DOCSLIB.ORG

Bme-419 Power Plant Engg Debasmita Mishra

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bme-419 Power Plant Engg Debasmita Mishra POWER PLANT ENGINEERING 7th SEMESTER B.TECH DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING VSSUT BURLA MODULE-I SOURCES OF ENERGY There are mainly two types of sources of energy 1. Conventional Sources of Energy (Non-Renewable Sources of Energy) 2. Non-conventional Sources of Energy (Renewable Sources of Energy). 1. CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY These resources are finite and exhaustible. Once consumed, these sources cannot be replaced by others. Examples include coal, timber, petroleum, lignite, natural gas, fossil fuels, nuclear fuels etc. The examples are (i) fossil fuel ( ii ) nuclear energy ( iii ) hydro energy Have you not seen the filling of fuel in automobiles? What are the fuels that are being used in automobiles? What type of sources of energy are they? Are they non-conventional? Fossil fuel is an invaluable source of energy produced due to chemical changes taking place in the absence of oxygen, in plants and animals that have been buried deep in the earth’s crust for many million years. Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas are formed in this manner. These are conventional sources of energy. For example, energy from, Petroleum, natural gas, coal, nuclear energy, etc THERMAL POWER Thermal generation accounts for about 70% of power generation in India. Thermal energy generation is based on coal, furnace oil and natural gas. Steam cycle, rankin cycle or sterling cycle can be used for energy production. Now clean coal technologies (with 10% ash content) have been used in thermal power plants on commercial scale. NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION (NTPC) It was incorporated in November 1975 as a public sector undertaking with the main objectives of planning, promoting and organising integrated development of thermal power. Installed capacity of NTPC projects stands at 16000 MW. 2. NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY These sources are being continuously produced in nature and are not exhaustible. Examples include wood, geothermal energy, wind energy, tidal energy, nuclear fusion, gobar gas, biomass, solar energy etc. The examples are (i) Solar energy ( ii ) wind energy ( iii ) geothermal energy ( iv ) ocean energy such as tidal energy, wave energy ( v) biomass energy such as gobar gas. It is evident that all energy resources based on fossil fuels has limitations in availability and will soon exhaust. Hence the long term option for energy supply lies only with non-conventional energy sources. These resources are in exhaustible for the next hundreds of thousands of years. 52 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING The sources which are perennial and give energy continuously and which do not deplete with use are the Non conventional sources of energy. For example, energy from, solar energy, bio-energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, wave, tidal and OTEC. INTRODUCTION TO VARIOUS NON CONVENTIONAL (RENEWABLE) SOURCES OF ENERGY Renewable energy development programme is gaining momentum in India. It has emerged as a viable option to achieve the goal of sustainable development. However, Indian renewable energy programme need more thrust at this stage. India has now the world’s largest programme for deployment of renewable energy products and systems, the spread of various renewable energy technologies in the country has been supported by a variety of incentives and policy measures. Power generation from non-conventional renewable sources has assumed significance in the context of environmental hazards posed by the excessive use of conventional fossil fuels. Renewable energy technologies have provied viable for power generation not so much as a substitute, but as supplement to conventional power generation. Currently renewables contribute over 3500 MW, which represents almost 3.5 percent of the total installed generating capacity of one lakh MW from all sources. Of this, wind power alone accounts for 1617 MW, while biomass power accounts for 450 MW and small hydros 1438 MW. An additional 4000 MW of power from renewable sources is to be added during the Tenth Five Year Plan period (2002–07) mainly through wind, biomass, small hydros, waste energy and solar energy system. Further, India has set a goal elevating the share of renewable energy sources in power generation up to 10 percent share of new capacity addition or 10,000 MW to come from renewable by 2012. Today, India has the largest decentralised solar energy programme, the second largest biogas and improved stove programmes and the fifth largest wind energy programme in the world. A substantial manufacturing base, has been created in a variety of renewable energy technologies placing India in a position not only to export technologies; but also offer technical expertise to other countries. BIO-GAS Biogas is a good fuel. Have you thought how this is fomed? Biomass like animal excreta, vegetable wastes and weeds undergo decomposition in the absence of oxygen in a biogas plant and form a mixture of gases. This mixture is the biogas. Its main constituent is methane. This is used as a fuel for cooking and Lighting. AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC BIO-CONVERSION PROCESS There are mainly three aerobic and anaerobic bio-conversion process for the biomass energy applications: There are: Bioproducts: Converting biomass into chemicals for making products that typically are made from petroleum. Biofuels: Converting biomass into liquid fuels for transportation. Biopower: Burning biomass directly, or converting it into a gaseous fuel or oil, to generate electricity. Bioproducts. Whatever