The Linacre Quarterly

Volume 30 | Number 1 Article 7

February 1963 : Humanist, , Priest: Part II Fred M. Taylor

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Recommended Citation Taylor, Fred M. (1963) "Thomas Linacre: Humanist, Physician, Priest: Part II," The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 30 : No. 1 , Article 7. Available at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq/vol30/iss1/7 of its kind and published just be­ ligious vocation, was crowned fore his death, these two books King. He was eighteen. Tall and THOMAS LINACI E on established Linacre as handsome, gifted and deeply re­ Europe's illustrious grammarian ligious, he would later earn for his and leading philologist for more zeal in theological controversy Humanist, than a century.47 with Luther, the papal title, De­ Young Prince Arthur, in con­ fender of the Faith. But insuffer­ Physician, trast to his robust brother, was ably unpredictable - doubtless a frail and sickly. In his fifteenth strain on the character of anyone Priest year, however, he was married to around him-he also had an im­ Catherine of Aragon, daughter of mensely passionate compulsion for M. M. ). 51 FRED TAYLOR, a powerful new monarchy, the having his own way. Indeed, six joint sovereigns of Spain, Ferdi­ weeks after his accession he pro­ It is in life as it is in Jl ,ys, ceeded forthwith to marry Cather­ the shortest way is com111 �,ly nand and Isabella. Although this the foulest, and surely the I rer famous marriage was also nego­ ine, 23 years old, the wife of his way is not much about. tiated by the scheming King Henry deceased brother, Arthur. Bacon, Advancemen. of VII for diplomatic good-will, as Meanwhile, Linacre spent in­ Learning. well as a huge cash dowery, there creased time on the preparation Book II. Chap. 23, Thomas Linacre pp. 45, 1605 was hope that it would "be for­ of his Latin grammars and trans­ 1460 - 1524 tunate and of good omen to Eng­ lations of classical works in medi­ land. "48 But it ended tragically cine. But he also entered the pri­ PART II four and a half months later when vate practice of . Insati­ Prince Arthur died of the English able in both work and practice, his had printed sweat, or the sweating sickness, a skill as a physician became widely PHYSICIAN AND TUTOR Sphera • and in 1499 at by Aldus R rnanus.ff devastating illness in "'1. ·ch, ac­ recognized, and King Henry VIII In 150 I, in his 40th year, Lin­ Linacre described Princc,s Mary cording to More, "deam always also appointed him Physician to 52 acre's role as Royal physician was as having not only a " •1arvelous comes, if it does come, on the the King. In Linacre cast: he was appointed a court disposition to every virttw · · · but first day. "4o Catherine, however, lived on Knightrider Street not far to physician in charge of the health a noble and instinctive Jenius would recover and enter into a from the palace, nor far from the n. of King Henry VII, one of the learning. . .."46 At ,eventee second marriage, which perhaps Cathedral of St. Paul where John the highest honors a doctor of medi­ however, in the interest of because of failure to bear a royal Colet, one of Linacre's closest _ . cine could at that time achieve. King's diplomatic foreign pohcy son, would end even more tragi­ friends and associates - and ap­ e But he also was entrusted with the· she would marry and becom cally than the first. parently the only person with re, health-care of Prince Arthur, the Queen Mary of . Linac Eight years later, on April 22, whom he ever really quarrelled­ effort, young Prince of Wales, brother in an early grammatical 1509, King Henry VII, who had was the Dean.53 Linacre, enjoying Mary of Henry, future King Henry VIII, had prepared for Princess annually presided over the elabo­ the confidence and favor of royal and Princess Mary. the elder son which a Latin grammar in English rate ritual and ceremony of amenities. fared well; he attended and daughter of Henry VII and ous was the forerunner of a fam "Touching for the King's Evil,"50 the health of those in state and Elizabeth of York. In addition, he Gram­ publication, the Rudimenta died of "consumption" following Church, and developed a busy was app�inted their Royal tutor.44 r) matices (Rudiments of Gramma a course resembling tuberculosis. court and consulting practice. His It is of interest that Linacre had ­ ( 1570). Together with De Eme� The next day, "to the blast of position became one of influence, alreitdy translated for Arthur, Pro­ oms data Structura Latini Serm iaunpets," Henry