Copyrighted Material

Index Aachen, Germany, 336 Agkor, 328 Amanat Khan, 524 Aalto, Aino, 743 Agora, Athens, Greece, 129 Amaravati Stupa, India, 185, 222 Aalto, Alvar, 726, 727, 742–743, 749 Agra, India, 524 Amazon societies, 50, 51, 234 Abbasids, 307 agriculture, 6–8, 10–12, 16, 50, 51, 90, 94, 96 Amber Fort, Amer, India, 611 Abbasid Caliphate, 314, 316 3500–2500 bce, 1–3 Amenhotep III (pharaoh of Egypt), 65, 107 abbeys, 351 2500–1500 bce, 25–27 Amer, India, 597 abbey churches, 336 1500–800 bce, 57 Americas Abbey Church of Cluny, France, 398 800–400 bce, 87 2500–1500 bce, 26 Abbey Church of St. Foy, Conques, France, 398 200–400 ce, 198 200–400 ce, 199 Abbey Fécamp, France, 399 600–800 ce, 271, 275 1000–1200 ce, 356 Abbey of Church of St. Riquier, France, 238, 336, 800–1000 ce, 305, 308, 309 1400–1600 ce, 455 397 1000–1200 ce, 347–349 1600–1700 ce, 501 Abbey of Sant’Antimo, Sienna, 351 1200–1400 ce, 407–409 1700–1800 ce, 563, 568 Abbey of SS. Ulrich and Afra, Neresheim, 1400–1600 ce, 457 1900–1950 ce, 657 Germany, 583 1700–1800 ce, 563 colonialism, 568 Abbey of Vézelay, France, 645 1800–1900 ce, 607 slavery, 569 Abd al-Malik (caliph of Jerusalem), 318 haciendas, 568, 571 trade, 90 Abd al-Rahman I (caliph), 316, 317 plantations, 568, 569, 606 urbanization, 90, 338, 356 Abhayagiri Vihara, 188 agropastoralism, 3, 6, 11, 12, 26, 219, 409 American Craftsman Style, 684 Abiff, Chiram, 107 Aha’s tomb at Umm el-Qaab, Abydos, Egypt, 19 American Institute of Architects (AIA), 688 Abrams, Charles, 761 Ahmedabad, India, 488, 778–779 American Revolution, 626 Absalom, Tomb of, 163 Ahmed III (Ottoman sultan), 598 Amiens Cathedral, France, 411, 443–444 Abuja, Nigeria, 777 Ahmed Shah (sultan), 488 Ammianus Marcellinus, 219 Abu Simbel, Egypt, 6, 56, 72 Ahmose I of Thebes, 64 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 501, 556–557 Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, 35 air pollution, 637 Amsterdam Town Hall, Netherlands, 557 Abydos, Egypt, 19 Ajanta Caves, 244–246 Amsterdam University Hall, Netherlands, 715 Academy of Architecture (France), 580 Ajatsatru (Indian king), 185 Amu Darya, 198 Achaeans, 124 Ajunta, India, 185 Amun-Re Temple, 71 Achaemenid dynasty, 120 Akapana (Tiwanaku temple), 309, 344, 345 Ananda Temple, Pagan, Burma, 420, 421 Acolhua of Texcoco, 455 Akbar, Jalal-ud-Din (Mughal ruler), 520, 521, 523 Anarudhapura, Sri Lanka, 185, 188 Acoma Pueblo, Navajo, New Mexico, 461 Akbar Hotel, India, 778 Anatolia, 54, 55, 75, 348 Acropolis, Greece, 129–135 Aksa Mosque, Jerusalem, 312 Andean people, 27 Actium, Battle of, 168 Aksum, Ethiopia, 199 agriculture, 50, 57 Acueducto de Los Milagros, Mérida, Spain, 202 Aksum Empire, 96, 220–221, 434 ceremonial structures, 50–51 Adam, Robert, 616–618, 628, 664 Alai Darwaza gate, Quwwat-ul-Islam, India, 430 high Andes, 84–86 Adina Mosque, Pandua, India, 488 Alaric I (Goth leader), 168, 237 metalworking, 232 Adirá & Broid & Rojkind, 795 Ala-ud-Din Aibak (Ghaznavid general), 428 Ando, Tadao, 784, 785 Adi Shankara, 112 Al-Azhar Mosque, Cairo, Egypt, 350, 367, 368– Andronovo Culture, 55 Adronovo Culture, 26 369 Angkor, Cambodia, 305, 328–330, 349, 408, 614 AECOM, 790 Al Azhar University, 350 Angkor Thom (Khmer capital), 416, 418–419 Aegean Sea, 77 Albany Civic Center, Albany, New York, 755 Angkor Wat (Vrah Vishnulok), Cambodia, 407, AEG Pavilion, German Shipbuilding Exhibition of Al-Barubiyyin, Marrakech, Morocco, 367 408, 413, 416–418, 615 1908, Berlin, Germany, 705 Albert Dock, Liverpool, England, 638 Anglican Church, 599–600 Aeneas, 158 Alberti, Leon Battista, 474, 479, 480, 541, 619 Anhalter Bahnhof, Berlin, Germany, 665 Afghans, 565 Alcoa Building, San Francisco, California, 765 Ani, Armenia, 253, 394 Afghanistan, 238, 456 Alexander (czar of Russia), 564 Animal Crackers House, Chicago, Illinois, 781 Africa Alexander the Great (king of Greece), 117, 141, animal sacrifice, 3, 45, 81, 101–102, 107, 159 3500–2500 bce, 2, 3 148, 181, 214 Ankara, Turkey, 741 2500–1500 bce, 26 Alexander VII (pope of Rome), 548 Ann of Austria (queen of France), 558 800–1000 ce, 303 Alexandria, Egypt, 117, 141, 144, 147, 210, 251, Anthemius of Tralles, 280 1000–1200 ce, 347, 348 COPYRIGHTED261, 316 MATERIALAnthropocene age, 455 1200–1400 ce, 407–409 Algiers, 168 Antigonid Empire, 141 1400–1600 ce, 455 al-Hakim Mosque, 369 Antioch Baptist Church, Perry County, Alabama, 1700–1800 ce, 563 Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain, 367, 410, 796 1900–1950 ce, 658, 699 449–451, 655 Antiochus IV, 141 1950–21st century, 725 Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG), 705 Antium, Battle of, 158 colonialism, 658, 699, 711, 725 Allison, Ken, 773 Anup Talao, Fatehpur Sikri, India, 521 economic development, 789 Almerico, Paolo, 540 Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, 224 kingdoms in, 537 Almohads, 351, 431 Anyang, China, 82, 108 Mamluk Sultanate, 432–433 Almoravid dynasty, 350, 351, 431 Anyuanmiao temple, Chengde, China, 651 metal centers, 96 Al-Rifa’i Mosque, Cairo, Egypt, 681 Ao, 81 post-colonial, 777 Altan Khan (Mongol ruler), 516 Apadana, Persepolis, 122, 123 slave trade, 563, 568, 569 Altar of Heaven, Temple of Heaven Complex, Apollodoro of Damascus, 175 trade, 431, 432 Beijing, 227 Apulia, Italy, 158 Agade, 34 Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, 102 Aqmar Mosque, Cairo, Egypt, 368 Age of Reason, 580–581 alternative architecture, 776 aqueducts, 95, 202, 528 Agha, Mehmet, 534 Altes Museum, Berlin, Germany, 630–631, 667 Arabs, 272, 273, 409

825

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Arab caliphate, Armenia, 394 Ardashir I (Sassanian emperor), 198, 251–252 AT&T Building (Welles Bosworth), New York, New Arab Muhammad Khan (Uzbek ruler), 610 El Arenal, Mexico, 193 York, 694 Arausio, Orange, France, 204 Aretas III (Nabataean king), 179 Attila, 237 Arbeitsrat für Kunst (Germany), 708 Argentina, 658, 692 Atwood, Charles B., 694 Arcade, Capitoline Museum, Rome, Italy, 544 Argos, 78 August, Karl, 630 arch(es) Arianism, 265 Augustodunum, 202 catenary arch, 600 Aristotle, 117 Augustus (emperor of Rome), 166–168, 197, 204 Etruscan, 98 Arkaim, 55 Aula Magna, La Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas, fornix system, 212 Arkwright, Richard, 637 Venezuela, 766 horseshoe, 316 Arles church, 411 Aurangzeb (ruler), 565, 611 Limbaesis Gate, 203 Armenia, 175, 251, 284, 394–395 Australia, 2, 569, 690, 762, 767, 786 archaeological sites, 798 Armenians, 272, 273 Austria, 542 Archigram (journal), 725, 773 Arnstein, Joan, 746 Austro-Hungarian empire, 659 Architectural Association, 659 art(s) automobile manufacture, 701, 723 architectural firms, globalization, 410, 411, 789, 3500–2500 bce, 2 Auxerre Cathedral, France, 444 790 1500–800 bce, 57 Avars, 278 architectural preservation, 645, 788 400–600 ce, 238, 239 Avaris, Egypt, 64 architecture 1400–1600 ce, 456 Avellino, Andrea, 550 3500–2500 bce, 2 Fatimids, 350 Ayala Center Greenbelt, Philippines, 789 2500–1500 bce, 25–27 Olmec people, 91 Ayutthaya, Thailand, 500, 614 1500–800 bce, 55, 57 Art Deco, 681 Ayyubid sultanate, 369, 431, 432 800–400 bce, 87 Art Nouveau, 659, 673, 687, 703 Aztec Empire, 228, 230, 452, 463–464 400 bce–0, 117 Arts and Crafts movement, 657–658, 669–673, 0–200 ce, 153, 154–155 683, 687, 697, 703, 707, 708, 713 Baalbek, 210–211, 213, 218–219, 259 200–400 ce, 197–199 Aryas, 54 Babur (Mughal ruler), 520 400–600 ce, 237–241 Aryabhatta, 319 Babylon, 54, 64, 87, 115–116, 141 600–800 ce, 271–275 Aryans, 54 Babylonians, 87 800–1000 ce, 303–309 Arzhan kurgan, 57 Babylonian Empire, 87 1000–1200 ce, 348–353 Ashur, Assyria, 113 Babylonian Exile, 107 1200–1400 ce, 407–413 Asia. See also specific regions, e.g.: Central Asia back-to-nature movement, 674 1400–1600 ce, 455–457 1500–800 bce, 53 Bactrian-Margiana Archaeological Complex 1600–1700 ce, 501 200–400 ce, 198 (BMAC), 33 1700–1800 ce, 563–565 400–600 ce, 239 Baghdad, Iraq, 303, 307, 314 1800–1900 ce, 605–607 1950–21st century, 725 Baguio, Philippines, 689 1900–1950 ce, 657–659 economic development, 789 Baima-si (White Horse Monastery), 247 1950–21st century, 725 globalization, 790 Bakafu code, 564, 659 Buddhist, 239–240, 306 trade routes, 198 Baker, Herbert, 699, 710 Chinese, 7, 8, 197 Asoka, 117, 148–149, 185, 186, 256 Baker House Dormitory, Massachusetts Institute of Christian, 259–263 Asokan pillar, Vaishai, India, 148, 186 Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, climate change, 787, 788 Aspendos theater, Turkey, 206 743 Egyptian, 45, 73–74 Asplund, Gunnar, 712 Bakong Temple Mountain, Siem Reap, Cambodia, environmental impact, 797 Assembly Building, Chandigarh, India, 758 305, 328–330 Etruscan, 97 Association for the New Architecture (ASNOVA), Balam Ajaw (“Decorated Tiger,” Tikal ruler), 338 Greek, 126–128, 141 717 Balkan territories, 12–14, 456 guerilla warfare, 788 Assos, 141 Balmumcu, Sevki, 741 Hellenistic, 179 Assur-Nasi-Pal II (king of Assyria), 113 Baluchistan Mountains, 3, 11, 16 high design principles, 791–794 Assyria, 54, 96, 113–114, 120, 124, 220 Bamba, Sheikh Amadou, 740 Hindu, 320 Assyrians, 87 Bambuti people, 2 Japanese, 241, 505 Astrakhan (Khanate), 536 Bamiyan Buddhas, 240, 247, 250 Kushan, 199 astrology, 612 Banditaccia at Cerveteri, necropolis of (Etruscan local architects, 795–796 astronomy, 319, 340, 563 mound), 98 media image, 788 Astrophysical Institute, Einstein Tower, Potsdam, Bandung, Indonesia, 741 Mesoamerican, 92 Germany, 709 Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Mesopotamian, 45 Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal), 727, 745 Indonesia, 714 Mycenaean, 77 Atelier Bow Wow, Tokyo, Japan, 796 Bangkok, Thailand, 108, 607, 614–615 nongovernmental organizations, 795 Atelier Feichang Jianzhu, 795 Bangladesh, 770, 778 preservation, 798–799 Athenaeum buildings, 666 Bank of China, 789 ready-made materials, 796 Athena Polias at Priene, 137 Bank of Korea Headquarters, Seoul, Korea, 700 Roman, 154, 155, 158–176, 178, 179, 197, Athenian democracy, 117 Banneker, Benjamin, 627 237–238 Athenian Propylaea, 630 Banpo, 9 Sassanian, 198 Athens, Greece, 129–130, 141 Banqueting House, London, England, 501, 560, Zoroastrian, 240–241 Athens Charter (CIAM), 733 561 Architecture for Humanity (NGO), 795 Atreus, Treasury of, 79 Banteay Srei temple, 349 Arch of Augustus, Rome, Italy, 166 atrio (Spanish-American church), 553 Bantu, 409 Arch of Septimus Severus, Rome, Italy, 212 Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, Japan, 275 Baphuon temple, Cambodia, 416 Arch of Trajan, Timgad, Algeria, 212 AT&T Building (Johnson), New York, New York, baptisteries, 263 780, 781