products we can make from fossil fuels, we can make using biomass. These bioproducts, or biobased products, are not only made from renewable sources, they also often require less energy to produce than petroleum-based products. Researchers have discovered that the process for making biofuels releasing the sugars that make up starch and cellulose in plants also can be used to make antifreeze, plastics, glues, artificial sweeteners, and gel for toothpaste. Other important building blocks for bioproducts include carbon monoxide and hydrogen. When biomass is heated with a small amount of oxygen present, these two gases are produced in abundance. Scientists call this mixture biosynthesis gas. Biosynthesis gas can be used to make plastics and acids, which can be used in making photographic films, textiles, and synthetic fabrics. When biomass is heated in the absence of oxygen, it forms pyrolysis oil. A chemical called phenol can be extracted from pyrolysis oil. Phenol is used to make wood adhesives, molded plastic, and foam insulation. Biofuels. Unlike other renewable energy sources, biomass can be converted directly into Liquid fuels, biofuels. For our transportation needs (cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains). The two most common types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. Ethanol is an alcohol, the same found in beer and wine. It is made by fermenting any biomass high in carbohydrates (starches, sugars, or celluloses) through a process similar to brewing beer. Ethanol is mostly used as a fuel additive to cut down a vehicle's carbon monoxide and other smog-causing emissions. But flexible fuel vehicles, which run on mixtures of gasoline and up to 85% ethanol, are now available. Biodiesel is made by combining alcohol (usually methanol) with vegetable oil, animal fat, or recycled cooking greases. It can be used as an additive to reduce vehicle emissions (typically 20%) or in its pure form as a renewable alternative fuel for diesel engines. Other biofuels include methanol and reformulated gasoline components. Methanol, commonly called wood alcohol, is currently produced from natural gas, but could also be produced from biomass. There are a number of ways to convert biomass to methanol, but the most likely approach is gasification. Gasification involves vaporizing the biomass at high temperatures, then removing impurities from the hot gas and passing it through a catalyst, which converts it into methanol. Most reformulated gasoline components produced from biomass are pollution reducing fuel additives, such as methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE). Biopower. Biopower, or biomass power, is the use of biomass to generate electricity. There are six major types of biopower systems: direct fired, cofiring, gasification, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and small, modular. Most of the biopower plants in the world use direct fired systems. They burn bioenergy feedstocks directly to produce steam. This steam is usually captured by a turbine, and a generator then converts it into electricity. In some industries, the steam from the power plant is also used for manufacturing processes or to heat buildings. These are known as combined heat and power facilities. For instance, wood waste is often used to produce both electricity and steam at paper mills. Many coal fired power plants can use cofiring systems to significantly reduce emissions, especially sulfur dioxide emissions. Coal firing involves using bioenergy feedstocks as a supplementary energy source in high efficiency boilers. Gasification systems use high temperatures and an oxygen starved environment to convert biomass into a gas (a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane). The gas fuels what's called a gas turbine, which is very much like a jet engine, only it turns an electric generator instead of propelling a jet. The decay of biomass produces a gas methane that can be used as an energy source. In landfills, wells can be drilled to release the methane from the decaying organic matter. Then pipes from each well carry the gas to a central point where it is filtered and cleaned before burning. Methane also can be produced from biomass through a process called anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion involves using bacteria to decompose organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Methane can be used as an energy source in many ways. Most facilities burn it in a boiler to produce steam for electricity generation or for industrial processes. Two new ways include the use of microturbines and fuel cells. Microturbines have outputs of 25 to 500 kilowatts. About the size of a refrigerator, they can be used where there are space limitations for power production.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Accelerating the Growth of Solar Photovoltaic Deployment with Peer to Peer Financing Kadra Branker, Joshua Pearce
    Accelerating the Growth of Solar Photovoltaic Deployment with Peer to Peer Financing Kadra Branker, Joshua Pearce To cite this version: Kadra Branker, Joshua Pearce. Accelerating the Growth of Solar Photovoltaic Deployment with Peer to Peer Financing. Solar 2011: 40th American Solar Energy, 2011, nc, United States. hal-02120484 HAL Id: hal-02120484 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02120484 Submitted on 6 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ACCELERATING THE GROWTH OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC DEPLOYMENT WITH PEER TO PEER FINANCING Kadra Branker Joshua M. Pearce Queen’s University Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 60 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT viability of solar PV [4]. However, lack of access to credit continues to be a barrier to solar PV development, despite Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is a means of policy directives [5,6]. The problem of gaining credit to increasing energy security whilst reducing the negative finance energy demands and fight climate change is most externalities of fossil fuel dependence. Programs, such as severe for the world’s poorest who are largely dependent on feed-in-tariffs (FITs) implemented in many countries for fossil fuels, such as diesel, and will most adversely be affected on-grid PV, provide economic incentives for investment.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Finance in Sierra Leone
