ©Museo Civico Archeologico di Bologna. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 13 1.1 DEFIXIONES: A DEFINITION ............................................................ 17 1.1.2 Classification of Curses ................................................................ 18 1.1.2.1 Non-Specific Curses ............................................................ 18 1.1.2.2 Types of Curses According to Content ............................... 20 1.2 PRAYERS FOR JUSTICE: A Definition .............................................. 24 1.2.1 Prayers for Justice Outside Britannia ........................................... 26 1.2.2 Prayers for Justice from Britannia ................................................ 28 1.2.3 Differences between Curses and Prayers for Justice .................... 30 1.3 DATING AND SPREAD OF THE TABLETS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE ................................................................... 33 1.4 MATERIALS USED ............................................................................. 36 1.5 AUTHORS OF THE CURSES ............................................................. 37 1.6 CURSED PEOPLE, FILIATION .......................................................... 38 1.7 GODS AND DAEMONS ...................................................................... 43 1.7.1 Voces Magicae − Nomina Barbarica, Signa Magica .................... 45 1.7.2 Script in the Service of Magic ...................................................... 49 1.8 RITUAL TREATMENT OF TABLET ................................................. 50 1.8.1 Figurines, Materia Magica, Gems ................................................ 50 1.8.2 Final Treatment of the Tablet ....................................................... 56 1.8.3 Depositing the Tablets − Locations of Findings ........................... 58 1.9 CURSING FORMULAE ....................................................................... 60 1.9.1 Structure of Curse ......................................................................... 61 1.9.2 Optional Supplements of Curses .................................................. 65 1.9.3 Classification of Cursing Formulae .............................................. 70 1.10 AIMS AND WISHES OF THE AUTHORS ....................................... 77 1.10.1 Aims and Wishes of the Curses’ Authors ................................... 77 1.10.2. Aims and Wishes of the Authors of Prayers for Justice ............ 85 1.11 TABLETS’ EXPECTED EFFECT − DID THEY WORK? ................ 92 1.12 CRITERIA OF ANALYSIS ................................................................ 95 1.12.1 Shared Criteria of Curses and Prayers for Justice ...................... 96 1.12.2 Criteria of Analysis Specific to Curses ....................................... 96 1.12.3 Criteria of Analysis Specific to Prayers for Justice .................... 97 1.13 AIMS OF THE WORK ....................................................................... 98 1.14 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 100 2. TYPOLOGY OF CURSING ....................................................................... 102 2.1 SIMPLE AND COMBINED CURSES ............................................... 103 2.1.1 Simple Nominal Lists of Cursed People ..................................... 104 2.2. DIRECT CURSING FORMULAE .................................................... 104 2.2.1 Formula 1: Direct Curse with the Predicates of Cursing ............ 104 2.2.2 Formula 1a: Direct Curse with the Predicates of Committal ...... 105 2.3 INVOKING FORMULAE .................................................................. 107 2.3.1 Formula 2: Invoking Formula with the Predicates of Committal, Request, and Plea ................................................... 111 2.3.2 Formula 2a: Invoking Formula with the Predicates of Committal, Request, Plea, and Cursing .................................... 114 2.3.3 Formula 3: Imperative Invoking Formula with the Predicate in Imperative ................................................................................. 116 2.3.4. Formula 3a: Extended Imperative Invoking Formula with the Predicate in Imperative .................................................... 118 2.3.5 Formula 4: Invoking Wish-Formula with the Predicate in the 3rd sg./pl. Pres. Subj. ............................................................ 120 2.3.6 Formula 5: Simile-Formula, i.e. Analogy within Invoking Wish-Formulae .............................................................................. 123 3. OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION, AND DATING OF CURSING FORMULAE IN PARTICULAR PROVINCES ....................................... 127 3.1 CURSING FORMULAE IN CURSES AND PRAYERS FOR JUSTICE ..................................................................................... 127 3.1.1 Formula 0 ................................................................................... 127 3.1.2 Formula 1 in Curses .................................................................... 128 3.1.2.1 Formula 1 in Prayers for Justice .............................................. 128 3.1.3 Formula 1a in Curses .................................................................. 129 3.1.3.1 Formula 1a in Prayers for Justice ............................................ 129 3.1.4 Formula 2 in Curses .................................................................... 130 3.1.4.1 Formula 2 in Prayers for Justice .............................................. 131 3.1.5 Formula 2a in Curses .................................................................. 131 3.1.5.1 Formula 2a in Prayers for Justice ............................................ 132 3.1.6 Formula 3 in Curses .................................................................... 132 3.1.6.1 Formula 3 in Prayers for Justice .............................................. 133 3.1.7 Formula 3a in Curses .................................................................. 134 3.1.7.1 Formula 3a in Prayers for Justice ............................................ 134 7 3.1.8 Formula 4 in Curses .................................................................... 135 3.1.8.1 Formula 4 in Prayers for Justice .............................................. 135 3.1.9 Simile-Formula − Formula 5 in Curses ...................................... 136 3.1.9.1 Simile-Formula − Formula 5 in Prayers for Justice ................. 137 3.2 CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 137 3.3. OTHER ADDITIONAL FORMULAE .............................................. 145 3.3.1 Time Data in Curses ................................................................... 145 3.3.1.1 Time Data in Prayers for Justice.............................................. 148 3.3.2 Vota ............................................................................................ 152 3.3.3 Other Optional Supplements ...................................................... 154 4. TYPES OF CURSES ................................................................................... 157 4.1 OCCURENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE PARTICULAR TYPES OF CURSES IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE ............................. 160 4.1.1
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