United States Political Map ...... 2 Pennsylvania Political Map ...... 3 Pennsylvania Physical Map ...... 4 Table of Contents ...... 5 Unit I: Exploring Pennsylvania Lesson 1: Our State ...... 6 Lesson 2: Our State Flag ...... 8 Lesson 3: Our State Symbols ...... 10 Unit II: Geography of Pennsylvania Lesson 4: Our Geographic Regions ...... 12 Lesson 5: Our Natural Resources ...... 14 Lesson 6: Our Wildlife ...... 16 Lesson 7: Our Farms and Forests ...... 18 Lesson 8: Our Minerals and Fossil Fuels ...... 20 Lesson 9: Our Population and Cities ...... 22 Lesson 10: Our Waterways ...... 24 Lesson 11: Our Climate and Weather ...... 26 Lesson 12: Our Products Made in Pennsylvania ...... 28 Lesson 13: Our Transportation Systems ...... 30 Unit III: History of Pennsylvania Lesson 14: The First Americans in Pennsylvania ...... 32 Lesson 15: William Penn, Our Founder ...... 34 Lesson 16: Pennsylvania’s First Settlers ...... 36 Lesson 17: Benjamin Franklin, A Great Pennsylvanian ...... 40 Lesson 18: George Washington in England's Army ...... 42 Lesson 19: The Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, and Bill of Rights . .38 Lesson 20: George Washington, America's Great Leader ...... 44 Lesson 21: Betsy Ross and Our Country's First Flag ...... 46 Lesson 22: James Buchanan, Pennsylvania’s President ...... 50 Lesson 23: The Civil War in Pennsylvania ...... 48 Lesson 24: Abraham Lincoln in Pennsylvania ...... 52 Lesson 25: Harriet Tubman in Pennsylvania ...... 54 Lesson 26: Pennsylvania and the Industrial Revolution ...... 56 Unit IV: Government of Pennsylvania Lesson 27: Our State Government ...... 58 Lesson 28: Our Local Government and Communities ...... 60 Glossary ...... 62 Index ...... Inside Back Cover

Our Pennsylvania Story 5 LESSON 1 Our State

Get To Know Me 1. country 2. states 3. oblong 4. wavy 5. eastern 6. boundary 7. south 8. north 9. west 10. border

Find Me On The Map (On Page 2) 1. United States of America 2. Pennsylvania

You live in the country of the United States of America. It is a country made up of 50 states. The state you live in is called Pennsylvania. Look at the map of Pennsylvania on the next page. See the shape of your state. It is an oblong shape. Look at the upper left corner of Pennsylvania. See the extra piece of land? That piece of land is often called the “chimney corner” of Pennsylvania. On the edge of this piece of land is Lake Erie. It is a big lake. Lake Erie is one of the five Great Lakes of the United States. Look on the right side of the map of Pennsylvania. That wavy line is the Delaware River. The Delaware River makes the eastern boundary line of Pennsylvania. Across the Delaware River is the state of New Jersey. To the south of Pennsylvania are three states. These states are West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. To the north of Pennsylvania is the state of New York. To the west of Pennsylvania are the states of Ohio and West Virginia. Where do you live in Pennsylvania? Do you live in a city? Do you live in a town? Or do you live in the country? Find the county where you live on the map of our state on page 3. Sailing on Lake Erie Lake Erie is used for recreation. Sailing, fishing, and swimming are some of the water activities. Lake Erie is also used for shipping goods to other places.

6 Our Pennsylvania Story Lesson 1: Our State

Use the map of Pennsylvania above. See where the states that touch, or border, Pennsylvania are located. Find the Delaware River. Now find the chimney corner. Also find the following states: Delaware, New Jersey, West Virginia, Maryland, New York, and Ohio. Fun For You 1. Use the words in the word box to write the correct word in the space below. One word will not be used. Delaware Maryland north oblong Ohio smallest West Virginia

a. New York is of Pennsylvania. b. Pennsylvania is in shape. c. Delaware is the state near Pennsylvania. d. and are to the west of Pennsylvania. e. New Jersey is across the River from Pennsylvania.