826

bindex 826 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Baptistery at Florence, Italy, 406 Bengali style, 488 Bourges Cathedral, France, 443 Baptistery at Nocera, Italy, 263 Bentham, Jeremy, 634 Boyle, Richard, 602 Baptistery at Parma, Italy, 406 Bentinck, William, 636 Brache, Tycho, 580 Baptistery at Pavia, Italy, 406 Bent Pyramid, 40 Brahmagupta, 319 Baptistery at Pisa, Italy, 406 Beowulf (epic poem), 629 Bramante, Donato, 482, 545, 547, 600, 620, 666 Baptistery at Ravenna, Italy, 263 Berber Almoravids, 431 Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, Germany, 630 Barabar Hills, India, 96 Berber tribes, 124 Braque, Georges, 707 Barabar Hills caves, India, 149 Berg, Max, 702 Brasília, Brazil, 725, 741, 754–755 Barcelona, Spain, 695–696 Berlage, Hendrik Petrus, 714 Brazil, 2, 692, 727, 745–746, 787 Barcelona Gothic Quarter, 796 Berlin Philharmonic Hall, Germany, 726 Brazilian hacienda system, 571 Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona International Berlin Social Science Research Center, Germany, Brazilian Pavilion, New York World’s Fair of 1939, Exhibition of 1929, 735–736 782 743, 745–746 Bar-Kokhbar Revolt, 207 Berlin West Africa Conference, 699 Breslau Jahrhunderthalle, Breslau, Germany, 706 Barnsdall, Aline, 713 Bern, Switzerland, 164 Breuer, Marcel, 750, 795 Baroque style, 501, 542, 563–564, 579, 601, 627, Bernard Schwartz House, Two Rivers, Wisconsin, brick construction, 26, 271 644, 662 732 India, 488 Barragán, Luis, 785 Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 542, 548–549, 573 kiln, 18 Barrière de la Villette, Paris, France, 621 Bernofsky, Gene, 776 Rome, 161, 166 Barry, Charles, 643 Bernofsky, JoAnn, 776 Tell es-Sawwan, 14 Bar-sur-Aube, France, 410 Bernoulli, Jacobus, 600 Ur, 36 Barton, Edmund, 690 Beth Elohim Synagogue, Charleston, South Brick Country House (Mies van der Rohe), 716 basilicas, 238 Carolina, 655 BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), Basilica Aemilia, Rome, Italy, 159, 166 Béthune, Maximilien (Duc de Sully), 574 787 Basilica at Trier, Germany, 260 Bevis-Marks Synagogue, London, England, 603, bridges, 410, 455, 692 Basilica Eufrasiana, Parenzo, Croatia, 283 654 Bridge Street Workhouse, Manchester, Lancashire, Basilica Julia, Rome, Italy, 166 Beyazit II (Ottoman ruler), 471 England, 640 Basilica of Palace of Domitian, Palatine Hill, Rome, Beyazit Medical Complex, Edirne, Turkey, 471 Britain, colonialism, 568 Italy, 173 Bhaja, India, 189, 190 British East Africa Company, 711 Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, Italy, 237 Bhitargaon temple, 256 British East India Company, 606, 632–633 Basilica Ulpia, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, 175, bianzhong bells, 152 British Empire, 657, 658, 699 176 Bibi Khanum Friday Mosque, Samarkand, British Empire Building, New York, New York, 738 Basil II (emperor of Byzantium), 392 Uzbekistan, 486–487 British Museum, London, England, 634, 636, 662 Bata Shoe Factory, Zlín, Czech Republic, 739 Bibliothèque Nationale, 622, 623 Brittany, 24 baths, Roman Empire, 214–215 Bibliothèque St. Geneviève, Paris, France, 646– Brodrick, Cuthbert, 663 Baths of Caracalla, Rome, Italy, 206–207, 209, 647, 668 Broletto, Como, Italy, 412 214, 215 Bibracte, 164–165, 202 bronze, 55, 108 Baths of Diocletian, Rome, Italy, 215 Bieta Giorgis (St. George), Lalibela, Ethiopia, 434, Bronze Age, 9, 77, 79 Batlle, Jorge, 767 435 Brown, Denise Scott, 726, 781 Batlló, Josep, 696 Bijapur, India, 529–530 Bruce, Thomas, 130, 634 Battle of Actium, 168 Bilbao effect, 791 Brunelleschi, Filippo, 474–478, 550 Battle of Antium, 158 Bing, Siegfried, 687 Brutalism, 725, 753, 772 Battle of Himera, 124 Bi Sheng, 386 Brutus, 167 Battle of Kadesh, 75 Bismarck, Otto Von, 658 bubonic plague, 260 Battle of Philippi, 167 bitumen, 91 Buddha, 117, 148–149, 185, 199, 239, 240, 256, Battle of Sagrajs, 350 Black Plague (black death), 412, 455, 469, 482 275, 293, 385 Bauakademie, Berlin, Germany, 630 Blow-Out Village (Cook), 773 Buddhafication, 303 Bauhaus, Dessau, Germany, 659, 720–721, 725, Boardman, John, 130 Buddhism, 117, 148–149, 198, 199. See also 727, 741 Bo Bardi, Lina, 746 individual types, e.g.: Zen Buddhism Bawa, Geoffrey, 785 Boccioni, Umberto, 708 0–200 ce, 155 Bayon temple, 418 Bodde, Derk, 584 200–400 ce, 199 Bazalgette, Joseph, 637 Boer Wars (1880-1881,1899-1902), 699 400–600 ce, 239–240 Beaker People, 26, 46–47 Bohai Bay, China, 8 600–800 ce, 273, 275 Beal, Art, 776 Bolan Pass, 11 800–1000 ce, 303–306 Beaux-Arts style, 658, 659, 679, 684, 692–693, Bolivia, 309 1000–1200 ce, 349 733 Bombay (Mumbai), India, 671 1200–1400 ce, 411–413 Bedouin Arabs, 312 Bombay Municipal Hall, Mumbai, India, 672 1400–1600 ce, 455, 457 Beech Aircraft Company, 775 Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, 675 Ajanta Caves, 244–246 beehive tombs, Treasury of Atreus, 79 Bondone, Giotto di, 474 China, 247, 293, 349, 495, 589 Begg, John, 671 Borgund Stave Church, Norway, 440 establishment of, 247 Behrens, Peter, 705, 716, 720, 722, 733 Borobudur, Indonesia, 304–308, 325–327 Hinduism, 254–255, 380 Beihai, Beijing, China, 589, 590 Borromeo, Charles, 542 India, 239 Beijing, China, 413, 427, 457, 491, 588–590 Borromini, Francesco Castelli, 542 Japan, 266, 275, 349, 412, 413, 504, 508, Belau, Paul, 693 Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts, 689 593 Belgium, 658, 699 Bosworth, William Welles, 686, 694 Korea, 275, 331, 349 Benedictine order, 399 Botta, Mario, 782, 791 Nepal, 592 Bengal, India, 488 Boullée, Étienne-Louis, 605, 606, 621, 622, 625 pagoda, 296

827

bindex 827 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Buddhism (continued) Canaan, 107 Cathedral at Cefalu, 352, 353 reliquary practices, 261 Canada, 573 Cathedral at Monreale, 352, 353 rock-cut temples, 177, 189, 190 3500–2500 bce, 2 Cathedral at Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 411 South Asia, 117, 185–190, 222, 223 2500–1500 bce, 26 Cathedral of Ani, Armenia, 394, 395 Southeast Asia, 258, 416 800–1000 ce, 308 Cathedral of Caen, France, 399 Tantrism, 376 oldest cultures, 50 Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Moscow, Soviet Tibet, 324, 516 seal hunting culture, 308 Union, 737 universities, 319 canals, 198, 275, 294, 305, 353, 491 Cathedral of Florence, Italy, 475 Buddhist architecture, 239–240 Canberra, Australia, 690, 691, 741 Cathedral of Milan, Italy, 445 Buland Darwaza, India, 522 Candela, Felix, 766 Cathedral of Modena, Italy, 404–405 Bulfinch, Charles, 627, 663 Candi Prambanam (Loro Jonggrang) Indonesia, Cathedral of Mren, 272 Bulgars, 278, 303 327 Cathedral of Notre-Dame of Reims, France, 444 Bulgarians, 349 Cankaya Presidential Mansion, Ankara, Turkey, Cathedral of Pisa, Italy, 351, 352, 405 bungalows, 658, 684 741 Cathedral of Salamanca, Spain, 683 Buonarroti, Michelangelo, 482 canopus (Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, Italy), 210 Cathedral of St. Sophia, the Holy Wisdom of God, Burham Cathedral, England, 401 Canterbury Cathedral, England, 353, 400, 401 Novgorod, Russia, 350 Burke, Edmund, 633 Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 403 Cathedral of the Archangel Michael, Moscow, Burma (Myanmar), 155 capital(s) Russia, 535, 536 Burnham, Daniel, 658, 688, 689 Byzantine, 283 Cathedral of the Assumption, Moscow, Russia, Buseoksa Temple, Gyeongsangdo, Korea, 331 Corinthian, 167, 169 535–536 Business Men’s Assurance Company of America, Doric, 128, 169 Catherine II (czarina of Russia), 579 Kansas City, Missouri, 765 Egyptian, 74 Catherine of Aragon, 599 Butkara III, Swat Valley, 199 Etruscan, 99 cattle, 3 Butterfield, William, 688 Ionic, 136–137, 169 Cavalcade frieze, Parthenon, 130 Byblos (Phoenician city), 120 Mauryan, 148 caves Byodo-in, Kyoto, Japan, 391 Ptolemaic, 147 Barabar Hills caves, India, 149 Byzantine Churches, 535–536 Capitol Complex, Chandigarh, India, 757 Dunhuang, 240 Byzantine Empire, 265, 278–283, 362, 392–395, Capitoline Hill, Rome, Italy, 158 Junnar Caves (India), 185, 189–190 402, 629 Capitoline Museum, Rome, Italy, 544 Malta, 26, 27 Byzantium, 271, 272, 303, 350, 456 Cappadocia, Turkey, 435 Minoan culture, 60 Caprarola, Cola di, 482 rock-cut, 149 Ca’ d’Oro, Venice, Italy, 469 Caracalla (emperor of Syria), 218 Cave of Eileithyia, 60 Caesar, Julius (emperor of Rome), 166, 167 Caracol (observatory), Chichén Itzá, 454 Cave of Shiva, Elephanta, India, 286–288 Café Aubette, Strasbourg, France, 715 Caral, Peru, 27, 51–52 cave paintings, 2 Cage, John, 776 Caral Valley, 57 Cefalù Cathedral, Sicily, Italy, 402 Cahokia, 358–359 caravans/caravansaries, 154, 178, 199, 347, 348, cella (Temple of Bacchus, Baalbek), 219 Cahuachi, Peru, 199, 234 366 Celsus (Roman proconsul and senator), 213 Cairo, Egypt, 316, 350, 368, 410, 432 caravan routes, 55, 106, 220 Celts, 154, 164, 197, 219 caitya halls Carcassonne, Provence, France, 645 Celtiberians, 124 Ajanta Caves, 245 cardo, 98 Celtic Halsatt culture, 124 Bhaja, Maharashtra, India, 190 Caribbean, slavery in, 568, 569 cemeteries, 624, 712 Guntupalli, India, 189 Caribbean hut, Gottfried Semper, 647 Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Lenyadri, India, 189 Caribbean Modernism, 766–767 688 Tulija Lena, 190 Carnac, France stone circle, 24, 26 Central America Caitya Hall at Karli, 222, 223 Carolingian dynasty, 334–337, 396–398 3500–2500 bce, 2 Calatrava, Santiago, 791, 792 carpets, 252 400 bce–0, 117 Calcutta (Kolkata), India, 606, 632–634, 710 Carthaginian Empire, 124, 158 200–400 ce, 199 calendar stone, Tenochtitlán, 464 Carthusian Order, 438 1000–1200 ce, 353 California, Arts and Crafts movement, 673 Caryatid porch, Erechtheum, Athens, Greece, 1400–1600 ce, 455 California, University of, at Berkeley, 686 134–135 1700–1800 ce, 568 calligraphy, 362 Casa Batlló, Barcelona, Spain, 695–696 1800–1900 ce, 606 Callimachus, 169 Casa del Fascio, Como, Italy, 748 Mayan culture, 191, 194–195 Callison Architecture, 789 Casa Mila, Barcelona, Spain, 701 oldest cultures, 50 Calvinism, 556, 619 Case Study Houses (California), 786 Olmec people, 90–93 Cambio, Arnolfo di, 475 Casma River valley, 84 Shaft Tombs of Teuchitlán, Mexico, 191–193 Cambodia, 275, 327–330, 614–615 Casma Valley civilizations, 94 Spanish conquest, 552–561 600–800 ce, 275 Caspian Sea, 348 Teotihuacán culture, 197 800–1000 ce, 305 Cassius, 167 trade, 199, 268 1200–1400 ce, 407, 408 Castillo, Chichén Itzá, 453 Central Asia camels, 53, 54, 348, 408, 409 castles, design, 411 2500–1500 bce, 25 Campbell, Colen, 602 Castro, Fidel, 768 1500–800 bce, 54, 57 Campidoglio, Piazza del, Rome, Italy, 542–544 Catalano, Eduardo F., 772 400 bce–0, 117 Campo Santo, Pisa, Italy, 351, 352 Catal Hüyük, Anatolia, 12–14 200–400 ce, 198 Camposanto Monumentale, Pisa, Italy, 351, 352 catenary arch, 600 400–600 ce, 237, 238 campus architecture, 686 cathedrals 1700–1800 ce, 565 Campus Martius (Pantheon, Rome, Italy), 207–208 1400–1600 ce, 456 Buddhism, 247 design, 411, 442 colonialism, 570