VIII, who had and he promoted increasingly the clus' astronomical treatise, De of t e (On the Emended Structure � Jieen reared in an atmosphere of cause of science and the welfare . SIX Latin Language) ( 1524) • in "1ious study of language and of the public. Moreover he carried Part I of this account appeared in Vol. 29, st texts logy Nov. 1962. THE LJNACRE QUARTERLY. books. one of the profounde in preparation for a re- out his painstaking studies of hu- E QUARTERLY 26 LINACR ACJU: QUARTERLY 27 mane literature and completed Oxford for a study of the hu ani­ seeds of a more precise and ob­ but of its re-establishment in its ancient state and dignity.56 translations of some of 's ties. Thus, for a brief deca e of jective mode of thought. "�:; Greek medical works: De Sanitate time ( between 1509 and 15 �) a Although he translated accurately Linacre labored to establish Tuendo (On the Preservation of gratifying change in Englarn s in­ the actual texts of the classic au­ medicine in a state of dignity and Health) in six books, and Metho­ tellectual climate was noted. here thorities in medicine and philoso­ to increase the standards of medi­ dus Medendi (A Method of Heal­ prevailed hope and optimi n a­ phy in their original language, his cal care and learning. He also de­ ing), in Ii books, were published mong English scholars th the scholarly translations of Galen. sired to establish in England one in 1517 and 1519.54 Each was new humanism was actua ; re­ however worthwhile, opened no or more schools of medicine which dedicated to Henry VIII. empha­ placing medieval ways of ti 1king magic-like doors to the immediate would probably be patterned after sizing that Linacre sought "not and that it would pave the ay to advancement of medical science. the one at . But caught in only to provide correct transla­ widen intellectual horizons 1d ul­ Nor was this even intended. If the inexorable binds of political tions of sound Greek text, but to timately revive objective t rnght. Linacre had anything at all to do hostility and ecclesiastical strife, clarify errors in interpretation Even noted: " ... It is with it, even the later advance­ and in the violent changes coming based, in part, on an incorrect tex­ marvelous how widespre. and ment of medicine-and medicine, about in every area of social and tual tradition. "12 how abundant is the ha, �st of in order to advance, had to cut intellectual life, the fulfillment of many of Linacre's reform-aims in De Temperamentis, et De ln­ ancient learning which is ' ,urish­ itself free from the unquestioned medicine and aequali Intempede (On the Tem­ ing in this country."•o authority of Galen-he broke the chains of Galen's ancient authority was deterred for centuries to come. peraments and on Unequal Tem­ But ignorance and secul ism. as All essential steps had been taken peraments) were dedicated to Pope an·d of intellectual infantilism pri­ well as deep-rooted, medir ti com­ which would bring about a reli­ Leo X. and printed at Cambridge marily through his attitude of ob­ placency, were commonp, ·e. De­ gious revolution. To make matters in 1521-Linacre's first transla­ jectivity, obviously the very core spite the eagerness of th, numan­ desperately worse, the country was tions to be published in England. of the scientific attitude. He point­ ists to reform ecclesiastic abuses beset with the dreadful ravages of His last three works of Galen also ed out errors and mistakes of by a sterner spirit of I ith and plague. appeared in England: De Natu­ tile past, but neither made nor reason, Martin Luther, < ,nvinc ed urged a complete break with the Sir , an enlight­ ralibus Facultatibus (On the Natu­ nor neither of the value of ime past. ened health reformer himself, en­ ral Faculties) ( 1523); Depulsuum He put tradition-whether it the worth of peace, and ,ot fore­ visaging public-water supplies and Usu (On the Interpretation of the concerns medicine and art or re­ seeing the savage conseCl ences of Ugion and political science-in its drainage systems, established a Pulses) ( 1523); and De Sympto­ his actions, hammered h · Ninety• Proper perspective, and empha­ system of public-health adminis­ matibus De Symptomatum Differ­ All five Theses to the do, r of sized a fact, which eternally needs tration and quarantine laws to help entiis (On the Differences Between nber g. 5 Saints Church in Witte emphasizing, that new knowledge counter the spread of plague. 