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Géologie Et Biodiversité Végétale Quelques Rappels Géologie et Biodiversité végétale Quelques rappels Modifications climatiques Isolement géographique génèrent de la biodiversité Rift Est-Africain : Longueur : 6000 km Ecartement : 1 cm/an Début : il y a 20 MA Sommets : Volcans sauf Rwenzori Ages : 2 à 3 Ma Kili : activité récente Meru : encore actif Petite parenthèse Cette région est considérée comme le berceau de l’humanité Théorie développée par Yves Coppens… Mais… Mais revenons à la botanique… avec les Seneçons géants Du genre Dendrosenecio Dendrosenecio adnivalis 11 espèces. erici-rosenii elgonensis Initialement comprises dans le genre Senecio cheranganensis Se rencontrent entre 2500 m et 4600 m sur brassiciformis les montagnes d’Afrique de l’Est. battiscombei keniodendron keniensis kilimandjari Senecio ovatus (Seneçon de Fuchs) johnstonii meruensis Dendrosenecio adnivalis Rwenzori erici-rosenii elgonensis Elgon cheranganensis Cherangani brassiciformis battiscombei Aderb . keniodendron Kenya keniensis kilimandjari Kilimandjaro johnstonii meruensis Meru Dendrosenecio adnivalis Rwenzori erici-rosenii elgonensis Elgon cheranganensis Cherangani brassiciformis battiscombei Aderb . keniodendron Kenya keniensis kilimandjari Kilimandjaro johnstonii meruensis Meru Mt Stanley 5109 m Rwenzori Lobelia 3500 m 3800 m Lobelia deckenii Dendrosenecio keniensis 4500 m Lobelia telekiii 4300 m Dendrosenecio keniodendron Kilimandjaro 4000 m Dendrosenecio kilimandjari Lien de parenté avec les genres proches: Euryops brownei Cineraria deltoidea Dendrosenecio Le genre Dendrosenecio est très isolé, les genres les plus proches montrent de grandes différences. Cineraria deltoidea Cineraria deltoidea : 200 à 1650 m Euryops brownei – Mt Kenya 3000 m Un scénario doit pouvoir expliquer : - L’isolement des Dendrosenecio en altitude - La disparition des ancêtres proches Le genre Dendrosenecio serait apparu il y a 1 million d’années. La bifurcation vers ses plus proches parents est bien plus ancienne Les volcans et le Rwenzori datent d’environ 2 à 3 millions d’années Les premières glaciations se font sentir depuis 1 million d’années Scénario proposé Scénario proposé Scénario proposé Scénario proposé Scénario proposé Phénomène de convergence Des groupes d’espèces, appartenant parfois à des familles différentes, ont évolué vers des formes arborescentes d’altitude, à partir d’espèces herbacées. Dendrosenecio (Asteraceae Senecioneae) Espeletia (Asteraceae Heliantheae) Lobelia (Campanulaceae) Espeletia pycnophylla Equateur Lobelia gloria-montis Hawai (8 MA) (30 MA) (20 MA) (20 MA) La colonisation de la Macaronésie s’est faite à partir du continent essentiellement Maroc et péninsule ibérique http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2367450/ Environ 60 espèces dont 30 en Macaronésie http://www.pnas.org/content/93/21/11740.full.pdf Echium creticum Echium wildpretii Echium aculeatum Echium vulcanorum Echium candicans Une centaine d’espèces dont env. 30 en Macaronésie Sonchus oleraceus Sonchus congestus Sonchus canariensis Sonchus fruticosus http://www.amjbot.org/content/92/12/2072.full Hypothèse : Les colonisations et les épisodes d’intense diversification se seraient faits par vagues successives à des moments précis. Ces fenêtres favorables seraient à mettre en relation avec des évènements climatiques ou géologiques. La crise messinienne serait l’un de ces évènement. Aperçu de la végétation de l’île de Tenerife 2 : Teno 3 : Anaga Massif de l’Anaga : Laurisilve : C’est le type de végétation qui prévalait au sud de l’ Europe au cours de l’ère tertiaire. Elle est essentiellement constituée de feuillus à feuilles persitantes : Laurus azorica, Ilex canariensis, Viburnum rigidum … Massif de l’Anaga La Laurisilve L. azorica