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The Book of Jubilees Among the Apocalypses

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The Book of Jubilees Among the Apocalypses THE BOOK OF JUBILEES AMONG THE APOCALYPSES VOLUME I A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Todd Russell Hanneken, A.B., M.T.S. James C. VanderKam, Director Graduate Program in Theology Notre Dame, Indiana June 2008 © Copyright by Todd Russell Hanneken 2008 All rights reserved THE BOOK OF JUBILEES AMONG THE APOCALYPSES Abstract by Todd Russell Hanneken The Book of Jubilees uses the genre “apocalypse” to express a worldview that differs significantly from the cluster of ideas typically expressed by contemporary apocalypses. Jubilees has often been viewed as a borderline or ambiguous case among apocalypses. When viewed with the proper distinctions and definitions, Jubilees is indeed atypical but not ambiguous. Jubilees does use the genre “apocalypse,” but uses it ironically. Typically, the revelatory framework of apocalypses authorizes new esoteric wisdom. Transcendence on the spatial axis typically emphasizes the influence of cosmic powers and limits human agency. Transcendence on the temporal axis typically conveys a view of history in exponential decline culminating in “final woes” and a future restoration. Although the apocalypses express great variety in worldview, they form a cluster of compatible views around these issues inherent in the use of the genre. The genre creates a reader expectation that the typical worldview will be conveyed. Jubilees, however, uses the genre to address the definitive issues of the apocalyptic worldview, and consistently presents views radically different from the typical cluster of views. Thus, the revelation in Jubilees is a re-revelation of the single eternal revelation already familiar Todd Russell Hanneken and accessible to all of Israel. Humans are primarily responsible for sin, suffering, and the eschatological turning point. The eschatological turning point is natural, gradual, and most importantly, realized. The inversion of reader expectations can be called irony on purely literary grounds. The intent of the author is more speculative, but the quantity and quality of the subversions of the apocalyptic worldview by means of the literary genre suggest deliberate use of irony. CONTENTS Volume I Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................................................1 1.1. Uses of genre in Jubilees .......................................................................................4 1.2. The apocalyptic worldview defined.......................................................................8 1.3. Reader expectation and irony ..............................................................................13 1.4. Previous scholarship on Jubilees among the apocalypses ...................................16 1.4.1. The reified view of “apocalyptic” and the expectation of “Gattung” .......17 1.4.2. Theories of social continuity .....................................................................19 1.4.3. Emphasis on issues other than worldview (the figure of Enoch and calendar).......................................................................................................24 Chapter 2: The History of Scholarship on the Genre of Jewish Apocalyptic Literature ...30 2.1. The relationship between morphological, conceptual, and sociological features ................................................................................................................35 2.1.1. The early form-content distinctions and the reification of apocalyptic.....36 2.1.2. Gunkel’s concept of Gattung and the concept of genre promoted in the 1970s ......................................................................................................45 2.1.3. Paul Hanson’s separation of literary genre and worldview.......................57 2.1.4. The apocalyptic worldview of which eschatology is one part ..................64 2.1.5. The radical divorce....................................................................................71 2.1.6. The case for some relationship..................................................................76 2.2. The possibility of defining the genre “apocalypse” morphologically .................78 2.2.1. The earlier alternatives ..............................................................................79 2.2.2. The purpose of a definition........................................................................84 2.2.3. The Semeia 14 definition...........................................................................86 2.2.4. Resistance and clarifications .....................................................................89 2.2.4.1. The supposed exclusivity between definition and description........90 2.2.4.2. The desire to say more ....................................................................91 2.2.4.3. The desire to say less.......................................................................95 2.2.4.4. The resistance to artificial boundaries...........................................102 2.2.4.5. The push for a diachronic definition .............................................103 2.2.5. The function amendment.........................................................................104 2.2.6. Prototype theory ......................................................................................107 ii Chapter 3: The Text of the Book of Jubilees ...................................................................111 3.1. The reliability of the texts available ..................................................................112 3.2. Coherence of composition .................................................................................121 3.2.1. Four general comments on theories of multiplicity of authorship ..........122 3.2.2. Some specific arguments.........................................................................126 3.2.3. Segal’s theory of the redaction of Jubilees..............................................134 3.3. The Book of Jubilees was composed in the second century BCE, probably shortly after 159 BCE..........................................................................................141 3.3.1. The oldest manuscript and texts which presume Jubilees .......................146 3.3.2. Texts which Jubilees assumes .................................................................154 3.3.3. Historical circumstances and events reflected in the concerns, images and language of Jubilees ............................................................................157 3.3.4. Wars.........................................................................................................164 3.3.5. Possible and probable historical allusions in Jubilees 23........................166 Chapter 4: The View of Revelation .................................................................................182 4.1. The use and view of received authority.............................................................183 4.1.1. The Enochic apocalypses ........................................................................188 4.1.1.1. The use of Enochic traditions........................................................188 4.1.1.2. The use of non-Enochic Jewish traditions.....................................191 4.1.2. The Danielic apocalypses........................................................................195 4.1.2.1. The use of Danielic traditions .......................................................196 4.1.2.2. The use of non-Danielic Jewish traditions ....................................202 4.1.3. Jubilees ....................................................................................................208 4.1.3.1. The heavenly tablets......................................................................212 4.1.3.2. Departures from Genesis and Exodus ...........................................218 Psalm 90 in Jubilees 23...................................................................... 219 Third Isaiah in Jubilees 23 ................................................................. 222 The covenant curses in Jubilees 23 .................................................... 227 4.2. The dependence of revelation on wisdom .........................................................232 4.2.1. The Enochic apocalypses ........................................................................237 4.2.2. The Danielic apocalypses........................................................................240 4.2.3. Jubilees ....................................................................................................245 4.2.3.1. Revelation without the elitism of wisdom.....................................246 4.2.3.2. Revelation made unambiguous and accessible .............................252 Volume II Chapter 5: The Spatial Axis.............................................................................................261 5.1. Angels and demons............................................................................................264 5.1.1. Before the flood: the origin of evil..........................................................265 5.1.1.1. The Enochic apocalypses ..............................................................265 5.1.1.2. The Danielic apocalypses..............................................................268 5.1.1.3. Jubilees..........................................................................................269 5.1.2. After the flood: the persistence of demons..............................................272
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