828

bindex 828 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Hephthalite Empire, 238 China Cholamandalam, 382 Huns, 237, 238 3500–2500 bce, 2, 3 cholera epidemics, 581 Kushan Empire, 198 2500–1500 bce, 25, 26 Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens, Greece, Mongol invasion, 413 1500–800 bce, 54, 56 635 trade, 96, 251–252 800–400 bce, 87 Chowdhury, U. E., 794 Central Park, New York, New York, 657, 674 400 bce–0, 117 Christianity, 60, 155, 198, 219 Centre Georges Pompidou, 783 0–200 ce, 153–155 400–600 ce, 237–239 Cerceau, Jean du, 574 200–400 ce, 197–199 800–1000 ce, 303, 307, 308 Cerro Arena (Salinar city), 231 400–600 ce, 238, 240 1000–1200 ce, 349, 352 chacmool, 454 600–800 ce, 271, 273–275 1200–1400 ce, 409, 411 Chaco Canyon, 353 800–1000 ce, 303–306 1400–1600 ce, 455 Chakri dynasty, 614 1000–1200 ce, 349 1600–1700 ce, 501 Chalayan, Hussein, 793 1400–1600 ce, 457 1700–1800 ce, 564 Chalk, Warren, 773 1600–1700 ce, 501 baptisteries, 263–264 Chalukyas kingdom, 289, 320, 370 1700–1800 ce, 564 Byzantine Empire, 265 Champa kingdom, 273, 291–292 1800–1900 ce, 605, 607 churches, 308 Chamundaray (Jain minister), 380 1900–1950 ce, 658 emergence of, 259–263 Chan-Chaak-K’ak’nal-Ajaw (ruler of Uxmal), 356 architecture, 197 Europe, 239 Chan Chan, Trujillo, Peru, 353, 465 Buddhafication, 303 Holy Roman Empire, 260, 334–336 Chandella kingdom, 374–376 Buddhism, 199, 247, 293, 349, 495, 589 mendicant orders, 448 Chandigarh, India, 725, 741, 756–758, 778, 798 canals, 275, 294, 427 Native Americans, 619 Chandragupta Maurya (emperor), 148 capital cities, 273, 274 Nestorian Christianity, 426–427 Chang’an (Xi’an), China, 155, 197, 225, 226, 274, cities, 291, 304, 349, 413, 790 pilgrimage churches, 403 294–295, 305, 347 civilizational cultures, 8–10 Roman Empire, 278 Changdeokgung, Seoul, Korea, 496 currency, 588 Scandinavia, 440 Changle Palace, Chang’an, China, 225 European Enlightenment, 584–587 tombs, 261 Changlin Park, Chang’an, China, 225 first cities, 7 urban construction, 441–447 Chanin Building, New York, New York, 738 globalization, 787, 790 Chrysler Building, New York, New York, 738, 764 Chapel of Light, 784 Great Wall, 155 chthonic phase, mother goddess, 19 chariots, 55–57 Han dynasty, 155, 184, 197, 225, 589 churches Charlemagne (king of the Franks, Holy Roman imperial power, 226, 273–274 400–600 ce, 238 Emperor), 260, 307, 334–337, 396, 404 Iron Age, 96 600–800 ce, 271, 272 Charles, Prince of Wales, England, 726, 782 irrigation system, 427 800–1000 ce, 307, 308 Charles I (king of England), 599 Jin dynasty, 238 1000–1200 ce, 351 Charles the Bald (Holy Roman Emperor), 444 Liao dynasty, 349, 388–390 1200–1400 ce, 411 Charles the Simple (Norman king), 399 megacities, 202, 273–274 1600–1700 ce, 501 Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 481, 552, 561 Ming dynasty, 184, 457, 491, 512–516, 519, 1700–1800 ce, 564 Chartres Cathedral, France, 411, 441–443 564, 570, 588, 589 abbey, 336 château, 482–483 Ming Tombs, Beijing, 512–515 Armenian, 286 Château de Chambord, Blois, France, 483 Mongol Empire, 426–427 pilgrimage, 403, 411 Château de la Sarraz, France, 733 palace cities, 274 Scandinavia, 440 Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte, Maincy, France, 542 Parthian Empire, 220 slave, 409 Château de Versailles, France, 576–577 Qin (Ch’in) dynasty, 155, 182–184 Church of Christ Pantokrator, Istanbul, Turkey, Chaucer, Geoffrey, 403 Qing dynasty, 564, 570, 588–590, 607, 350, 392 Chausat Yogini Temple, 376 650–652 Church of Christ the Worker, Atlántida, Uruguay, Chavín de Huántar, 87, 94–95, 234 Shang dynasty, 81–83 767 Chayet, Anne, 652 Song dynasty, 349, 407, 413, 416, 424–425, Church of England, 564, 599 Chelsea Hospital, London, England, 581 700 Church of Hagia Irene, Byzantium, 271 Chengde, China, 607, 650–652 Stone Age, 6 Church of La Vera Cruz, Segovia, Spain, 403 Chengdu, China, 182 Sui dynasty, 238, 275, 293–295 Church of Neresheim, Germany, 582–583 Chengiz (Ghengis) Khan, 184, 426, 457 T’ang dynasty, 274, 293–295, 305, 306, 347 Church of Saint Gayane, 272 Chengzhou, China, 108, 109 trade, 153, 154, 225, 293, 304, 305, 407, Church of San Pancrazio, Florence, Italy, 479 Cheni kingdom, 291–292 424, 519 Church of San Salvador de Valdediós, Spain, 307 Chenla, 273 Warring States Period, 108, 150 Church of San Stefano, Bologna, Italy, 403 Chennai (Madras), India, 671 Xia dynasty, 26, 81 Church of Santo Domingo, San Cristóbal de Las Chettinad Mansions, Tamil, India, 658, 680 Yuan dynasty, 413, 426–427, 455, 457 Casas, Mexico, 561 Chibuene, Mozambique, 435 Zhou dynasty, 87, 108–110, 120, 150 Church of St. Cyriakus, Gernrode, Germany, 396, Chicago, Illinois, 764 Chinese style, 586 397 Chicago, University of, 686 Chinese Teahouse, Sans Souci Palace, Potsdam, Church of St. John Lateran, Rome, Italy, 260–261 Chicago Federal Center, Chicago, Illinois, 764 Germany, 586–587 Church of St. Michael, Hildesheim, Germany, 351 Chicago World’s Fair, 658 Chiram Abiff, 107 Church of the Acheiropoietos, Salonica, 264 Chichén Itzá, 452–454 Chisolm, Robert F., 672 Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoe, Russia, child labor, 637 Chiswick House, London, England, 602, 603 536 Childs, David, 790 chocolate, 572 Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece, 392 Chimú kingdom, 455 Choin-in, Kyoto, Japan, 504 Church of the Dormition of the Virgin, Kiev, Russia, Chimú people, 353 Chola kingdom, 349, 382, 416, 680 350

829

bindex 829 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Church of the Holy Apostles, Byzantium, 271 Clérisseau, Charles-Louis, 626 Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 686, 772 Church of the Holy Cross, Aght’amar, Lake Van, Clichy-Montfermeil Metro Station competition, 794 Cornwallis, Charles, 633 Gevash, Armenia, 395 climate change, 2, 7, 55, 304, 347, 787, 788 Correa, Charles, 778–779 Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, 403, Cloaca Maxima (Rome, Italy), 97 Cortés, Hernán, 452, 463, 552, 571 406 Clovis Culture, 2 Costa, Lúcio, 745, 754, 755, 777 Church of the Prophets, Apostles, and Martyrs, Coatzacoalcos River, 92 counterculture architecture, 776, 796 Gerasa, Jordan, 264 Cobb, Henry N., 764 Counter-Reformation, 501, 627 Church of the Purification, Aleksandrova Sloboda, Cockerell, Charles Robert, 634 Counter Relief (Tatlin), 717 Russia, 536 coffeehouses, 563, 572, 666 County Courts Act of 1846 (U.K.), 664 Church of the Savior (Il Redentore), Venice, Italy, Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 563, 580, 678 Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Granada, Spain, 539 Cold War, 787 449, 451 Church of the Savior on Blood, St. Petersburg, Cole, Henry, 668 Court of the Myrtle, Alhambra, Granada, Spain, Russia, 629 Collegiate Church of St. Cyriakus, Gernrode, 450 Church of the Tithes, Kiev, Russia, 350, 393 Germany, 396, 397 court system, 664 Church of Zvartnots, Echmiadzin, Armenia, 286 Cologne Cathedral, France, 411 Cremona, Italy, 404, 405 Chuson-ji, Japan, 412 Colombia, 766 Cremona Cathedral, Italy, 405 Cilica, 394 Colonial America, 602 Crete, 60–63, 77 circular cities, 198, 252 colonialism Crimean War (1854-1856), 675 Circular Mound Altar, Temple of Heaven Complex, 3500–2500 bce, 2 Criss-Cross, Colorado (artist community), 776 Forbidden City, Beijing, China, 494 1400–1600 ce, 455, 457 Crompton, Dennis, 773 Circus Maximus, Rome, Italy, 97, 172 1700–1800 ce, 563–565, 568–572 Cromwell, Oliver, 599 Cistercian Order, 411, 438 1800–1900 ce, 606 Croton (Greek colony), 124 Citadel (Gonur), 33 1900–1950 ce, 657–659, 699 Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology, citadels, 198 1950–21st century, 725 Chicago, Illinois, 750 Città Nuova (Sant’Elia), 708 Africa, 699, 711 Crucuno Dolmen, 24 cities, 197. See also urbanism/urbanization economic systems, 571 Crusades, 399, 403, 456, 581 2500–1500 bce, 25, 26 foods, 572 Cruz, Teddy, 796 1500–800 bce, 53–55 Greek, 124 Crystal Palace, Great Exhibition of 1851,London, 0–200 ce, 153–155 India, 632–633, 670–672, 710 England, 644, 647, 657, 668, 688 200–400 ce, 197–199 Neoclassicism and, 616–617 Ctesiphon, Iraq, 178, 220, 240, 251, 252 400–600 ce, 239 Colosseum, Rome, Italy, 154, 155, 170, 172, 174, Cuba, 725, 766, 768 600–800 ce, 273–274 175, 212 Cubic Dam, Ankara, Turkey, 741 800–1000 ce, 303–309 Columbia University, New York, New York, 686 Cubism, 707–708, 718, 727, 742 1000–1200 ce, 353 Columbus, Christopher, 455, 552 Cultivation System, 714 1200–1400 ce, 407, 408, 411–413 columns, 62, 68, 100, 127–128, 132, 669 cultural landscapes, 798 1400–1600 ce, 455–457 Commerzbank, Frankfurt, Germany, 797 Cumae (Greek colony), 124 1700–1800 ce, 563–565 Communism, 717, 718, 727 cuneiform script, introduction of, 54 1800–1900 ce, 605–607 Complex of Sultan Hassan, Cairo, Egypt, 484 Curia Julia, Rome, Italy, 166 1900–1950 ce, 657–659 concrete, 161, 337, 701, 702, 706, 709, 726 Customs House, Albert Dock, Liverpool, England, China, 202, 274, 291, 304, 349, 413, 790 Confucianism, 10, 117, 197, 247, 386, 455, 457, 638 circular, 198, 252 491, 496, 516, 650 Cuzco, Peru, 466 global, 787 Confucius, 117, 505 Cyaxares (king of Assyria), 120 globalization, 792 Congo, 2 Cyprus, 77, 177 India, 304 Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne Cyrus the Great (king of Persia), 120, 121 Mayan, 338 (CIAM), 725, 733, 743, 745, 754, 771, Czech Cubism, 707 megacities, 197, 202, 273–274, 790 780 Czechoslovakia, 739 preservation, 788 conservation, 788 Roman, 202 Constantine (emperor of Rome), 219, 237, 259– Dabao-en Temple (Porcelain Tower of Nanjing), City Beautiful movement, 658, 688–690, 756 261, 280, 403, 544, 546 495 city-states, 456 Constantinople, 237, 259–260, 278, 282, 349, Dacca, Bangladesh, 770 Civic Center Plaza, Chicago, Illinois, 780 396, 456, 472 Dacian people, 175 civilizational cultures construction, 789 Dadu, China, 413, 457 China, 8–10 Constructivism, 659, 717, 718, 735, 780 dakhmas, 241 Egypt, 19–20 containerization, 787, 788 Dakshinameru (Rajarajeshwara Temple), Europe, 21–24 Contarini, Marin, 469 Thanjavur, India, 382–383 Mesopotamia, 15–18 Cook, Peter, 726, 773 Dalai Lama, 185, 501, 516, 588, 590 South Asia, 16 Copán (Mayan city-state), 309, 342–343 Dalhousie, Earl of, 634 Civil War (U.S.), 658, 688 Copernicus, 319 Dali kingdom, 416 clan-based community houses, 2 copper, 9, 14, 148 Daling River, 8 classical revivalism, 657 Copper Age, 14 Damascus, Syria, 312 classicism, 141, 536, 605–606, 657 copperplate engravings, 616 Daming Palace, China, 294–295 class structure Córdoba, Spain, 316–317, 409 Danes, 351 coffeehouses, 572 Corinth (Greek city), 78, 158 Daniel Burnham & Company, 694 Industrial Revolution, 637–640 Corinthians, 124 Daoism, 117, 150, 247, 494, 516 middle class, 644–645 Corinthian order, 167, 169, 174, 179, 213 Darbar Sahib (Golden Temple), Amritsar, Punjab, Claudius (emperor of Rome), 165 corn, 87, 90, 308, 309 India, 565, 613