7 In Symptoms) ( 1528) ,54 swell of . The ground - Deed neither destroy high ideals 1518 he ordered "the mayor of whic h EAGERNESS OF THE HUMANISTS . political and religious forays Dor bury what is right and good. Oxford, where the plague was and In the turbulent reign of King shortly wracked the bad.ward raging, to confine infected persons FOR THE MORE LEARNED Henry VIII. which witnessed the brilliant alike of Western Europe within their homes for forty days, Linacre, however, was con­ hardening of the King's will and was well started. to prohibit all animals indoors. and CUned over the quality of medical the worsening of his temper, Lin­ fame in medicine was to appoint special officers to keep Linacre's Practice and the standards of med­ acre, whenever and however, gave not in the discovery of new treat· the streets cleansed and to burn iral learning existing in England 58 immeasurable assistance Renais­ nor in dogged work of refuse." But in addition, there to ment the It the time. On one occasion he sa:·ce learning in England. Cardi­ effort. Nor did his were epidemics of chickenpox, tu­ experimental laid critically: n . Wolsey, Henry VIII's Minis­ ability as a physician even differ berculosis and smallpox, and in­ • • • whilst medicine, the most profitable ter of State, and one of Linacre's much from that of other consulting of deed of the newly introduced e �e sciences, whose reputation and patients, was so affected over the of the times. His fam rvwcr had been almost annulled by the syphilis, hitherto pandemic in s worth of the new learning that he was his quality of objectivity-hi �ption and importunity of the un­ . Each flourishing epidemic not only encouraged scholarship ability to observe and describe -rw and ignorant, has been duly took a toll of life. and of body and the talmated, [ there is J certain hope ex­ wherever he could but endowed carefully. Thus he "introduced � Dot only of its less abuse in future, mind, not only of the ignorant but 28 LINACRE QUARTERLY J.ar.t.CRE QUARTERLY 29 of the brilliant. And however in­ was established. This aut' ority hers, wrote of the Constitution: versity teaching and a professorial credible now, the hysteria of witch­ and power was set up by a I Act Henry the Eighth, the most serene King chair to encourage both the study craft and all the frightful conse­ of Britain, in order that he might pre­ and the teaching of medicine. He of Parliament but was gran �cl to serve his people from the dangers and quences of belief in witches, was the Bishop of London, or the Dean errors of unskilled persons, on 23 Sep­ appointed a board of trustees to everywhere rampant. of St. Paul's Cathedral, or i case trmber 1518, and the tenth year of his which he conveyed his estates in reign, by his charter or letters patent, Kent. England ( apparently ac­ The English doctors were not of physicians practicing ( 1tside sealed with the great seal of England, organized then as the medical pro­ London, to the diocesan bis ops.$! grantedin perpetuity the establishment of quired in part from his successful fession is today. As a matter of a College of Physicians of London, and, medical practice). and founded at Although this put the exam 1ation In the name of the College, he gave to fact. only a few physicians were of physician-candidates, ti. ,s the , Thomas Linacre, Fer­ Oxford and Cambridge what is Doctors of Medicine, and they licensing of physicians to J actice dinand de Victoria, his physicians, and one of his lasting accomplish­ usually were consultants. Even to Richard Halswel, John Franciscus, ments: the Linacre Lectureship.63 medicine. in the hands f the and Robert Yaxley, leading physicians most physicians had scant train­ Church, it nonetheless � ,s the of the city of London, power to choose Special medical lecturers would be ing. many only in schools of ex­ start of an effort to cor ect ir­ a president from the felJows, . . . to required to have studied plead lawsuits before any judges to pre­ perience, and licensed only by hu­ regular medical practition ·s and and Galen, and during their teach­ 12 vent anyone, unless licensed by the Col­ man credulity. Most general lessen incompetent practic . lege, from practising medicine in the ing period, usually for three years, City practice, for instance, was carried The practice of medicine as well of London, its suburbs or within abstain from medical practice.64 out not by physicians but by bar­ ao area of seven miles around, or be The Linacre Foundation, however, as its control. however, •as al· lined five pounds for each month: to bers and apothecaries. Although ready emerging as a func n dis­ lllllke statutes, to calJ meetings, to estab­ was not granted an official license lilb four Judges or censors of the writ­ the doctors themselves were not 1 . in until eight days before his death. 