Our Pennsylvania Story 7 LESSON 4 Our Geographic Regions

Get to Know Me 1. geography 2. region 3. plain 4. plateau 5. ridge 6. valley 7. piedmont 8. coastal

Do you know what geography is? Geography is the study of the earth’s natural and human-made features. It is also a study of where things are located and why they are there. What is a region? A region is a section of a place that has one or more things in common. It could also be an area of land that has one or more things in common. For example, your cafeteria is a region of your school. You go there to eat your lunch, or to have special programs, or to have gym. Your playground is another region. Let’s stretch this idea to our state. People who make maps have divided our state into regions. These regions have land that has a common look. Go to the map on the next page to see the names of these regions. Place a ruler from the city of Erie to the city of Philadelphia. You can draw a line through the five regions in our state. How will we remember them? Can you remember the funny name EARPA? Each letter stands for the name of a region. Let’s take a quick tour through the regions of our state. In the chimney corner of our state is a small area of land called the Erie Plain. The one thing in common this area has is that it is flat, level land. The next region is called the Allegheny Plateau. A plateau has higher land than a plain. The land can have mountains and hills. There are many forests in this region. The next area we cross into is called the Ridge and Valley Region. A ridge is a long stretch of mountains or hills. Between two ridges is lower, level land called a valley. In a classroom, rows of desks could be mountains. The floor space between the rows The Piedmont region has many rolling hills and valleys, and of desks could be valleys. is famous for its farming.

12 Our Pennsylvania Story Lesson 4: Our Geographic Regions

Our next area has a funny name. It is called the Piedmont (peed mont). It means land that stretches out from the bottom of mountains. This area has many hills. Some of the best farmland in our country is located in this region. Our last region is another plain. It is called the Atlantic Coastal Plain. It is lower land than the Erie Plain. This is because it is located near the Atlantic Ocean. That completes our tour of our state’s geographic regions.

This map shows the five landform regions of Pennsylvania.

Can You Remember? Fill in the blanks to help you know the names of our state’s geographic regions. E = ______A = ______R = ______P = ______A = ______For the Artists Draw, sketch, or model one of our state’s geographic regions.

Our Pennsylvania Story 13 LESSON 23 The Civil War in Pennsylvania

Get to Know Me 1. civil war 2. slavery 3. plantation 4. burial 5. cemetery 6. democracy

Find Me on a Map (On Page 4) 1. Gettysburg 2. Chambersburg

A civil war is a war fought between people in the same country. For many years, people in our country argued about slavery. The Northern states were the Free States, or states that did not allow slavery. The Southern states were the Slave States, or states that allowed slavery. The Southern states wanted to set up a separate country. They wanted to be able to have slaves. The Northern States were against slavery. People in the North felt that all people should be free. They also wanted to keep our country together. Slaves were people brought to our country against their will. Most slaves were brought from Africa long before our country gained its freedom. They were forced to come here. They were forced to work on large farms called plantations. They were not paid for their work. They had no freedoms. Many slaves were treated very badly. President Abraham Lincoln did not let the Southern states set up their own country. A great war was fought between the years of 1861 and 1865 to keep the United States together. The war was also fought to free the slaves. There was some fighting in Pennsylvania. At two different times, the Southern army sent troops into Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. On one occasion, the Southern army asked the people of the town to give them $100,000 dollars. When they This map shows the Free States and the Slave States refused, the Southern army before the Civil War. burned Chambersburg.

50 Our Pennsylvania Story Lesson 23: The Civil War in Pennsylvania

One of the most important battles of the Civil War took place at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Can you imagine 172,000 soldiers marching into a small town of 2,400 people? More than 51,000 people were killed or injured during one battle. That is what happened at Gettysburg. For three very hot days in July, the battle was fought. In the end, the South lost the battle. Then, the Southern army went back home. Many soldiers who were killed at the battle This picture shows Chambersburg were not given a proper burial. Our government after the southern army burned the bought land to provide a cemetery for the dead city. soldiers. The government leaders felt that the cemetery needed a dedication. They wanted to honor the men on both sides who had been killed during the battle. They wanted to honor the living soldiers as well. They also came to honor the idea that “all men are created equal” in our form of government – democracy. President Lincoln spoke for a little longer than two minutes. The President felt his speech was like “a wet blanket.” But the Gettysburg Address is famous for how the words honored those killed in battle. Fun For You 1. One of the reasons the Gettysburg Address was written was to state “all men are created equal.” Write a paragraph explaining what this phrase, “all men are created equal,” means to you.

2. Use the phrase “Gettysburg Address for kids” to search the Internet. Describe what you found.

Our Pennsylvania Story 51