830

bindex 830 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Dario, Rubén, 766 DOCOMOMO, 798 East Africa, 431 Darius I (king of Persia), 120, 122, 177 Dr. Bartholomew House, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 785 East Asia David (king of Israel), 163 Dodecapoli (Etruscan city), 97 1700–1800 ce, 564 David, Alexander Jackson, 658 Dodge Brothers Motor Car Company, Hamtramck, 1800–1900 ce, 607 da Vinci, Leonardo, 483, 550 Michigan, 701 East Building, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Daxing (Chang’an), China, 273, 274, 293–294 Dodoma, Tanzania, 725 DC, 772 Deane and Woodward, 669 Dogon civilization, Mali, Africa, 537–538 Eastern Europe, 789 death, civilizational cultures, 20, 21 dolmen tombs, 24 Eastern State Penitentiary, Philadelphia, de Buck, Bob, 776 dome(s) Pennsylvania, 639 Deccan Plateau, 322 Baroque style, 600 East Turkestan, 588 Deccan sultanates, 457, 488–489, 611 double-shelled construction, 475 eclecticism, 658, 692 decumanus, 98 geodesic, 774, 775 École des Beaux-Arts, Paris, France, 658, 678– deforestation, 164, 220 St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, England, 600 679, 682 de Fries, Heinrich, 707 St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, Italy, 546 École Polytechnique, Paris, France, 625 De Hoftoren/Ministry Headquarters of Education, Dome of the Rock (Haram al-Sharif, Jerusalem), ecology movement, 797 Culture, and Science, Hague, 789 107, 306–307, 316, 318 economic conditions Deir-el-Abiad (The White Monastery), Suhag, domestic architecture, 162 2500–1500 bce, 25–27 Egypt, 264 Dominican Church, Toulouse, France, 448 1500–800 bce, 53, 54 Dejenné Mosque, 409 Dominican Republic, 766 800–400 bce, 87 Dekker, Eduard Douwes, 714 Domitian (emperor of Rome), 172 400 bce–0, 117 Delhi, India, 251, 428 Domus Augustana (Flavian Palace), Rome, Italy, 0–200 ce, 153–155 Delhi Sultanate, 428–430, 520 172 200–400 ce, 197 Delos, Greece, 117, 141, 142 Domus Aurea, Nero’s palace complex, Rome, Italy, 400–600 ce, 239 Delphi, Greece, 138–140 171 600–800 ce, 271 democracy, 117, 131–132, 605, 726 Domus Flavia, Palace of Domitian, Palatine Hill, 800–1000 ce, 303–308 Deng Xiaoping, 787 Rome, Italy, 172–173 1000–1200 ce, 347–349 Den’s tomb at Umm el-Qaab, Abydos, Egypt, 19 Dongjing (Kaifeng), China, 386 1200–1400 ce, 407–413 Dertad III (king of Armenia), 284 Dorians, 57, 87, 130 1400–1600 ce, 455–457 Dervishes, 471 Dorian society, 45, 87, 96, 101, 125 1600–1700 ce, 501 Descartes, René, 580 Doric order, 125–126, 128, 131, 163, 169, 174 1700–1800 ce, 563–565 desertification Dorje, Rolpay, 650 1800–1900 ce, 605, 606 civilizational cultures, 18 Dorset hunting culture, 308 1900–1950 ce, 657, 659, 692 deforestation, 164, 220 Doshi, Balkrishna V., 778–779 1950–21st century, 726 Egypt, 19 dou-gong bracket system, 425 globalization, 787, 789 Sabaean kingdom, 106 Downing, Andrew Jackson, 674 Edo (Tokyo), Japan, 594 Deshin Shekpa, 495 Doxiadis, Constantinos, 726, 761 Edo period (Japan), 594, 648–649 de Silva, Minnette, 794 Drew, Jane, 725, 756, 777 Edward I (king of England), 445 Dessau, Germany, 720 Drop City, Colorado (artist community), 776, 796 Egli, Ernst, 741 de Stijl movement, 715 Drum Tower of Spirit Paths, Ming Tombs, 513 Egypt Dezhou, China, garden at, 424 dry gardens, 562 2500–1500 bce, 25, 27 Dharmaraja Ratha, 273, 290 Dubos, René, 761 1500–800 bce, 54–56 Dharmarajika Monastery, Taxila, Gandharan region, Dulesi Monastery, Jixian, Hebei Province, China, 800–400 bce, 87 181 389–390 400 bce–0, 117 Dholavira, 30, 31 Dunhuang (Mogao Caves), 240, 248 800–1000 ce, 307 Dictaean Cave, 60 Duomo, Florence, Italy, 456 architectural design, 74, 681 Diego Rivera Houses, Mexico City, Mexico, 766 Dura-Europos, 141, 154 civilizational cultures, 19–20 Diera City Centre, Dubai, 789 Durand, J. L., 606 columns, 73 Dilwara Temples on Mt. Abu, 380–381 Durand, Jean-Nicolas-Louis, 625, 630, 634 Fatimid conquest, 350 ding vessel, 108 Durbar Square, Patan, Nepal, 592 Greece, 125 Din-i-Ilahi (religious practice), 523 Durham Cathedral, England, 353, 399–400 Kingdom of Kush, 105 Dinka, 3 Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad), Assyria, 87, 113–114 Mamluk sultanate, 409–410 Dinnaga, 244 Dutch East India Company, 572 New Kingdom, 55, 64–74 Dio, Cassius, 165 Dutch kampungs, 714 Old Kingdom, 38–44 Diocletian (emperor of Rome), 216, 264 Dvaravanti, 273, 291 rise of cities, 7 Diocletian’s Palace, Split, Croatia, 216–217 Dymaxion House (Fuller), 774 Roman Empire, 208 Dionysia, 130 Dymaxion Map (Fuller), 775 Stone Age, 6 Dionysus Theater, Athens, Greece, 141 Dynapolis, 761 trade, 432 Director’s House, Salt Works of Chaux, Arc-et- Dzungharia, 588 Tulunids, 307 Senans, France, 621 urbanization, 38–44 disease, 455 Eames, Charles, 752 Egyptian columns, 73 divine solar chariots, 408 Eames, Ray, 752 Ehn, Karl, 726 Diwan-i-Khas, India, 523 Eames House, Pacific Palisades, California, 752 Eiffel Tower, Paris, France, 688, 737, 763 Djed (king of Egypt), 20 earthquake Einstein Tower, Potsdam, Germany, 709 Djed column, 73 Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul, Eirene (empress of Byzantium), 392 Djemila, Algeria, 202–203 Turkey), 394 Eisen, Charles, 619 Djenné, Mali, 437, 798 Rome, Italy, 174 Eisenman, Peter, 726, 783 Zapotec culture, 268

831

bindex 831 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Ekistics, 726, 761 Esposizione Universale di Roma (EUR), 747 Fahmi, Hussein, 681 Elam, 7 Ethiopia, 409 Falak-ol-Aflak Castle, Khorramabad, Iran, 198 Elamites, 34, 120 Etruscans, 87 Fallingwater, Bear Run, Pennsylvania, 742, 744 El Arenal, Mexico, 192, 193 Etruscan society, 96–100, 102, 124, 158, 177 Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois, 751 El-Deir, Petra, Jordan, 179 Euboeans, 124 Fascist Italy, 747–748 Electrical Laboratory for the Ministry of Public Eumenes II (king of Pergamon), 144–145 Fatehpur Sikri, India, 521–522 Works, International Style Exhibition of Euphrates River, 6, 12, 15–18, 34, 220 Fathy, Hassan, 785 1932,Museum of Modern Art, New York, Eurasia Fatima bind Muhammed, 350 New York, 742 1500–800 bce, 54 Fatimids, 350, 368–369 Elephanta, Cave of Shiva at, India, 286–288 800–400 bce, 87 Fatimid Caliphate, 366, 368–369, 470 Elephanta Caves, India, 304 0–200 ce, 153, 154 Faxian, 247, 293 Eleusinian Mysteries, 138, 208 200–400 ce, 198 Federal style, 628, 635 elevated houses, 10 400–600 ce, 237 Feininger, Lyonel, 720 El-Hakim Mosque, Cairo, Egypt, 312 800–1000 ce, 303 Fengchu ritual complex (Shaanxi Province, China), Elizabethan England, 559–561 1000–1200 ce, 347, 348 109 Elizabeth I (queen of England), 559, 643 1200–1400 ce, 407 feng shui, 496 Ellerbe Beckett, 790 1400–1600 ce, 455, 457 Ferdinand V (king of Spain), 552 Ellora, 185 1600–1700 ce, 501 Fergusson, James, 670 Elmina Castle, Ghana, 554 colonialism, 570 Fertile Crescent, 12, 14 El Mirador, Guatemala, 195–196 horse dependency, 219 Fes, 449 El Salvador, 194 religious innovations, 198 feudalism, 412 El Tigre (El Mirador, Guatemala), 195, 196 slavery, 569 Finland, 749 “Elysian Field,” 585 trade, 650 Finnish Athenaeum, Helsinki, 666 EMBT Associates, 794, 796 Eurocentrism, 605, 616, 726 Finnish Pavilion, Paris International Exposition of Emerald Buddha, 615 Europe 1937, 749 Emirate of Córdoba, 303 3500–2500 bce, 2, 3 Fioravanti, Aristotile, 535 Emirate of Granada, 449 2500–1500 bce, 25, 26 fire, 166, 170, 401 emperor’s seat (Diwan-i-Khas, India), 523 200–400 ce, 197 Fire of London, England (1666), 599 Empire State Building, New York, New York, 738 400–600 ce, 237, 239 fire temples (Zoroastrianism), 181, 220, 241, Engel House, Tel Aviv, Israel, 741 600–800 ce, 271 252–253 Engels, Frederick, 640 800–1000 ce, 307–308 First dynasty (Egypt), 19 engineering, 338, 384 1000–1200 ce, 348, 349, 351 First Society people, 2, 26, 80, 219, 308, 347 600–800 ce, 271 1200–1400 ce, 410 Firuz (Sassanian prince), 293 800–1000 ce, 308 1400–1600 ce, 455–457, 469 Firuzabad, Iran, 198, 252 1400–1600 ce, 457 1600–1700 ce, 501 Fischer, Johann Michael, 582 England 1700–1800 ce, 563–564 Fischer, Theodor, 706 3500–2500 bce, 2 1800–1900 ce, 605, 606 Fisher, Mark, 773 2500–1500 bce, 26 1900–1950 ce, 657, 658 Five Rathas, Mamallapuram, India, 289 1000–1200 ce, 352, 353 1950–21st century, 726 Flavian Palace (Domus Augustana), Rome, Italy, 1200–1400 ce, 411 Carolingian Dynasty, 334–337 154, 172 1600–1700 ce, 501 cathedral design, 442 Florence, Italy, 452, 475–479 1700–1800 ce, 563, 564 Celts, 164 Florence baptistery, Italy, 406 1800–1900 ce, 605–606 civilizational cultures, 21–24 flying buttress, 401, 442 1900–1950 ce, 657, 658 colonialism, 568–570, 572 Foguang monastery, 332 Arts and Crafts movement, 669–670 High Middle Ages, 441 Foguang Temple, Wutaishan, China, 305, 332– colonialism, 569, 711 kingdoms of, 441 333, 349 Elizabethan, 559–561 Minoan culture, 60–63 Fontenay Abbey, Montbard, France, 411, 438–439 Georgian style, 602 Mycenaean civilization, 77–79 foods Industrial Revolution, 637, 638, 640 slavery, 569 colonialism, 572 Norman, 399–404 urbanization, 46–49, 572 deification of, 3 public buildings, 662–664 European Baroque style, 542 funerary, 45 English national style, 671 European Enlightenment. See Enlightenment Poverty Point, 80 Enin, 293 European Union, 793 religion and, 45 Enlightenment, 474, 563, 564, 570, 584–587, Exeter Cathedral, England, 445 Rome, 162 605, 620, 624, 626, 630, 633, 639, Exhibition Hall for the Izmir International Fair, Forbidden City, China, 457, 491–494, 501, 589 641, 650, 725 Ankara, Turkey, 741 Ford, Tom, 793 Enshu, Kobori, 511 Expo ‘67 (Montreal (Canada) World’s Fair of 1967), Ford Motor Company, Detroit, Michigan, 701 Entenza, John, 752 775 Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London, environmental management, 797 Exposition Universelle, Paris, 688 England, 662 Ephesus, Turkey, 204, 213 Expressionism, 659, 707–709, 715, 726 formalism, 726 epidemics, 455, 469 fornix system, 212 Erechtheum, Athens, Greece, 134–135, 210 F-2 House, Mexico, 795 Fort Commenda, Ghana, 554, 555 Eridu, 15–18, 25, 34, 53 Faber, Ernst, 495 fortification walls, Bibracte, France, 165 Erlitou, China, 26 Factory Acts (U.K.), 637 Fort William, Calcutta, India, 555 Espinoza, Antonio de, 95 factory aesthetic, 704, 727 Forum of Augustus, Rome, Italy, 166–167, 175, Esplanade, Calcutta, India, 632 factory system, 637–638, 704 176