32 tinct from the Church. In eed ings, morals and medicaments of any­ an unorganized rabble, the pro­ England, seven years la, r, Lin­ one practising medicine, . . to punish In addition, because of dawdling fession was beset with persons acre, with the assistance c Cardi­ offenses by imprisonment or fine, and mismanagement, as well as admin­ plainly unqualified and untrained. lo be exempt from the burdensome af­ istrative corruption which later nal Wolsey, the Lord Ch ,ncellor. fairs. commands, and services of the came about in the , the It also was beset with vice, for it through whose hands for 14 years dty.eo was made up of herb and root the entire affairs of t e royal · Linacre · was the first president lectureship would become com­ doctors, plain everyday quacks, kingdom passed, and wl,o would of the Royal College of Physi­ pletely lost at Cambridge, but unqualified midwives. and "wise be succeeded by Thom, .� More. cians, holding that office until his eventually revised at Oxford to women, of whom there was no death six years later.61 He also establish innumerable years later. 69 procured from King He, ry Vlll scarcity. " But the medical pro­ on September I 0, 1518. through was its first benefactor, providing the present Linacre Professorship .20 fession-and this would appear to the authority of Parli .. ment. a the College substantial financial of Physiology be a handicap at any stage of the royal charter which established for IIIPPort and bequeathing it his SPIRITED CONFLICT profession's evolution-was open the "more learned members of the books and his Stone-House on to anyone who could read, inqeed, Like most Englishmen of the profession," the Royal College �f knightrider's Street. The College time, Linacre was Catholic. His to some who couldn't read. Thus 0 Would meet­ Physicians.6 This was England s continue to hold its intimate Catholic friends were of­ medicine included not only illiter­ first coherent medical organization; ings in Linacre's house for nearly acy and quackery but empiricism ten occupied with the innumer­ but it was a stern organization. I hundred years. Both house and at its very worst. Linacre worked able complex factors leading to the Linacre, a person also outstanding the majority of the books. how­ for a system which would correct full-blown Reformation, a brutal in affairs of state. drew up the ever. were destroyed in the Lon­ this, a system that would not 2 sequel, indeed a theological failure, constitution of the Royal College don fire of 1666.6 merely grant a person the right to the once bright promise of the of standing In addition to his reforms in and. license to practice medicine, Physicians, itself a Renaissance. While both clerical e gen· •edicine ( and this would be of but restricf the privilege to those monument to his constructiv and lay humanists openly attacked In Intere of mod­ qualified to practice it. In 1511. ius and far-seeing judgment. st to administrators the abuses and egregious weak­ e. ern for the f.irst time in England, and the annals of the Royal Colleg departments) Lin­ nesses of ecclesiastical life. and lCre largely through Linacre's leader­ , the second president Was one of the first persons Erasmus was literally shaking the ship, authority to regulate the of the College. and like Linacre. 'I! endow, however modest the ecclesiastical timbers in all their licensure mem· Jltcedent might seem today. uni- parts. a series of women would practice of medicine by one of its most influential ERLY 31 30 LINACRE QUART prove the love of King Henry VIII the individual conscience, \\ at to Klng's good servant, but God's first.65 in our modern Greco-Latin medi­ both dangerous and deadly. As the the State, is indeed an etern one, But also as the years passed, ca!'vocabulary. Thus Linacre gave shadow of papal wrath stretched and not a few people hav. been however once keen-witted the mas­ to medicine, to paraphrase Sir Wil­ ominously over the thunder­ surprised and distressed t find ter of political art, Henry VIII liam Osler, one of its most dis­ ous and stubborn will of Henry it emerging today, as muc. alive would instead not only bring about tinctive features - the light and 65 VIII. the latter, in 1533, an­ as ever it was. " But for point the dissolution of hundreds of liberty of Greek thought.65 But he nounced his secret marriage to of individual conscience , ,d of monasteries in England but the also left what