    Agricultural Finance in Sierra Leone Product Innovation and Financial Access – Agricultural Value Chains – Cassava, Rice, Poultry and Cocoa Published by: 2 CONTENT Content 1. Objectives and Context 1 2. Executive Summary 4 2.1 Macroeconomic Overview 4 2.2 Enabling Environment for Inclusive Financial Services 6 2.3 Rural and Agricultural Finance Opportunities 7 3. Overview of the Agricultural Sector 9 3.1 Government Policies, Donor & Development Partner Interventions 9 3.2 Microeconomic Perspective on the Agricultural Sector 10 3.3 Review of Important Agricultural Value Chains 20 3.3.1 Cassava 20 3.3.2 Rice 22 3.3.3 Poultry Rearing 27 3.3.4 Cocoa 30 3.4 Foreign Investment in Rural Areas 35 4 Analysis of Rural and Agricultural Finance 37 4.1 Financial Sector Overview - Macro Level 37 4.1.1 Macroeconomic Context 37 4.1.2 Financial Sector Regulation and Supervision 39 4.2 Financial Sector Overview 40 4.2.1 Financial Infrastructure 40 4.2.2 Institutional Perspective 43 4.3 Structural Bottlenecks in Rural and Agricultural Finance 48 5. Making Finance Work: Promising Instruments and Interventions 54 5.1 A Holistic Private Sector Perspective 54 5.2 Informal Financial Services 55 5.3 In Search of Products and Interventions that will Work for Sierra Leone 56 5.4 Agricultural Asset Finance/Micro Agri-Leasing 58 5.5 (Micro)-Finance for Rural Enterprise & Service Clusters 60 5.6 Supply Chain Finance 61 5.7 Building Carbon Credits into Agricultural Finance Products 61 5.8 Inventory Credit and Warehouse Receipts 62 5.9 Trade Finance Facilities at Commercial Banks in Sierra Leone 64 5.10 Private Equity for Medium-Size Agribusiness 65 5.11 Creation of a new National Agricultural Finance Institution 66 5.12 Agricultural Finance Enablers & Meso Level Interventions 67 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping the Market for Energy Access
    CROWD POWER Mapping the Market for Energy Access Davinia Cogan and Simon Collings CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Energy Access Crowdfunding 3 Scale and nature of energy access crowdfunding Equity on the rise Limits to the role of the crowd PAYG a likely game changer Spotlight on Sub-Saharan Africa 6 Micro-loans dominate Product testing and early stage equity Platforms for Energy Access 9 Crowd Power Campaign Update 12 Interview: SteamaCo 14 Conclusion 16 Note on Data Sources 17 This materialhas been funded by UK aid from the UK government; however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies. Published May 2016 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Crowdfunding for energy access refers to the donation, reward, debt and equity campaigns launched each year by social enterprises, charities and other organisations raising capital for off-grid energy projects. This market is currently very small, with $3.4 million raised for projects in Africa and Asia in 2015. Debt campaigns currently dominate the market, accounting for 75% of funds raised and 95% of campaigns1. Much of this is for micro-loans. Recent shifts in solar crowdfunding and the emergence of in-house financing across energy access business models will continue to alter the crowdfunding landscape significantly. Over the short term, equity and debt crowdfunding could grow substantially as more early-stage business ventures, unable to raise capital from traditional financiers, seek funds from the crowd. Regulatory changes could also assist this growth. The off-grid energy sector is capital-intensive, with the leading market players offering pay-as- you-go (PAYG) financing, with high working capital requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Peer-To-Peer Financing Mechanisms to Accelerate Renewable Energy Deployment Kadra Branker, Emily Shackles, Joshua Pearce
    Peer-to-Peer Financing Mechanisms to Accelerate Renewable Energy Deployment Kadra Branker, Emily Shackles, Joshua Pearce To cite this version: Kadra Branker, Emily Shackles, Joshua Pearce. Peer-to-Peer Financing Mechanisms to Accelerate Renewable Energy Deployment. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, Taylor & Francis, 2011, 1 (2), pp.138-155. 10.1080/20430795.2011.582325. hal-02120491 HAL Id: hal-02120491 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02120491 Submitted on 6 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Published as: K. Branker, E. Shackles & J. M. Pearce (2011): Peer-to-peer financing mechanisms to accelerate renewable energy deployment, Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 1:2, 138-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2011.582325 Peer-to-Peer Financing Mechanisms to Accelerate Renewable Energy Deployment by Kadra Branker, Emily Shackles, and Joshua M. Pearce* Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Queen’s University 60 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada * Corresponding author: ph: 613-533-3369, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Despite the clear need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, lack of access to capital and appropriate financing mechanisms has limited the deployment of renewable energy technologies (RETs).