832

bindex 832 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Forum of Caesar, Rome, Italy, 166, 167, 176 Gamble House, Pasadena, California, 673 Ghaggar-Hakra civilization, 26, 30–31, 111 Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, 175–176 Gandhara Empire, 222 Ghaggar-Hakra River, 26 Forum of Vespasian, Rome, Italy, 176 Gandhi Ashram Museum, Ahmedabad, India, 778, Ghana Empire, 408–409, 431 Forum Romanum, Rome, Italy, 158, 166–167 779 ghats, of Varanasi, 112 Foster, John, 638 Gangaikonda Cholapuram, India, 349 Ghaznavid dynasty, 347, 348, 408 Foster & Partners, 797 Ganges River, 96, 112 Ghengis (Chengiz) Khan, 184, 426 Foundling Estate, London, England, 772 Ganweriwala, 31 Ghiyas, Mirak Mizra, 520 Foundling Hospital, Florence, Italy, 456, 476 Gao Zong (emperor of China), 293 Giant Buddha, Lesha, 240 4D House (Fuller), 774 Garaçons, Comme des, 793 Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Daxing, China, 274–275 Fournier, Colin, 726, 773 Garamantians, 124 Giedion, Siegfried, 733, 750, 771 France, 396, 482–483, 542, 558, 619–625 garden(s) Gilbert, Cass, 694 1200–1400 ce, 410, 411 China, 424, 653 Gilgamesh (epic), 18 1400–1600 ce, 456 England, 585–586 Ginkakuji, the Silver Pavilion, Kyoto, Japan, 457, 1600–1700 ce, 501 Japan, 506, 509, 510, 562 499 1700–1800 ce, 563–565 garden carpets, 252 Ginzburg, Moisei, 717, 718 1800–1900 ce, 605, 606 Garden City Movement, 691, 714, 734 Giorgis, rock-cut temple, Lalibela, Ethiopia, 434, 1900–1950 ce, 658, 699 Garden of the Master of the Nets, Sozhou, China, 436 cathedrals, 411 424 Giza, Egypt, 38, 41–43 colonialism, 568, 569 Gardens Galleria, India, 789 Giza pyramids, 41–43 concrete, 706 Gare d’Austerlitz, Paris, France, 665 Glasgow Necropolis, Scotland, 624 Egypt, 681 Gare de l’Est, Paris, France, 665 glass construction, 704, 707, 726 French Empire, 573–581, 675 Gare de Lyon, Paris, France, 665 Glass House, Werkbund Exhibition, Cologne, national economy, 580 Gare Montparnasse, Paris, France, 665 Germany, 705 Franciscan Order, 553 Gare Saint Lazare, Paris, France, 665 global cities, 787 Francisco Xavier Church, Dongjiadu, China, 700 Garnier, Charles, 676, 760 Global Cities Network, 789 Francis I (king of France), 456, 482–483, 563 Garnisonskirche (Garrison Church), Ulm, Germany, globalization, 692, 787–799 Franks, 216, 237, 264, 278, 307, 336 706 architecture and, 788 frankincense, 87, 106 Gate of Justice, Alhambra, Granada, Spain, 450 environmental impact, 797 Franklin, Benjamin, 605, 617 Gateway Arch, St. Louis, Missouri, 763 high design principles, 791–794 Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor), 478 Gaudi, Antoni, 695–696, 701, 702, 743 local architects, 795–796 Frederick the Great (emperor of Prussia), 587 Gaul, 144–145, 154, 164–165, 216, 237 nongovernmental organizations, 795 French Baroque style, 700 Gaussian vaults, 767 preservation, 798–799 French Cubism, 707 Gaza, 177 ready-made materials, 796 French decorative style, 671 Gedi, Kenya, 409 worth of construction activity, 789 French-Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt, 667 Gehry, Frank, 726, 791, 793 Gloucester Cathedral, England, 399, 445 French Empire, 573–581 gemstones, 304 Glyptothek Museum, Munich, Germany, 634 French Empire Building, New York, New York, 738 General Motors Company, Detroit, Michigan, 701 Göbekli Tepe, Turkey, 6, 7 French Revolution, 605 General Motors Technical Center, Detroit, Gobind Singh, Guru, 613 French Second Empire style, 682 Michigan, 763 Godaigo (emperor of Japan), 497 Friday Mosque of Gulbarga, India, 490 General Post Office, London, England, 662 goddess temple, 8 Friedrich, Caspar David, 606, 630 Gen’i, Maeda (shogun governor), 593 Godsell, Sean, 796 Friedrich Krupp Werke, Germany, 705 Gensler, 790 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 606, 630 Friedrichstrassenpassage, Berlin, Germany, 677 Gensler Design Excellence Awards (GDEA), 790 Gök Madrasa, Sivas, Turkey, 366 Friedrichstrasse Office Building, Berlin, Germany, Genyue, garden at, 424 gold, 87, 175, 408, 409, 610 716 geodesic dome, 774, 775 Golden Gate, Vladimir, Russia, 393 Friedrich Wilhelm II (king of Prussia), 667 Geometric Period, Greece, 101–102 Golden Temple (Darbar Sahib), Amritsar, Punjab, Fry, Maxwell, 725, 756, 777 George V (king of England), 710 India, 613 Fu Hao, Tomb of, 83 Georgian architecture, 602–603 Goldfinger, Ernö, 772 Fuller, Buckminster, 726, 761, 774–776 Gepparo, Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto, Japan, 511 Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur, India, 530 Fuller, J. A., 671 Gerasa, 213 Gomteshware Bahubali, 380 Funan culture, 258 Géricault, Théodore, 625 Gondola, Andrea di Pietro della, 539 functionalism, 726, 753 German National Pavilion, Barcelona, 726 Gongyuan, Forbidden City, China, 584 funerary foods, 45 German Romantic movement, 630, 658 Gonur, 33 Furness, Frank, 682 German Shipbuilding Exhibition of 1908, Berlin, González-Sánchez, Guillermo, 766 Futarasan Shrine, Japan, 274 Germany, 705 Goodwin, Philip, 760 Future Shack, 796 German tribes, 216 gopuram, 596 Futurists, 708 Germany Goshikizuka Kofun, 267 1200–1400 ce, 411 Goths, 168, 172, 216, 265 Galeries Saint Hubert, Brussels, Belgium, 677 1800–1900 ce, 605, 606 Gothic Picturesque style, 618 Galgada Step Pyramid, 50 1900–1950 ce, 658–659, 699 Gothic Revival style, 671 Galilee Chapel, Canterbury Cathedral, England, 1950–21st century, 725 Gothic style, 353, 411, 442–445, 605–606, 642– 400 concrete, 706 643, 657, 669, 683, 694 Galileo Galilei, 580 industrialization, 705 Gould Hall, University of Washington, 725 Gallaratese apartments, Milan, Italy, 782 Ottonian, 396–398 Government House, Calcutta, India, 634 Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, Milan, Italy, 677 Ggantija temple, Malta, 49 Government Museum of Chennai, India, 667 Gama, Vasco da, 519

833

bindex 833 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index government/power structures (continued) festivals, 138 Hall of Mirrors, Château de Versailles, France, 3500–2500 bce, 3 geometric period, 101–102 576–577 2500–1500 bce, 25, 26 Hellenistic Age, 141–146 Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing, 1500–800 bce, 54, 56 Ionic order, 136–137 China, 492–494 800–400 bce, 87 liberation of, 634 Hall of the Abencerrajes, Alhambra, Spain, 367 400 bce–0, 117 Mediterranean Sea, 124 Hall of the Ambassadors, Alhambra, Granada, 0–200 ce, 154, 155 Mycenaean civilization, 77–79 Spain, 451 200–400 ce, 197, 198 Parthenon, 131–133 Hal Saflieni Hypogeum, Malta, 48 400–600 ce, 237, 238, 241 religion, 208 Hamburg, Germany, 411 600–800 ce, 271, 273–275 Roman Empire, 206, 208 Han dynasty, 155, 184, 197, 225, 589 800–1000 ce, 304, 305, 307, 309 Telesterion at Eleusis, 138 Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 115–116 1000–1200 ce, 347–349, 353 temple design, 124–127 Hangzhou, China, 108, 349, 386 1200–1400 ce, 411–413 temple form, 103–104 Hangzhou Bay, China, 7 1400–1600 ce, 455–457 theater, 206 haniwa (funerary statue), 267 1600–1700 ce, 501 Greek cross, 542 Hanna House, Palo Alto, California, 732 1700–1800 ce, 563–565 Greek Revival movement, 630, 634–636, 658, 682 Hanseatic League, 411 1800–1900 ce, 605, 606 green architecture, 797 han tu platforms, 82 1900–1950 ce, 657, 659 greenbelts, 733 Hanyuan Hall, Chang’an (Xi’an), China, 294–295 1950–21st century, 725 Greene, Charles Sumner, 673 Hao (Xi’an), China, 87, 108, 150 Government Secretariat, Mumbai, India, 670, 671 Greene, David, 773 Harappa, 11, 31 Governor’s Palace, Kyoto, Japan, 593 Greene, Henry Mather, 673 Hardouin-Mansart, Jules, 575–577 Graeff, Werner, 716 Greene & Greene, 743 Hardy, Adam, 255 grain, 491 Gregory XIII (pope of Rome), 586 Hariharalaya, Cambodia, 303, 305, 328–330, 349 granaries, 11, 16 Griffin, Walter Burley, 690 Harrison, Peter, 603 Grand Canal, China, 153, 294, 491 Gropius, Walter, 659, 669, 715, 720, 724–726, Harrison, Wallace, 738, 755 Grand National Assembly Hall, Ankara, Turkey, 730, 733, 737, 745, 750, 771 Hashihaka Tomb, Nara, Japan, 266 726, 741 Grosseteste, Robert, 444 Hassuna Culture, 16 Grand Plaza (Monte Albán, Mexico), 270 Gross Schauspielhaus, Berlin, Germany, 707, 708 Hastings, Warren, 633 Grand Staircase, Paris Opera House, Paris, France, Guachimonton complex, Teuchitlán, 192 Hatshepsut (Queen of Egypt), 65, 70–71, 106 676 Guadalajara, Mexico, 193 Hatshepsut, Mortuary Temple of, 70–71, 73 Grand Theater, Bordeaux, France, 663 Guangzhou, China, 293, 325 Hattusas, 54, 76, 78 Grant Memorial, Washington, DC, 689 Guanyin-ge, Dulesi Monastery, 390 Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 675–676 Gratian (emperor of Rome), 259 Guastavino, Rafael, 689 Hawaii, 347 Graves, Michael, 781 Guatemala, 3, 87, 194 Hawa Mahall, Jaipur, India, 611, 612 Gravettian Culture, 2 Guayabo (Mayan city-state), 346 Hawkins, Gerald S., 46 Gray, Eileen, 794 Gubbio, Italy, 446 Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 601 Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro (public bath), 31–32 Gudea of Lagash (king), 17–18 Hebei, 389 Great Depression, 725, 732 guerilla warfare, 788 Hecatompylos, Iran, 197–198, 252 Great Exhibition of 1851,London, England, 647, Guevara, Ernesto Che, 768 Hedjuk, John, 782 657, 668 Guggenheim, Solomon R., 760 Heidegger, Martin, 781 Great Fire of London, England (1666), 599 Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, 726, 791 Heidi Weber House (Centre Le Corbusier), Zurich, Great Mosque of Abd al-Rahman I, 317 Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York, 760 Switzerland, 780 Great Mosque of al-Mutawakkil, 314 gui vessel, 108 Heijo-kyo, Japan, 303, 306 Great Mosque of Córdoba, Spain, 316–317, 402 Guntupalli, India, 189 Hekatompedos, 131 Great Mosque of Isfahan (Masjid-i Jome, Friday Gupta Empire, 238–239, 244–246, 254–255, Helios (Sun God), 57 Mosque), Iran, 348, 362–365 286–287, 319 Hellenism, 117, 179, 198, 213, 218, 220, 394, Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq, 314–315 Gurjara-Pratiharas, 370 635, 663 Great Plaza, Tikal, 339 Gushri Khan (Mongol ruler), 516 Hellenistic Age, 141 Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops), 41–43 Gyeongbokgung, Seoul, Korea, 496 Hellmuth, Obata & Kassalbaum (HOK), 790 Great Reform Act of 1832 (U.K.), 637 gypsum plaster, 14 Helvetii, 164 Great Stupa at Sanchi, 185–187 Hemming, Sally, 626 Great Tenshu (Himeji Castle, Japan), 504 hacienda system, 563, 568, 571 Hemudu, 10 Great Wall of China, 155, 182, 184, 222, 519 Hacienda Tabi, Mexico, 570 Hengistbury Head, England, 164 Great Zimbabwe, 436 Hadassah University Medical Center, Mt. Scopus, Henry IV (king of France), 558, 573 Greece, 278 Jerusalem, 741 Henry VIII (king of England), 599 1500–800 bce, 57 Hadid, Zaha, 793, 794 Hephtalites, 247 800–400 bce, 87 Hadrian (emperor of Rome), 107, 175, 202, Hephthalite Empire, 238–240 400 bce–0, 117 207–210 Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell 1400–1600 ce, 456 Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, Italy, 210–211, 216 University, Ithaca, New York, 772 1800–1900 ce, 605 Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey), Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia, 579 architecture and terms, 126–128, 212 271, 280–283, 393, 394, 402, 534, 535 Hermogenes, 137 baths, 214 Hagia Sophia, Novgorod, Russia, 393 Herodion, Israel, 180 colonies, 124 Hagmatana, Median city, 120 Herod’s Palace, Masada, Israel, 180 Delphi, 139–140 Haida, 2 Herron, Ron, 773 Erechtheum, 134–135 Haitian Slave Revolution, 606 Hersey, George, 101 Etruscan society, 98 Hall of a Hundred Columns, Persepolis, 122