has been even more Anne Boleyn. On September 7, faith, and for denial of Re ll su­ plunder of hospitals for the sick, valuable- "an example of a life of 1533, the future Queen Elizabeth premacy, Sir Thomas M e, on poor, and aged, and deliberately devotion to learning, to medicine, was born, and after that the num­ the morning of July 6, 15 i, lost lay waste more things of beauty­ and to the interests of humanity."60 ber of men who would keep their both head and beard on . ewer indeed the very things he once In 1522, two years before his heads would be fewer and fewer. Hill and had them exhibit, upon wanted, loved and stood for-and death, Linacre published Leonice­ As a matter of fact, however ico­ London Bridge. Eightee1 years more things of promise than any nus' earlier translation of Galen's noclastic Henry VIII's notions on earlier Erasmus, fearful o 1is fu­ other man in European history.or manuscript, De Moto Musculorum the indissolubility of a valid mar­ ture under Henry VIII. id left AN EMINENT PERSON (On the Motion of the Musc/es).9 riage and his views on the suprem­ England and settled ii Basel. Meanwhile, Linacre had under­ Leonicenus. one of the first medi­ acy of the Holy Pontiff, his in­ Switzerland. When n vs of cal humanists and author of one fatuation with Anne and his efforts taken the study of theology in More's execution reache Eras- order of the first clinical accounts on to secure an annulment from Cath­ to prepare for the priest­ 2 mus, the latter, "worn out .- work. hood. Four years before his death syphilis,1 with whom Linacre had erine served to bring about in disease and disappointme. ·oo and visited many years previously in England the kind of political and -and probably about the time of who would die the nr , year. Ferrara, Italy, had looked up to theological chimera that would al­ 's official excommuni­ wrote of his life-long fr; ,d: cation of Luther-Linacre was or­ Linacre as the person who would low the Reformation to survive as become one of his brightest and Thomas More, Lord Chancel' of En g· dained priest. "Much confusion, a world force. soundest pupils.0 However pro­ land, whose soul was more ,ure than (however) exists as to the time, Erasmus had been in spirited any snow, whose genius w such as phetic, Leonicenus apparently was 1d never place, and prelate at his ordina­ England never had - yea. confident in Linacre's ability as a conflict not so much with Luther, shall have again . . . In /vi e's death tion."12 He gave up his practice of � had bu! but primarily with Church authori­ I seem to have died myself; medicine, serving neither as parish Greek scholar and translator, and one soul between us.66 in his ability as a leader to develop ties. A deeply religious man, Eras­ Priest nor as member of an order. in medicine the attributes of intel­ mus desired passionately to repair One of the choice spc imens of He lived quietly in London, and lectual and objective perspective. what was wrong and clearly amiss. the ideals of wisdom a ·d virtue. devoted his time to further trans­ seeking however, to strengthen More, however vengeful1·: disliked lations and writing, using his vast On October 20, 1524, in Lon­ the Church not by cleavage and by Henry VIII. would 9row im· learning and wealth "in ways dic­ don, Thomas Linacre died in his violent religious provincialism but mensely in stature and Jo·:portance tated by the ideals of manhood. ":<2 64th year from complications of by reform of ecclesiastical prac­ as the years passed. H.. would be During his scholarly lifetime kidney stones, and was buried in tices through peace and unity. proclaimed a martyred Saint. and l.inacre left no original creative old St. Paul's Cathedral in Lon­ Thus he would gain in the history become popularly known not only l'lorlc except his Latin grammar. don in a spot he himself chose. ,o of the birth and growth of the as the Saint of the R.:naissance, His chief occupation was the Upon Linacre's death John Cai­ Reformation-and he was under but as the Patron of c�tholic lay­ lranslation of the Greek writers us, distinguished graduate of serious pressure and suspect from men everywhere. More, like Socra· Into Latin which would continue Cambridge and Padua, and admir­ b0t' sides-th.e well-known paren­ tes, it is freedom of II the major language, even in er of Thomas Linacre, was ap­ tal-.i!:e reputation: "Erasmus laid said, died for potent lledical writing, through the eigh­ pointed a physician to King Henry an eg�; Luther hatched it." Eras­ conscience, with a jest of th century. And because of