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Morfología De Las Mandíbulas De Algunos Géneros De Alticinae Y Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

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Morfología De Las Mandíbulas De Algunos Géneros De Alticinae Y Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) ISSN 1317-5262 ENTOMOTROPICA Vol. 21(1): 23-40. Abril 2006. Morfología de las mandíbulas de algunos géneros de Alticinae y Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Vilma Savini, Luis J. Joly Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola Francisco Fernández Yépez (MIZA), Facultad de Agronomía, UCV, Maracay 2101-A, Apdo. 4579. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Resumen Savini V, Joly LJ. 2006. Morfología de las mandíbulas de algunos géneros de Alticinae y Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomotropica 21(1): 23-40. Se describen e ilustran las mandíbulas de 22 géneros de Alticinae y Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) en su mayoría del Nuevo Mundo. Ellos son: Acanthonycha Jacoby, Andiroba Bechyné & Bechyné, Brasilaphthona Bechyné, Centralaphthona Bechyné, Coelomera Chevrolat, género nuevo (descripción en preparación), Doloresa Bechyné, Genapthona Bechyné, Gioia Bechyné, Glyptina LeConte, Heikertingerella Csiki, Longitarsus Latreille, Lupraea Jacoby, Macrohaltica Bechyné, Neosphaeroderma Savini & Furth, Neothona Bechyné, Phyllotreta Chevrolat, Pseudodibolia Jacoby, Sanariana Bechyné, Syphraea Baly, Varicoxa Bechyné, y Yumaphthona Bechyné & Bechyné. Palabras clave adicionales: Escarabajos, taxonomía. Abstract Savini V, Joly LJ. 2006. Morphology of the mandibles of some genera of Alticinae and Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomotropica 21(1): 23-40. The mandibles of 22 genera of Alticinae and Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) mostly from the New World are described and illustrated. They are: Acanthonycha Jacoby, Andiroba Bechyné & Bechyné, Brasilaphthona Bechyné, Centralaphthona Bechyné, Coelomera Chevrolat, new genus (description in preparation), Doloresa Bechyné, Genapthona Bechyné, Gioia Bechyné, Glyptina LeConte, Heikertingerella Csiki, Longitarsus Latreille, Lupraea Jacoby, Macrohaltica Bechyné, Neosphaeroderma Savini & Furth, Neothona Bechyné, Phyllotreta Chevrolat, Pseudodibolia Jacoby, Sanariana Bechyné, Syphraea Baly, Varicoxa Bechyné, and Yumaphthona Bechyné & Bechyné. Additional key words: Flea beetles, taxonomy. Introducción La mandíbula es una de las estructuras cefálicas el posterior llamado cóndilo que se encuentra a la más ancestrales, que por su función de masticación, altura de la postgena y próximo a la articulación es considerada de origen anterior a la separación de la maxila. El cuerpo de la mandíbula tiene una de Myriapoda y Hexapoda y a la tagmatización superficie dorsal, una ventral y una externa, y tiene misma de los insectos (Osuna 1995). En los un área proximal molar y una distal incisiva, ambas Coleoptera fitógagos la mandíbula mantiene la muy variables. Su movimiento se debe a la acción forma generalizada de los orthopteroides; es un de dos músculos bien desarrollados que se unen apéndice fuertemente esclerotizado, con la base a apodemas ubicados en la base de la mandíbula; subtriangular y articula a la cápsula cefálica en el el apodema más pequeño, situado hacia el lado pleurostoma a través de dos puntos, uno anterior más externo de la mandíbula, se une el músculo próximo al clípeo llamado gínglimo o acetábulo y © 2006, Sociedad Venezolana de Entomología ENTOMOTROPICA 21(1): 23-40. Abril/April 2006 abductor; el segundo, bien desarrollado situado en Duckett (2003) señala la presencia de mola en el ángulo más interno de la base mandibular, donde Pedilia sirena y Duckett & Daza (2004) también se une el músculo aductor, que es muy desarrollado señalan la presencia de mola en Alagoasa aurora. (DuPorte 1967, Matsuda 1965, Snodgrass 1935). Finalmente, Savini y Escalona (2005) también Entre el área molar y la incisiva puede encontrarse encuentran mola en Longitarsus bethae. un retináculo en forma de dientes y/o un área membranosa llamada prosteca (Lawrence & Briton Como parte de un estudio de mayor amplitud, 1991), esta última muy variable en forma. hemos hecho numerosas disecciones que incluyen las piezas bucales y como una contribución al En los Galerucinae (Alticini) la mandíbula puede conocimiento de la estructura de las mandíbulas, variar en cuanto a la forma general, el número de presentamos a continuación las observaciones dientes en el área incisiva, la presencia o ausencia de sobre las de algunas especies pertenecientes a los mola, el tipo de mola cuando presente, la forma de géneros: Acanthonycha Jacoby, Andiroba Bechyné & la prosteca, la presencia o ausencia de una cavidad Bechyné, Brasilaphthona Bechyné, Centralaphthona cercana al área basal interna y la presencia de setas Bechyné, Coelomera Chevrolat, género nuevo largas y erectas. (descripción en preparación), Doloresa Bechyné, Genapthona Bechyné, Gioia Bechyné, Glyptina En relación a la Familia Chrysomelidae, LeConte, Heikertingerella Csiki, Longitarsus específicamente a los Galerucinae (Alticinae Latreille, Lupraea Jacoby, Macrohaltica Bechyné, + Galerucinae) que está representada por más Neosphaeroderma Savini & Furth, Neothona de 1000 géneros a nivel mundial, pocos autores Bechyné, Phyllotreta Chevrolat, Pseudodibolia (Crowson & Crowson 1996; Furth 1988, 1989; Jacoby, Sanariana Bechyné, Syphraea Baly, Varicoxa Konstantinov 1998; Konstantinov & Vanderberg Bechyné, y Yumaphthona Bechyné & Bechyné 1996; Lingafelter & Konstantinov 1999; Reid (Cuadro1). 