834

bindex 834 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Herz, Max, 681 House at Stabio, Switzerland, 782 400 bce–0, 117 Herzog, Thomas, 797 House for Dr. Bartholomew, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 0–200 ce, 155 Heydar Aliyev Centr, Baku, Azerbaijan, 794 785 200–400 ce, 198 Hideyoshi (shogun of Japan), 504 House III (Eisenman), 783 400–600 ce, 238–239 Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 593 House of Circles, 623 600–800 ce, 271, 273 High Court, Chandigarh, India, 757 Houses of Parliament, London, England, 637, 643, 800–1000 ce, 303–305 high design principles, 791–794 663 1000–1200 ce, 348–349 High Middle Ages, 441 Housmann, Georges-Eugène, 675–676 1200–1400 ce, 408, 413 Hill Carter, Ann, 604 Howard, Ebenezer, 691 1400–1600 ce, 457 Hill Carter family, 604 Hsuan Tsang (Xuanzang), 244, 247, 256, 275, 1600–1700 ce, 501 Himeji Castle, Japan, 504 294, 304, 319 1700–1800 ce, 565 Himera, Battle of, 124 Huaca A, Casma-Sechin valley, 86 1800–1900 ce, 605, 606 Himyar Kingdom, 221 Huaca de la Luna (Moche pyramid), 231–232 1900–1950 ce, 658 Hinayana Buddhism, 185, 256 Huaca del Sol (Moche pyramid), 231–232 1950–21st century, 725 Hindu architecture, 320, 327 Huang River, 81 Ahmedabad, India, 488, 778–779 Hinduism, 45, 199, 273, 305, 471, 592 Huan River, 83 architecture, 141 400–600 ce, 239, 240 Huari empire, 344 Arts and Crafts, 670–672 800–1000 ce, 304, 305 Hué, Vietnam, 615 Buddhism, 148–149, 155 1400–1600 ce, 457 Huitzilapa, Mexico, 193 bungalow, 684 Cambodia, 328–330 Huizong (emperor of China), 407, 425 Chandigarh, 756–758 cosmology, 255 human sacrifice, 83 cities, 304 India, 349, 611–613 Humayun’s Tomb, 520 colonial, 632–633, 670–672, 710 Indonesia, 325–327 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 630 Deccan Sultanates, 488–489, 611 Islam, 428–430 Hume, David, 617 Delhi Sultanate, 428–430 Jains, 380 Huns, 219, 237, 238, 286, 455 first cities, 7 origin and growth of, 254–255 Hungary, 393 Ghaznavid Sultanate, 408 rock-cut temples, 177 Hunt, Richard M., 688 globalization, 787 Sanchi, India, 187 hunter-gatherers, 1, 2, 6 Gupta Empire, 238–239 South Asia, 222, 286–290 Husni Kubwa, Mozambique, Africa, 431 Kutch Nav Nirman Abhiyan, 795 Southeast Asia, 258, 292, 416, 615 huts, 1, 2 Mauryan dynasty, 148 Hindu temple complex, Isanapura, Cambodia, 291 Hyksos people, 64 Mauryan Empire, 148, 185, 222 Hindu Victory Tower, Chittorgarh, India, 672 hypostyle halls, 68, 71, 147 modernism, 727, 756–758 Hiraizumi, Japan, 412 Moghul Empire, 595–596, 611–613 Hiram of Tyre, 107 Ibadan, Nigeria, 725 Mughals, 570 Hiroshima memorial, Japan, 771 Ibadan, University of, Nigeria, 777 New Delhi, 699, 710 Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, 726 Ibaraki Kasugaoka Kyokai Church, Osaka, Japan, post-modernism, 784–785 Hitler, Adolf, 750 784 temple-cities, 291 Hittite Empire, 54, 55, 60, 75, 87, 96, 113 Ibn Tumart, 351 temples, 320 Hobbes, Thomas, 580 Ibrahim II, Tomb of, Bijapur, India, 529 trade, 148, 155, 304, 305, 407 Höjer, Theodor, 666 Ice Age, 2 Indianization, 155, 273, 291, 303–305 Holland, 568, 569, 658 Idaean Cave, 60 Indo-Aryans, 87, 111–112 Hollyhock House, Los Angeles, California, 713 Iemitsu (shogun of Japan), 505 Indo-Gangetic Plain, 87 Holy Roman Empire, 307, 396–398 Ieyasu (shogun of Japan), 505, 593 Indonesia, 303, 325–327, 714 Holzmeister, Clemenz, 726, 741 Ifè kingdom, 409 Indo-Saracenic style, 658, 670–672 Homer, 78, 101 igloos, 308 Indratataka (Sea of Indra), 329 Honen, 312 Ikea stores, Russia, 789 Indus River Valley, 7, 11, 16, 25–27, 30–32, Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation Île Longue, South Brittany, France, 21 111–112, 181 Building, China, 700 Il Gesù, Rome, Italy, 542, 550–551 industrialism, 657, 797 Hongshan Culture, 8–10 Illinois Institute of Technology (ITT) Library industrialization, 91, 606 Honorius (emperor of Rome), 259, 260 Building, Chicago, Illinois, 750 Industrial Revolution, 605, 606, 637–640, 677 Hood, Raymond, 738 Illyrian tribes, 124 Inner Asia Hopewell Culture, 199, 235–236, 358, 359 Il Redentore (Church of the Savior), Venice, Italy, 1500–800 bce, 57 Hopi people, 460–461 539 400–600 ce, 237, 241 Hôpital St.-Louis, Paris, France, 581 Ilyas Shah dynasty, 488 800–1000 ce, 304, 308 horses, 53–55, 57, 219 Imperial Academy of Arts, St. Petersburg, Russia, 1000–1200 ce, 347 horseshoe arch, 316 579 1200–1400 ce, 409 Horta, Victor, 687, 743 Imperial City, China, 294 camel and horse diffusion, 54 Horyu-ji Temple, Nara, Japan, 301–302 Imperial Forums, 155, 175–176 ecological realities of, 219 hospitals, 581 Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, Japan, 713 pithouses, 8 hôtels, European, 573–575 impluvium, rock-cut tomb, 177 Inner Mongolia, 588 Hôtel Crozat, Paris, France, 575 Inca Empire, 455, 465–466, 552 International Beaux-Arts style, 692–695 Hôtel des Invalides, Paris, France, 581, 627 Ince Minare Madrasa, Konya, Turkey, 366 International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Hôtel de Sully, Paris, France, 574 India, 96, 117, 520–530, 778 Decorative Arts (Paris, France, 1925), Hotte, Pierre, 580 3500–2500 bce, 3 719 Hougang, Henan Province, China, 56 1500–800 bce, 54 800–400 bce, 87

835

bindex 835 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

International Style Exhibition of 1932,Museum Israel, 14, 727, 741 Edo period, 648–649 of Modern Art, New York, New York, Israelites, 87 insularity, 648 Electrical Laboratory for the Ministry of Israelite kingdom, 107 Kamakura Period, 412 Public Works, 742 Istanbul, Turkey, 456, 472, 501, 533–534, 598 Kinkakuji Japan, 498 Internet, 787 Italianate style, 501, 599, 658 Kofun, 241 Inuit, 308 Italian Fascism, 747–748 Kofun period, 266 Iofan, Boris, 737 Italian medieval style, 669 Korea, 591 Ionian society, 87, 96, 120 Italian Movement for Rational Architecture (MIAR), Meiji Restoration, 700, 742 Ionic order, 136–137, 163, 169, 174 747 militarism, 700 Ipshir Pasha coffeehouse, Aleppo, Syria, 572 Italian Renaissance, 474–482 Muromachi Period, 498 Iran, 273, 362–365 Italy, 126, 264, 278, 404–406, 446–447, 469, Nara period, 297, 303 Iranian mystery cults, 198 476–482 postmodernism, 784–785 Iraq, 12, 14, 15 800–400 bce, 87 Pure Land Buddhism, 391, 422 Ireland, 22, 568 400–600 ce, 237 Shintoism, 275, 297–300, 306, 423 iron, 96, 148, 407, 669 600–800 ce, 272 Todai-ji, 303 Iron Age, 96 1000–1200 ce, 351, 352 Tokugawa shoguns, 593–594 iron construction, 644, 646, 647, 665 1200–1400 ce, 411–412 Japanese motif, 673, 687 Iron Pagoda, Dongjing (Kaifeng), China, 388 1400–1600 ce, 456, 469 Japanese Pavilion, Paris International Exposition of iron smelting, 87, 107 1900–1950 ce, 658, 699 1937, Paris, France, 742 Iroquois culture, 619 fascist modernism, 747–748 Jasaw Chan K’awiil (Tikal ruler), 338 irrigation, 198, 305, 308, 349 Ithaca, New York, 686 Java, 303, 304, 519, 714 2500–1500 bce, 26 Itsukushima Shrine, Japan, 422, 423 Jayavarman II (Khmer king), 328–330 1400–1600 ce, 457 Itten, Johannes, 659, 720 Jayavarman VII (Khmer king), 418 China, 294, 427 Ivan III (czar of Russia), 535 Jefferson, Thomas, 603, 605, 606, 626 civilizational cultures, 15, 34 Ivan IV (czar of Russia), 536 Jengi, 2 Ghaggar-Hakra Civilization, 26 Ivory Coast, 408 Jenneret, Pierre, 756 Khmer kingdom, 416 Izmir International Fair, Ankara, Turkey, 741 Jericho (hilltop city), 14 Isaac Bell House, Newport, Rhode Island, 685 Jerusalem, 107, 154, 172, 207, 306, 318 Isabella of Castile (queen of Spain), 552 Jacobs, Swinton, 658, 671 Jesuit Order (Society of Jesus), 501, 564, 584, Isanapura (Chenia city), 291 Jaffa, Israel, 741 589, 619 Ischia (Pithekoussai) island (Greek colony), 124 jaguar, 91 Jetavanarama Stupa, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, Ise Jingu, Japan, 297–300 Jahn, Helmut, 783 224 Ise Shrine, Japan, 275 Jahrhunderthalle, Breslau, Germany, 706 Jewish Museum, Berlin, Germany, 726 Isfahan, Persia, 348, 530–532 Jains, 380 Jewish reform movements, 607 Ishtar Gate (Babylon), 18, 115–116 Jainism, 239, 349 Jian Ping, 248 Ishvara Temple, Arasikere, India, 408 Jain Temples on Mt. Abu, 380–381 Jinci Temple, Taiyuan, China, 387 Isidore of Miletus, 280 Jaipur, India, 565, 597, 611–612, 658, 671 Jin dynasty, 238 Isis (cult), 155 Jaipur Town Hall, Jaipur, India, 672 jinshi system, 584 Islam, 273 Jai Singh, Sawai (Amer ruler), 565, 597 Jiroft, 26 800–1000 ce, 303, 304, 307 Jai Singh II, Sawai (Amer ruler), 611–612 John F. Kennedy International Airport, TWA 1000–1200 ce, 347, 348, 350 Jalal al-Din Muhammad Shah (sultan of Pandua), Terminal, New York, New York, 763 1200–1400 ce, 408, 409 488 John Hancock Tower, Boston, Massachusetts, 764 1400–1600 ce, 455 James Dakin Bank of Louisville, Louisville, John II Komenos (emperor of Byzantium), 392 1600–1700 ce, 501 Kentucky, 635 Johnson, Philip, 751, 764, 781 Africa, 431 Jami Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri, India, 521–522 Johnson Wax Administration Building, Racine, Fatimid Caliphate, 366–367 Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad, India, 488 Wisconsin, 697 Hinduism, 428–430 Janák, Pavel, 707, 742 Jones, Inigo, 561, 602, 628 Holy Roman Empire, 396 Jandial temple, 181 Jones, William, 633 rise of, 312 Jansen, Hermann, 741 Jordan, 107 Seljuk Turks, 362–365, 394 Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, India, 612 Joseon dynasty (Chosun dynasty, Korea), 457, Spain, 449–451 Japan, 247, 504–511 496, 591 Islam, Mazharul, 778 3500–2500 bce, 2 Joyce, James, 726 Islamabad, Pakistan, 725, 741, 761 0–200 ce, 155 Judaism, 155, 172, 259, 654–656, 741 Islamic architecture, 475, 565 400–600 ce, 241 Judicature Act of 1873 (U.K.), 664 Islamic caliphates, 306, 350 600–800 ce, 271, 275 Julius II (pope of Rome), 546 Islamic mosques, 252 800–1000 ce, 306, 308 Junnar, India, 185 Islamic Museum, Qatar, 791 1200–1400 ce, 412–413 Junnar Caves (India), 189–190 Islamic states, 456 1400–1600 ce, 457 Justin I (emperor of Byzantium), 278 Islamization, 303 1600–1700 ce, 501 Justinian (emperor of Byzantium), 271, 272, Island Villa, Hadrian’s villa, Tivoli, Italy, 211 1700–1800 ce, 564 278–280 Îsle de la Cité, Paris, France, 558 1800–1900 ce, 607 Juvarra, Filippo, 480, 693 Ismail Khan, 524 1900–1950 ce, 658, 659 Isma’il Pasha (ruler of Egypt), 681, 700 Buddhafication, 303, 306 Kabuki theater, 648–649 Ismet Pasa Girls’ Institute, Ankara, Turkey, 741 Buddhism, 266, 275, 297, 306, 349, 504, Kachi Plain, 11 Isozaki, Arata, 784 508, 593 Kadesh, Battle of, 75 colonialism, 700 Kaffeehaus Jüngling, Vienna, Austria, 572