    [Show full text]
  • 2011 ALMANAC of ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS
    2011 ALMANAC of ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS Steven F. Hayward 2011 Almanac of Environmental Trends by Steven F. Hayward April 2011 ISBN-13: 978-1-934276-17-4 Pacific Research Institute One Embarcadero Center, Suite 350 San Francisco, CA 94111 Tel: 415-989-0833/ 800-276-7600 Fax: 415-989-2411 Email: [email protected] www.pacificresearch.org Download copies of this study at www.pacificresearch.org. Nothing contained in this report is to be construed as necessarily reflecting the views of the Pacific Research Institute or as an attempt to thwart or aid the passage of any legislation. ©2011 Pacific Research Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise, without prior writ- ten consent of the publisher. To Julian Simon (1932-1998), for teaching us how markets, technology, and creativity have brought us the story of human progress. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Although mine is the name on the cover, the Almanac of Environmental Trends is like an elaborate stage play that depends on a lot of people behind the scene who make its production possible. My PRI colleagues Julie Kaszton, Kelly Gorton, Dana Beigel, Linda Bridges, and Michael Noffsinger, and Lloyd Billingsley do the bulk of the work transforming text and data into this Almanac, as well as designing and formatting the companion website, www.environmentaltrends.org. Research director Jason Clemens, marketing vice president Rowena Itchon, and events director Cindy Chin see to all the essential collateral measures to bring this project to a wider world.
    [Show full text]
  • Encouraging Renewable Energy Development
    ENCOURAGING RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT: A Handbook for International Energy Regulators January 2011 This publication is made possible by the generous support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of NARUC and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Prepared by Isabel Bjork Catherine Connors Thomas Welch Deborah Shaw William Hewitt The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. www.naruc.org/international (cover photo credit: Julie Taylor, NARUC 2009) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) and their consultant, Pierce Atwood LLP, would like to thank all the regulators that contributed their time and expertise to this Handbook. In particular, we would like to thank the regulators and experts who helped us build and research case studies. Without the contribution and support of the following organizations these case studies would not have been possible: Armenian Public Services Regulatory Commission (PSRC), Comisión Nacional de Energía Eléctrica de Guatemala (CNEE), Egyptian Electric Utility & Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency (EgyptEra), Electricity Control Board of Namibia (ECB), Electricity Regulatory Commission of Jordan (ERC), Energy Regulatory Commission of the
    [Show full text]
  • Encouraging Renewable Energy Development
    ENCOURAGING RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT: A Handbook for International Energy Regulators 2014 Update This publication is made possible by the generous support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of NARUC and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Case Studies on Peru, The Gambia, and Tanzania were contributed by Jorry Mwenechanya in 2013 and 2014. Originally prepared in 2011 by Isabel Bjork Catherine Connors Thomas Welch Deborah Shaw William Hewitt The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. www.naruc.org/international (cover photo credit: Julie Taylor, NARUC 2009) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) and their consultant, Pierce Atwood LLP, would like to thank all the regulators that contributed their time and expertise to this Handbook. In particular, we would like to thank the regulators and experts who helped us build and research case studies. Without the contribution and support of the following organizations these case studies would not have been possible: Armenian Public Services Regulatory Commission (PSRC), Comisión Nacional de Energía Eléctrica de Guatemala (CNEE), Egyptian Electric Utility & Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency (EgyptEra), Electricity Control Board of Namibia (ECB), Electricity Regulatory Commission of Jordan (ERC), Energy Regulatory Commission of the Philippines (ERC), Philippines Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC), Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Institute (REEEI) Polytechnic of Namibia and Superintendencia General de Electricidad y Telecomunicaciones de el Salvador (SIGET).
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 3 Sustainable Microfinance Unearthed
    The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY PLANET, PEOPLE & PROSPERITY An Exploration of Sustainable Microfinance PracticesTown in South Africa: A Case Study of the Kuyasa Fund in Cape Town Jenna Larsen LRSJEN002Cape 2011of A minor dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy (MPHIL), Development Studies UniversitySupervisor: Dr Frank Matose COMPULSORY DECLARATION This work has not been previously submitted in whole, or in part, for the award of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. Signature: Date: Acknowledgements This project has led me on an incredible and challenging journey; one of intellectual development and self-discovery. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to those that made this dissertation possible: My supervisor, Dr. Frank Matose, thank you for your invaluable guidance, support and patience throughout this process. My colleagues and fellow students from the Land Reform and Democracy Chair and Seminar at the University of Cape Town, your feedback, advice and support are truly appreciated. I have learned so much from each and every one of you.
    [Show full text]