1995; Suzuki 1988, 1994), han hecho estudios sobre la morfología del exo y endoesqueleto a fin de Materiales y métodos contribuir al conocimiento general de los caracteres útiles para determinar las relaciones entre los Después de ablandar los ejemplares en agua caliente, Alticinae y los Galerucinae. se extrajeron ambas mandíbulas de representantes de los 22 géneros estudiados. Posteriormente En cuanto al estudio de la mandíbula, la mola fueron colocadas en solución KOH al 10% por un se ha utilizado como uno de los caracteres para periodo aproximado de 12 horas y luego lavadas la clasificación superior dentro de la familia con agua y ácido acético a fin de neutralizar los Chrysomelidae. Konstantinov (1994) menciona restos de KOH. Las piezas fueron observadas bajo que las mandíbulas de los Alticinae no tienen lupa estereocópica marca Wild-M8, microscopio mola. Posteriormente Reid (1995) en un análisis óptico marca Nikon y/o microscopio electrónico de cladístico sobre las relaciones entre las subfamilias barrido marcas Phillips del Centro de Microscopía de Chrysomelidae, concluye que el grupo 2, donde Electrónica de la Facultad de Agronomía de la se incluye a los Galerucinae (Galerucini + Alticini), Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay y otro no tiene mola mandibular. Sin embargo, Crowson de marca Amray del Centro de microscopía del & Crowson (1996) encontraron mola mandibular National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian en los géneros Arsipoda, Diabrotica, Diacantha, Institution, Washington DC, USA Ergana, Nonarthra y Prosmidia. Posteriormente, Lingafelter & Kosntantinov (1999) tratando de determinar la monofilia de Galerucinae + Alticinae encontraron mola mandibular en los géneros Aulacophora y Allochroma de los 21 géneros de Galerucinae y Alticinae analizados. Recientemente, 24 SAVINI V, JOLY LJ. Morfología de las mandíbulas de Alticinae y Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Resultados y Discusión Brasilaphthona cryptomorpha Bechyné & Bechyné, Descripción de las mandíbulas 1985 (Figuras 3a, 3b) Acanthonycha hylophila Bechyné & Bechyné, 1968 En forma de hoz, con cerdas cerca del margen (Figuras 1a, 1b) externo. Mola articulada al cuerpo de la Espatulada, ancha, sin cerdas. Mola ausente. Área mandíbula con una sutura bien definida; alcanza incisiva ubicada en el tercio apical, con cinco aproximadamente un cuarto de la longitud total de dientes, tres en el margen interno y dos en el margen la mandíbula; aserrada en los bordes, con el diente ventral; el 1 corto, agudo; 2 apenas más largo que el basal más largo y proyectado diagonalmente hacia 1; 3 el más largo de todos, poco proyectado, ubicado la base; el área interna deprimida, con superficie en el extremo apical; el 4 más corto que el 3; 5 irregular formada también por pequeños dientes más corto aún y claramente separado del anterior. romos. Área incisiva en el tercio apical, con cuatro Prosteca ancha, con abundantes pelos, se extiende dientes: dos dorsales, uno apical y uno ventral: 1 desde casi el margen basal de la mandíbula hasta muy pequeño, romo; 2 más ancho y largo que el 1; aproximadamente el primer diente apical. Margen 3 (apical) muy sobresaliente y agudo un poco más interno casi recto en la mitad. Margen basal de dos veces el largo del 2 y claramente dirigido ligeramente sinuoso. Cavidad interna ausente. mesad; 4 ventral, pequeño, agudo y muy unido al 3. Prosteca con pelos largos no muy abundantes, Andiroba sp.1 y Andiroba sp.2 larga y estrecha, desde el ápice de la mola hasta (Figuras 2a, 2b) aproximadamente el diente 2. Margen interno ligeramente cóncavo. Margen basal recto. Cavidad En forma de hoz, con cerdas en la mitad externa interna ausente. de la cara dorsal. Mola articulada al cuerpo de la mandíbula, con una sutura bien definida, bien Centralaphthona sp. desarrollada, alcanza aproximadamente un tercio (Figuras 4a, 4b) de la longitud total de la mandíbula; en forma de “b”, con la parte más ancha hacia delante y la más Espatulada, triangular, ancha, con algunas cerdas estrecha hacia la base y proyectada más allá del en el lado externo cerca de la base. Mola sub- margen basal; bordeada de pequeños dientes romos; ovalada, más ancha hacia la base, poco prominente, superficie interna deprimida especialmente en el ocupa el tercio basal de la mandíbula, formada por área ensanchada
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