836

bindex 836 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Kagithane garden, Istanbul, Turkey, 598 Khorezm (Khanate), 610 Kurgan 4, 57 Kahn, Albert, 686, 701 Khotan oasis, 199 Kushan Empire, 87, 105, 155, 185, 198–199, Kahn, Louis, 726, 741, 753, 770, 779, 785 Khrushchev, Nikita, 737 219, 220, 222, 240, 250, 251 Kahn System, 701 Khufu (pharaoh of Egypt), 41 Kutch Nav Nirman Abhiyan (NGO), 795 Kaifeng, China, 386, 424 Khurram Shah Jahan (Mughal ruler), 520 Kuwait International Hotel, 789 Kaijima, Momoyo, 796 Khusrau I (Sassanian emperor), 252 Kyanzittha (Pagan king), 421 Kailasa Temple, Ellora, India, 304, 409 Khwarazmian dynasty, 408 Kyoto, Japan, 391, 422, 457, 504, 593–594 Kailasnath at Ellora, Aurangabad, India, 322–323 Khwarezmia, 610 Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto, Japan, 700 Kalahari Desert, Botswana, 1 Kievan Russia, 393 Kalasasaya Temple (Akapana), 344, 345 Kikutake, Kiyonoro, 771 Labrouste, Henri, 646, 668, 678, 679, 689 Kalinganagar, India, 408 kiln, brick construction, 18 labrys, 61 Kallweit, Richard, 776 Kilwa, Tanzania, Africa, 431 La Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas, Venezuela, Kamakura Period (Japan), 412 Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas, 770 766 Kamei, Tobei, 593 Kingdom of Granada, 449–451 Ladvosky, Nikolai, 717 Kami-tenjin shrine, Tsujikuru, Ise, Japan, 299 Kingdom of Kush, 105 La Galgada, 50–51 kampungs, 714 King’s Chapel, Boston, Massachusetts, 633 Lagash, 34 Kanamaru-za, Kabuki theater, Kotohira, Japan, kingship Lagny, France, 410 648–649 Buddhism, 185 Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago, Illinois, Kanauj, India, 370 China, 292 764 Kanchenjunga Apartments, Mumbai, India, 779 Holy Roman Empire, 404 Lakshmana Temple, India, 349, 374 Kanchipuram, 320 Mesopotamia, 34–35 Lakshman Temple, Sirpur, 255 Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, India, 349 Normans, 399 Lal, Lala Chiman, 672 Kandinsky, Wassily, 720 Kinkakuji, the Golden Pavilion, Kyoto, Japan, 457, Lalibela (king of Ethiopia), 409 Kangxi (emperor of China), 564, 589 498, 499 Lalibela, Ethiopia, 409, 434–436 Kanishka (emperor of Kushan), 250 Kipling, John Lockwood, 670 Land Grant Act of 1861 (U.S.), 686 Kanishka Stupa, Peshawar, Pakistan, 199 Kipling, Rudyard, 670 Lanfranco, 404 Karakorum (Mongol capital), 413, 426 Kiyomizudera, Kyoto, Japan, 504 Lang Darma, 306 Kardar, Chrysoula, 130 Kiyomori, Taira no, 422, 423 Lankesvara temple, 323 Karfik, Vladimir, 739 Klee, Paul, 720 Lanzón, Chavín de Huántar, 94, 95 Karl-Marx-Hof, Vienna, Austria, 726 Klein, Alexander, 741 Laoha River, 8 Karmi, Ram, 741 Klenze, Leon von, 634–635 La Padula, Ernesto, 747 Karnak, Egypt, 65–71, 66 Klumb, Henry, 766 Large Bird Mound, Poverty Point, 80 Temple at, 66, 68 Knossos, 60–63 Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 553, 619 Temple of Amun at, 69 Kofun Culture (Japan), 241, 266–267 Lasdun, Denys, 725 Karun River, 14, 34 Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF), 789, 793 Latin America Kasi (Indo-Aryan kingdom), 111 Kolbe, Georg, 735 economic development, 789 Kassite people, 54 Konark Sun Temple, India, 408 independence movement, 606 Ka statue, 25, 39, 40 Konya, Anatolia, 348 Latin cross, 542 Katsura Rikyu (Katsura Imperial Villa), Kyoto, Konya, Turkey, 14 La Tourette (France) monastery, 759 Japan, 508–511, 593, 594 Koolhaas, Rem, 726, 791–793 Latrobe, Benjamin, 639 Kaufmann, Edgar J., 744 Korea, 225, 247, 496, 588, 591, 700 Latrobe, Henry, 627 Kaupanger Stave Church, Norway, 440 600–800 ce, 271, 275 Laugier, Marc-Antoine, 606, 619, 620, 625, 642, K’awiil (Tikal rulers), 338 800–1000 ce, 303, 306 643, 647 Kaya Federation (Korea), 331 1600–1700 ce, 501 La Venta (Olmec city), 92–93 Kazakhstan, 55 1700–1800 ce, 564 Law Courts, Mumbai, India, 671 Kbour-er-Roumia (“tomb of the Christian woman”), Buddhafication, 303, 306 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Algiers, 168 Buddhism, 275, 331, 349 (LEED) Green Building Rating System, Kelheim, Germany, 164 Joseon dynasty, 457 797 Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk), 741 Koroibos, 138 League of Nations, 659 Kempthorne, Sampson, 640 Kosala (Indo-Aryan kingdom), 111 Lebanon, 120 Kendleston Hall, 634 Kostka, Stanislaus, 550 Le Corbusier, 659, 695, 702, 707, 717, 721–723, Kent, William, 585 Kotera, Jan, 707 725, 726, 730, 731, 733, 734, 737, Keri Kala Temple (Akapana), 344 Koumbi Saleh, Ghana, 431 739, 745, 748, 755–757, 759, 766, Kerlescan stone circle, 24 Kovalam Beach Resort, India, 779 770, 771, 778, 779, 781, 794 Khafre Valley Temple at Giza, 43, 44 Kremlin, Moscow, Russia, 535–536 Ledoux, Claude Nicholas, 605, 621, 623 Khajuraho, India, 375 Krier, Leon, 782 Lee, Henry, 604 Khans, 457, 588 Krishna I, 322 Lee, Robert E., 604 Khandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho, India, Kubitschek, Juscelino, 754, 756 Lee, Thomas, 602 375, 376 Kublai Khan (Mongol emperor), 413, 426–427, Leeds City Hall, England, 663 Khasneh al Faroun, Petra, Jordan, 178–179 497 Leeum Samsung Museum of Art, Seoul, 791 Khiljis dynasty, 488 Kumara Gupta I (Gupta king), 319 Leibniz, Gottfried, 584 Khiva (Khanate), 610 Kundoo, Anupama, 796 L’Enfant, Charles Pierre, 606, 627 Khmer, 305, 349, 407, 457 !Kung, 1 Lenin, Vladimir I., 737, 738 Khmer kingdom, 117, 141, 275, 328–330, 416 Kunming, China, 416 Le Nôtre, André, 542, 576 Khonsu, Temple of, at Karnak, 67, 74 Kunsthaus, Graz, Austria, 726, 773 Lenyadri, India, 189 Kuratsukuri no Tori, 301 Leo III (pope of Rome), 334