L. nobilis (W. Médit.) Laurus azorica L. nobilis (E. Médit.) Açores, Madère, Canaries, Maroc Pericallis tussilaginis Argyranthemum broussonetii Répartition de quelques Argyranthemum endémiques de Tenerife http://mdc.ulpgc.es/utils/getfile/collection/botmaca/id/44/filename/45.pdf Limonium macrophyllum Le massif du Teno : C’est sans doute le plus bel espace naturel de Tenerife avec une végétation d’une richesse exceptionnelle. Punta de Teno en bordure de mer. Barranco de Masca, canyon qui descend vers la mer. Euphorbia canariensis Vieraea laevigata Cheirolophus buchardii Barranco de Masca 570 m Aeonium pseudourbicum Euphorbia atropurpurea Pericallis lanata 2 : Teno 3 : Anaga Montaña blanca Argyranthemum teneriffae Viola cheiranthifolia L’histoire géologique a influé de diverses façons sur la végétation de la Macaronésie, mais aucun phénomène géologique n’a joué de rôle prépondérant. Relief des Andes Structure géologique Le désert d’Atacama Licancabur 5916 m Vallée de la Lune Licancabur 5916 m Vallée de la Mort Cistanche salsoloides (Portulacaceae) Tiquilia atacamensis (Boraginaceae) Hoffmannseggia doellii La surrection des Andes - Des plantes fossiles agées de 14 à 18 MA ont été trouvées à 4000 – 4500 m. L’étude des ces plantes montrent qu’elles vivaient alors à moins de 2000 m : env. 0,15 mm par an - D’autres études montrent qu’il y a 20 MA l’altiplano, dont l’altitude actuelle est de 3700 m, se trouvait à 1000 m : env. 0,13 mm par an La surrection des Andes - Jusqu’au milieu du tertiaire la subduction n’a donné naissance qu’à des reliefs peu élevés. - Il demeure une incertitude sur l’époque et le rythme de la surrection : Certains pensent que la plus grande part s’est réalisée entre 10 et 5 MA (0,5 mm par an), alors que d’autres sont partisans d’une surrection progressive. Exemple dans les Alpes : Il a été établi qu’il y a 10 Ma le massif du Mt Blanc se trouvait sous 15 km de roches (Sédiments et nappes internes). On peut supposer qu’il se trouvait alors à 10 km de profondeur, surmonté de roches qui culminaient à 5000 m d’altitude. Son exhumation l’a porté à environ 5000 m par une remontée de 15000 m effectuée en 10 Ma : 1,5 mm par an. Cordillère occidentale Altiplano Salar d’Uyuni Île d’incahuasi Echinopsis atacamensis - Arrivée des Lupins par le détroit de Behring. Diversification en clades A et B. Colonisation de l’Amérique du nord par A et B. - Le CladeLupinsA colonise l’Amérique du Sud -Refroidissement au nord et surrection desdes Montagnes Rocheuses : B se diversifie dans les Rocheuses, pénètre au MexiqueAndespuis en Amérique du Sud. A est repoussé dans les régions chaudes en ’Amérique du nord - Surrection des Andes : Diversification275 espècesexplosive au totalde B dans85 lesespècesAndes dans. A lespersiste Andesen basse altitude et se diversifie un peu dans les Andes http://www.pnas.org/content/103/27/10334.full 1 : L. montanus - 3900 m 2 : L. alopecuroides - 4300 m 3 : L. ballianus - 3400 m 4 : L. weberbaueri - 4200 m 5 : L. breviscapus - 5000 m 6 : L. bandelierae - 3900 m 7 : L. paniculatus - 4100 m 8 : L. oreophilus - 3550 m 1 : L. montanus - 3900 m 2 : L. alopecuroides - 4300 m 3 : L. ballianus - 3400 m 4 : L. weberbaueri - 4200 m 5 : L. breviscapus - 5000 m 6 : L. bandelierae - 3900 m 7 : L. paniculatus - 4100 m 8 : L. oreophilus - 3550 m 1 : L. montanus - 3900 m 4 : L. weberbaueri - 4200 m 6 : L. bandelierae - 3900 m D’autres genres se sont diversifiés lors de laAdesmia surrection des Andes 240 espèces uniquement en Amérique du Sud dont 80 dans les Andes Adesmia horrida Xenophyllum Genre de création récente pour une vingtaine d’espèces qui se rencontrent en altitude dans les Andes et rangées auparavant dans le genre Werneria Xenophyllum marcidum Et bien d’autres… Fin www.planetefleurs.fr.
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