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Climate Risk Profile Embu County Highlights

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Climate Risk Profile Embu County Highlights Kenya County Climate Risk Profile Series Climate Risk Profile Embu County Highlights Embu County heavily relies on the agricultural sector both as the principal source of food and nutrition and as the backbone of the economy. The great majority of the population (70%) derives their livelihood from crop production and livestock keeping. The key value chain commodities produced by the majority of farmers are maize (61-100% of the farmers), followed by dairy cattle (41-60%) and banana and beans (21-40%) which contribute to both household food and livelihood security. In spite of the importance of agriculture, an estimated 20% of households are considered food insecure. Food insecurity peaks between the months of April and June, when harvested stocks have been depleted. This is mostly experienced in the hot and dry semi-arid lower zones of Mbeere North and South. Food insecurity is tied to a combination of factors that include climatic conditions, extreme weather and climate shocks, natural resource management, and access to appropriate inputs. Water is a constraining factor that limits productivity for both crop production and livestock rearing. Only 5% of the County is under irrigation and there is great potential to expand the irrigated area through water harvesting and storage in ponds and pans. Reliance on rain-fed agriculture makes farmers in Embu especially vulnerable to climate shocks and changes. Historical records indicate that that both dry spells and extreme precipitation are recurrent hazards in the County. Dry spells during the second wet season average around 65 consecutive days of moisture stress. Extreme precipitation and flood risks are quite high on average in both seasons. Some of the most widely used on-farm strategies include: soil and water conservation, tree planting, changing crop type and water harvesting. Female-headed households are more likely to adopt water harvesting techniques because it reduces the time spent gathering water for domestic purposes and it ensures reliability and availability of water for the household. Male-headed households are more likely to invest in longer term strategies to improve yields and ensure sustainable production through diversification in enterprises and off-farm employment. These differences may relate to differences in access to information and resources. In Embu County, the main sources of information for farming practices, including coping and adaptation strategies, are traditional, indigenous knowledge and radio (GoK, 2014). Traditional knowledge and radio are considered an important source of information to over 70% of the households irrespective of the gender. Off-farm service, such as early-warning systems, extension and training, credit, storage facilities and market information, are offered to farmers by public, private, non-profit, faith-based organizations, local and international organizations. However, the capacity to deliver relevant and timely information to farmers throughout the County is limited by coordination, infrastructure, and resource constraints. The various departments and institutions in Embu County lack proper coordination and collaboration thus leading to redundancies and duplication of roles in addressing and building resilience to climate change. Republic of Kenya List of acronyms ACK Anglican Church of Kenya AEZ Agro Ecological Zone AFC Agricultural Finance Cooperation AI Artificial Insemination AMS Agricultural Mechanization Services ASDSP Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme BGA Banana Growers Association CIAT International Center for Tropical Agriculture DOE Diocese of Embu EBGCSL Embu Banana Growers Cooperative Society EEACS Embu East Agribusiness Cooperative Society FBO Faith-based organization GEF Global Environmental Facility ICIPE International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development IPM Integrated pest management JKUAT Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology KACCAL Kenya Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands KALRO Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization KAPP Kenya Agricultural Productivity Program KCC Kenya Cooperative Creameries KCEP Kenya Cereals Enhancement Programme KFS Kenya Forest Service KMD Kenya Meteorological Department Embu LD Livestock Department MoALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries NCAP National Climate Change Action Plan NCPB National Cereal and Produce Board NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy NDMA National Development Management Authority NEMA National Environmental Management Authority SACCOS Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies SCCF Special Climate Change Fund VCC Value Chain Commodity WEMA Water Efficient Maize for Africa WB World Bank 2 Kenya County Climate Risks Profiles Series Foreword Climate change is becoming one of the most serious livestock. In the past decade, prolonged droughts have challenges to Kenya’s achievement of its development contributed to reduced crop yield, the drying up of goals as described under Vision 2030. Kenya is already seasonal rivers like the Thura, and seasonal variation- extremely susceptible to climate-related events, so much so that Mbeere sub-County now experiences and projections indicate that the impacts are likely just one successful season annually (GoK, 2012). to affect the country in the future. In many areas, To address these challenges, farmers have adopted extremes and variability of weather are now the norm: some well documented coping strategies that include rainfall is irregular and unpredictable; some regions introducing climatically appropriate crop varieties, experience frequent droughts during the Long Rain such as the Tego variety of drought-resistant maize seasons or severe floods during the Short Rains. The that was distributed by KALRO researchers under arid and semi-arid areas are particularly hard hit by the aegis of WEMA, to some 10,000 farmers through these extreme changes putting the lives of millions of demonstrations plots . The County is also attempting households and their social and economic activities to improve the dissemination of information about at risk. farming technology and markets, such as advising farmers when to store or sell their surplus based on In 2010, Kenya developed a National Climate Change market prices . Even more recently, a well-publicized Response Strategy (NCCRS) which recognized irrigation project has successfully enabled 700 Embu the importance of climate change impacts for the families to diversify their crop production and improve country’s development. This was followed by the cattle stocks through zero grazing, with potential development of the National Climate Change Action to expand throughout the County . The disastrous Plan (NCAP) in 2012. The focus of these initiatives nature of severe drought makes the identification of including the development of country climate profiles impending climate risks an urgent matter: likewise, have been considered at national level. As the country considering how practices that help citizens become shifts towards County governance and focus, there is more resilient in the face of imminent threats to their need to mainstream climate change perspectives in health, safety, and livelihoods becomes an exercise programs and development plans at the County level. with the potential to affect hundreds of thousands of lives. In support of this effort to strengthen local capacities of stakeholders to reduce the near-, medium- and The Profile is organized into six main sections, each long-term vulnerability to current and future climate reflecting an essential analytical step in studying variability, the Kenyan Government, through the current and potential adaptation options in key local Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries agricultural value chain commodities. The text first (MoALF) is implementing the Kenya Adaptation offers an overview of the County’s main value chain to Climate Change in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands commodities key to food security and livelihoods, (KACCAL) project. The project is funded with a grant as well as major challenges to agricultural sector from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF)/ Special development in the County. In the next section, the main Climate Change Fund (SCCF) through the World climate hazards are identified based on the analysis Bank (WB). The present study is part of the KACCAL of historical climate data and climate projections, project. It aims to inform the County government including scientific assessments of climate indicators and stakeholders on the climate change risks and for dry spells, flooding, and heat stress among other opportunities for agriculture so that they are able to key hazards for agriculture. Then it continues with an integrate these perspectives into their development analysis of the vulnerabilities and risks posed by the plans and processes. hazards deemed to be potentially most harmful to the respective value chains. Based on these vulnerabilities, This document presents the Climate Risk Profile for current and potential on-farm adaptation options and Embu County, where climate variability has been off-farm services are discussed. The text also provides accompanied with a significant increase in attendant snapshots of the policy, institutional and governance risks, as repeatedly documented in national news context that can enable adoption of resilience-building coverage. Embu County is particularly susceptible strategies. Finally, it presents potential
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