a VJIJ.60 He would also become a mus and More, unlike chameleons, meaning on his lips: � aatJt of proper English words at court physician to Edward VI. however, kept their faith. . . . that they should pray for him : this world, and he would pray f�r the time, the translations of the Queen Mary and Queen Eliza­ "The problem of what is due to elsewhere, protesting that he died the medical works would result beth. Caius himself was elected Y 32 LINACRt: QUARTERL 33 36 second president of the Royal Col­ p. 146 13 Taming of The Shrew. Shakespeare, 1 39 3 p. 11 lege of Physicians, and 33 years p. 71 Act I, Scene I. 44 p. 20 40 p. 75 2f after Linacre's death. had erected Sharpe, W. D. Personal communica- 50 p.115 41 p. 83 tion. 55 p. 2 at his own expense at St. Paul's 42 p. 258 57p.164 43 p. 88 The Life of Thomas Linacre. Johnson, Cathedral a memorial brass to Lin­ ]. N. Edward 58 p. 164 48 p. 81 Lumley, Chancery Lane, 59 acre's memory. "This monument London, 1835. p. 3 49 p. 152 26 6 p. 305 32 Thomas Linacre. The Lancet, 2:1356. was erected near the north door 5 p. 400 2 66 p. 73 9 p. 263 Dec. 17, 1960. of the Church. over or near Lin­ 30 . 208 67p. 107 18p.18ip 33 A Riddle of the Seventeenth Century. acre's grave, and remained till the The Linacre Lecture. Dodds, C. Brit. British Medicine in Greater Brita . Osler, it p. 232 f. No. 5193, p. 182, July 16, 1960. year 1666, when the great fire of W. Aequanimilas. The Blaki m Co., 17 p. 235 M. London involved the Church, mon­ Philadelphia, 1943 12 p. 182 37 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 8 :678. The 4 p. 47 University of Chicago, 1945. p. 678. ument, and remains of him whom llp.183 6 p.167 If p. 51 Characters of the Reformation. Belloc, G8 239 it commemorated in one common p. 188 "P· 218 H. Image Books, Doubleday and Co., N. Y .. ruin and desolation."71 The text. Thomas Linacre. Osler, W. Cam­ 7lp. 298 Inc.. Garden City, 1958, p. 27. bridge 28 60 however. has been preserved: University Press, 1908 Thomas Linacre. Brit. M. J. No. 521 i, The Relations of John Caius with 5 p. 33 p.172,t, Dec. 10, 1960. and Some Incidental Thomas Linacre, physician to King 11 p. 5 Remarks on The Guinta Galen and on Henry VIII; a man in Greek and Latin Doctors and Disease in Tudor Times. 19 p. 11 Copeman, Thomas Geminus. O'Malley, C. D. and in the art of medicine most learned 2 13 W. S. C. Dawson's of Pall J. Hist. Med. and Allied Sci , 1 p. Mall, London, . 10:145, of all: during his lifetime he restored 25 p. 12 1960. Jan. l 955. to life many who were ill, some even who 62 p. 59 had despaired of life; with marvelous 63 p. 42 and unique eloquence he translated many 64 p. 44 works of Galen into the Latin language. 69 p. 60 At the request of his friends he pub­ 72 p. 3 lished. a little while before his death, an outstanding work on the grammar 7 Thomas Linacre: Royal Physician. of the Latin language. For students of The Linacre Quarterly 2 :73 May, medicine he endowed two public lecture­ 1960. ships at Oxford and one at Cambridge. Biographical Memoirs of II.·e dicine in In this city, he organized the College Great Britain. Aiken, J ., London, 1780. of Physicians by his industry, and was B p. 28 elected its first president. Marvelously 14 p. 29 aloof from guile and deceit; faithful to 15 p. 30 his friends; distinguished in every class 27 p. 37 of society, a few years before he died 45 p. 36 he was ordained priest. Full of years 61 p. 32 he departed this life, much beloved, in 70 p. 35 the Year of Our Lord 1524. on· the 9 Early Medical Humanists, Fulton, J. twentieth day of October. Virtue lives F. N.E.J.M., 205:141. 1Q31. beyond funerary rites: John Caius has 12 Thomas Linacre, 1460-1524: An En_g· erected this monument to Thomas Lin­ a acre, lish Physician Scholar of The Ren is · a most distinguished physician, in History 01 the year 1557. 72 sance. Sharpe, W. D. Bull. Med., 34:223. May-June, 1960. le REFERENCES 16 The Story of Medicine in the Midd Ages. Riesman, D. Paul B. Hoeber, ( Footnotes refer to titles) 1 Inc., 1935, p. 170. Christian and History. Maritain A Popular History of the Cal hO /'ci Jubilee , J. k 5:37 Nov. 1957 Church. Hughes, P. Image Boo � Thomas More. Chambers, R. W. The Doubleday and Co., Inc., Garde University of Michigan Press, 1958 City, 1955, 11 p. 158; 1s p. 161. 2 p. 375 101 20 Medicine and the Humanities: Lf· 3 p. J. F. . 10 p. 79 acre and Allbutt. Fulton, r Am. Coll. , 7:24, 1957 .. 13 p. 66 22 ci , 34 Osler, Arms and The Man. Fran � p. 70 W. W., J. Allied 5c, .. 35 p. 77 Hist. Med. 10:432, Oct., 1955. 34 Y LDIACRE QUARTERL 35