837

bindex 837 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Leokoreion, 129, 130 Lovell Beach House, Newport Beach, California, Manchester, England, 637 Leonardo da Vinci, 483, 501, 550 724 Manchester City Hall, England, 662, 663 Leoni, Giacomo, 602 Lovell House, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, Manching Oppidum, Bavaria, 164 Leotini (Greek colony), 124 California, 724, 726 Manchu people, 564, 588, 589 Leo X (pope of Rome), 481 Loyola, Ignatius, 542, 550 Manchuria, 501 Lepcis Magna, 174 Lübeck, 411 mandala, Hindu, 287, 288 Lepenski Vir, Danube River, 2 Lucknow, India, 690 Mandalay, Myanmar (Burma), 199 Leptis Magna, 202 Lucknow University Library, India, 690 Manhattan, New York, 674 Le Puy church, 411 Ludwig I (king of Bavaria), 635 Manichaeism, 293 Lescot, Pierre, 563 Ludwigshafen, Germany, 704 Manikarnika Ghat, Varanasi, 112 Leshan Buddha, China, 240 Lunatics Tower, Vienna, Austria, 639 Manila, Philippines, 658, 689 Letchworth, England, 691 Luoyang (Wangcheng) China, 87, 109–110, 182, Manship, Paul, 738 Levant, 3, 12, 57, 106, 120, 154 225, 347 marble construction, 38, 166, 337 Le Vau, Louis, 573 Luther, Martin, 441 Marco Polo, 407, 427 Lever House, New York, New York, 726 Lutyens, Edwin, 699, 710 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (emperor of Rome), Léwé cult, 538 Luxor, Temple of, 65–66, 71 225 Lewerentz, Sigurd, 712 Lycians, 189 Marcus Vergilius Eurysaces, Tomb of, Rome, 163 Lhasa River, Tibet, 516 Lycian tombs, Dalyan, Turkey, 177 Margiana, 25, 33 Liangzhu Culture, 10 Lydia, 124 Mari, Syria, 53, 54 Liao dynasty, 349, 388–390 Lyon, Gustave, 737 Ma’rib, 106 Libeskind, Daniel, 726, 790 Marie Short House, Kempsey, Australia, 786 Library at Vrah Vishnulok, 419 McDonough, William, 797 Marin County Civic Center, California, 697 Library of Celsus at Ephesus, Turkey, 204, 213 Macedonia, 124 Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, 708 Libya, Kingdom of Kush, 105 Machu Picchu, Peru, 467–468, 798 Market Hall, Charleston, South Carolina, 635, 636 Limbaesis Gate, 203 McKim, Charles Follen, 684, 688, 689 Marrakesh, 350–351 Lin’an, China, 349, 386, 424 McKim, Mead & White, 658, 684, 686, 689 Marroquín, Francisco de, 561 Lincoln, Abraham, 686 McQueen, Alexander, 793 Marseilles, France, 124, 734 Lincoln Cathedral, England, 411 Maderno, Carlo, 547 Martí, José, 766 Lincoln Center, New York, New York, 755, 780 Mado Building, Tokyo, Japan, 796 martyria, 261, 264 Lincoln Memorial, Washington, DC, 689 madrasas, 366, 432 Maruri, Carlos, 693 Lingaraj, Bhubaneswar, India, 349 Madrasa al-Firdus, Aleppo, Syria, 366 Marx, Karl, 641, 717 Lingaraja Temple, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa, India, Madrasah of Sultan Qalawun, Cairo, Egypt, 432 Marzabotto, Italy, 99 378–379 Madurai, India, 595–596 Masamoto, Hosokawa, 562 Lion’s Gate (Sigirya, Sri Lanka), 257 Madurai, Nayaks of, 595–596 Masaryk, Tomás Garrigue, 739 Lissitzky, El, 716, 718, 727 Magadha (Indo-Aryan kingdom), 111 Masjid-i-Shah Mosque, Isfahan, Persia, 532 Lister County Courthouse, Sölvesburg, Sweden, Magna Graecia, 87 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 712 Magney House, Bingie Bingie, Australia, 786 Massachusetts, 686, 743 Liu Bingzhong, 413 Magyars, 351 Massachusetts State House, Boston, Liverpool, England, 638 Mahabalipuram, India, 289 Massachusetts, 628 Livy, 159 Mahabodhi Temple Complex, Gaya, India, 239, Massalia (Marseilles, France), 124 Li Zicheng, 588 240, 256, 296 master-architects, 726 L’Observatoire-de-Paris, Paris, France, 580–581 Mahastupa (Great Stupa at Sanchi), 185–187 mathematics, 74 local architects, 795–796 Mahaviharas of Nalanda and Somapura, 319 Mathura, India, 185 Loeschner, Hans, 199 Mahavira, 117 Matilda di Canossa (queen of Tuscany), 404–405 Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence, Italy, 476 Mahayana Buddhism, 117, 185–190, 240, 246, Matisse, Henri, 759 Lokesvara Temple (Preah Khan), Cambodia, 247, 296, 331, 380, 390, 516, 615 Mau, Bruce, 792 416–419 Mahdia, Tunisia, 350 Mauryan Empire, 96, 148, 185, 222 Lomas Rsi Cave, Barabar Hills, 149, 189 Mahendraparvata (Mt. Meru), 329 Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, 601, 663 Lombards, 272, 278, 334 Mahmoud Pashas Mosque, Cairo, Egypt, 681 Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome, 168 Lombard League, 411–412 Mahmud I (Ottoman sultan), 598 Mausoleum of Oljaytu, Soltaniyeh, Iran, 475 Lonavala Caves, 247 Mahram Bilqis, 106 Mausoleum of Sultan Jalal al-Din Muhammad London, England, 599, 637, 662, 664 Maikop kurgan, 57 Shah, 488 London, Jack, 673 Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, 619, 626 Maximian I (Holy Roman Emperor), 216 London Law Courts, England, 664 Maison Français, New York, New York, 738 Mayan calendar, 340 London Protocol (1830), 634 Maison Tassel, Brussels, Belgium, 687 Mayan culture, 191, 194–195, 228–230, 309, Longshan Culture, 8 maize (corn), 87 338, 341–343, 353, 356–357, 452 Long Wall, China, 455, 491 Majapahit kingdom, 457 Mayan Revival style, 713 Loos, Adolf, 669, 697, 703, 730, 735, 743 Malevich, Kazimir, 735 Mayer, Albert, 756 Looshaus, Vienna, Austria, 703 Mali, Africa, 537–538 Mead, Margaret, 761 Louis, Victor, 663 Mali Empire, 431, 437 Mead, William Rutherford, 684 Louis VI (king of France), 441 Malla dynasty (Nepal), 565, 592 Mecca, 312, 318 Louis Vuitton concept model, 793 Mallikarjuna Temple in Aihole, 255 Mechanic’s Institute, 659 Louis Vuitton factory, Paris, France, 798 Malta, 26, 27, 48–49 Medamud prototype, 40 Louis XIII (king of France), 558 Mamallapuram, India, 273 Mede, 120 Louis XIV (king of France), 550, 577, 586, 678 Mamluks, 369, 409–410, 469, 565 Medici, Catherine de’, 478 Louvre, Paris, France, 550, 573, 627, 676 Mamluk Sultanate, 432–433, 484–485 Medici, Giovanni de’, 481

838

bindex 838 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Medici family, 456, 478, 481 civilizational cultures, 12, 14 Moche Culture, 117, 199, 231–232 Medici Palace, Florence, Italy, 478 deforestation, 164 Mockbee, Samuel, 796 Medinet Habu, Temple at, 64, 66 Etruscan society, 97 Modena Cathedral, Italy, 404 Mediterranean area Hittite Empire, 75 modern architecture, 798 2500–1500 bce, 26 Iron Age, 96 modernism, 618, 657, 659, 666, 725–727, 739, 1500–800 bce, 57 Kingdom of Kush, 105 741, 742, 745, 766, 790 400 bce–0, 117 Mauryan Empire, 148 Moderno, Carlo, 546, 547 0–200 ce, 153 Mycenaean civilization, 77–78 Mogao Caves, 240, 247–249 600–800 ce, 272 Peruvian people, 232 Mohammed (prophet), 312, 350 800–1000 ce, 307 metallurgy, 55, 57 Mohammed I (king of Granada), 449 1200–1400 ce, 409–410 Metcalfe Hall, Calcutta, India, 636 Mohenjo-Daro, 30–32 Black Plague, 272 Mexica people, 455, 463–464 Moller House, Vienna, Austria, 703 trade, 469 Mexico, 766 Mombasa, Kenya, 711 Mediterranean Sea civilizations 800–400 bce, 87 monasteries, 305, 307, 332, 411 Greece, 124 800–1000 ce, 309 Monastery at La Tourette, France, 759 Minoan culture, 60–63 1000–1200 ce, 353 Mondrian, Piet, 715 Mycenaean civilization, 77–79 1400–1600 ce, 455 Mongol Empire, 184, 394, 413, 416, 419, 426, Ottoman Empire, 598 agriculture, 90 449, 456, 491, 516, 519 Meenakshi Sunderesvara Temple, Madurai, India, globalization, 787 Mongolia, 55, 306, 519, 607 595–596 Olmecs, 91 Mongolians, 413, 491 megacities, 197, 202, 273–274, 790 plantations, 569 Mongolianization, 349 megalithic culture, Europe, 21 post-Modernism, 785 Monks Mound (Cahokia), 358 megalithic temples at Malta, 48–49 Teotihuacán, 199 monochromatism, 658 megaron (great hall), 77, 78 Toltec Empire, 452–454 monotheism, 259, 523 Mehmed II (Ottoman sultan), 456, 472 Zapotec people, 191, 268–270 Mons culture, 258 Mehrgarh, Pakistan, 11 Mexico City, Mexico, 463–464 Montagnana, Alvise Lamberti da, 535 Mehrgarh II, Pakistan, 11 Meyer, Hannes, 721, 727, 737, 741 Monte Albán (Zapotec capital city), Mexico, 268– Mehrgarh people (Pakistan), 16, 26 Meyer, William, 772 270, 342–343, 353 Meidum, Egypt, 38, 40 Michelangelo Buonarroti, 533, 546, 550, 628, 676 Monticello, Virginia, 626 Meiji Restoration (Japan), 659, 700, 742 Michelozzi, Michelozzo di Bartolomeo, 478 Montreal (Canada) World’s Fair of 1967 (Expo ‘67), Melnikov, Konstantin Stepanovich, 719, 727 middle class, 572, 644–645 775 Memorial Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Middle Plain, China, 81 Mont Saint Michel, Normandy, France, 645 Massachusetts, 669 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 716, 724–727, 730, monumental architecture, 25, 241, 275, 726 Memphis, Egypt, 19, 20, 38 735–736, 750, 751, 755, 764, 794 Monument of Lysicrates, Athens, Greece, 695 Mendelsohn, Erich, 708, 730, 737, 741, 763 migrations Monument of the Julii, Saint-Rémy, France, 163 mendicant orders, 448, 471 3500–2500 bce, 2 Monument to the Third International, Petrograd, Mendoza, Juan Gonzalez de, 586 2500–1500 bce, 26, 27 Russia, 718 Ménec, Brittany stone circle, 24 400–600 ce, 237, 238 Moors, 216, 552 Mercantile hall, Delos, Greece, 142 800–1000 ce, 303 Moore, Charles, 781 mercantilism, 568, 602 1400–1600 ce, 455 Moore, David, 161 Meridian Gate, Forbidden City, Beijing, China, 493 1700–1800 ce, 568 Morphogenesis, 790 Merneith’s tomb at Umm el-Qaab, Abydos, Egypt, Milan, Italy, 259 Morris, Benjamin Wistar, 666 19, 20 Miletus, Anatolia, Turkey, 141, 205 Morris, William, 670, 687, 720 Meroë, mortuary structure of, 105 Miller, Robert, 783 Mortuary Complex of Zoser (Egypt), 38–41 Merv, 251 Minamoto no Yoritomo, 412 Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, 70–71, 73 Mesoamerica, 452 minarets, 316 Moscow, Russia, 535–536 Mesopotamia Mines Act of 1842 (U.K.), 637 Moscow School of Painting and Sculpture, 719 3500–2500 bce, 3 Ming dynasty, 184, 457, 491, 512–516, 519, 564, Moses (prophet), 107 2500–1500 bce, 25, 26 570, 588, 589 Moses, Robert, 674 1500–800 bce, 54 Mingtang-Biyong Ritual Complex, 226–227 Mosna River, 94 800–400 bce, 87 Ming Tombs, Beijing, China, 9, 512–515 mosques, 306, 409, 410, 437, 456–457 Babylon, 115–116 Mingzhou, China, 293 Mosque at Djenne, Mali, 437 cities, 6–7 mining, 14, 148, 175, 564 Mosque at Samarkand, 456–457 civilizational cultures, 12, 15–18 Ministry of External Relations, Brasília, Brazil, 755 mosque construction, 312–317, 470 foods, 45 Ministry of Health and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Mosque of Abu Dulaf, 314 Hittite Empire, 76 Brazil, 745–746 Mosque of Córdoba, Spain, 303 Neo-Assyrian Empire, 113–114 Minoan Culture, 60–63, 77, 101 Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo, Egypt, 307, 308 Parthian Empire, 220 Miralles, Enric, 794, 796 mother goddess, civilizational cultures, 14, 17, religion, 98–99 missionaries, 564, 586 19, 48 Roman Empire, 175 Mississippian Cultures, 27, 80, 90, 358–359 mound builders, 26, 27, 50, 51, 57, 80, 92, 117, trade, 7, 14, 26 Mississippi River, 26, 50 235, 236 urbanization, 34–37 Mitanni people, 54, 113 Mound City, Ohio, 236 metabolism, 771 Mithraism, 155, 198 Mt. Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts, metals Mitla (Zapotec capital city), Mexico, 353 624 Beaker People, 26, 46 Mizuno, Go (emperor of Japan), 509 Mt. Ida, Crete, 60 Celts, 164, 165 Mnajdra temple, Malta, 27, 49 Mt. Lykaion altar, Greece, 102

839

bindex 839 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Mt. Wudang, Hubei, China, 494 Nasrid Sultanate, 449–451 New Kingdom (Egypt), 19, 64–74 Moxeke (Andean ceremonial complex), 84–85 National Art Gallery, Government Museum of New Orleans, Louisiana, 573 Mozambique, Africa, 431 Chennai, India, 671 Newton, Isaac, 622 Mozu-Furuichi Kofungun, 267 National Congress, Brasília, Brazil, 754–755 New York, New York, 738, 764 Mubarak Mahal, Jaipur, India, 672 National Gallery, Berlin, Germany, 750 New York World’s Fair of 1939, 743, 745–746 mud-brick construction, civilizational cultures, 16 National Gallery, London, 667 Nguyen dynasty, Vietnam, 615 Mughals, 565, 570 National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, 667, 772 Nichinan Cultural Center, Nichinan, Japan, 771 Mughal Empire, 501, 520, 595–596, 611–613 nationalism, 629, 798 Niemeyer, Oscar, 745, 754–755 Muhammad Adil Shah, 530 nationalist garden, 585 Nieuhof, Jan, 586 Muhammad I (sultan of Bahmanid), 490 National Mall, Washington, DC, 658, 689 Niger, 408 Mukden, China, 589 national modernism, 741, 754–758, 768, 770, 777 Nigeria, 777, 787 Mumbai (Bombay), India, 671 national museums, 667, 700 Nijo Castle, Kyoto, Japan, 506–507, 593, 594 Mumtaz Mahal, 507–509 National Schools of Art, Havana, Cuba, 768 Nikken, Sekkei, 790 Municipal Theater, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 692 nation-states, 627, 657, 659 Nikko Toshogu, Japan, 505 muqarnas, 365, 367 Native Americans, 51–52, 568 Nile Delta, 54 Murcutt, Glenn, 786 Christianity, 619 Nile River, 6, 7, 15, 434 Murghab River, 33 hacienda system, 571 Nîmes, France, 212, 213 Muromachi Period, Japan, 497 Natural History Society, 659 Nimrud, Assyria, 113 Museum Complex of Sultan Qaitbay, Cairo, Egypt, Naucratis, Egypt, 124 Nineveh, 34, 64, 115, 120 485 nave (Amiens Cathedral), 443 Ning Gongyu, 332 Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York, 726, nave (Bourges Cathedral), 443 Ningshougong Palace, Forbidden City, Beijing, 742, 752, 760, 785 nave (Durham Cathedral, England), 400 China, 589 Museum of Natural History, Oxford, England, 669 nave (Vierzehnheiligen, Germany), 582 Ninomaru Palace, Toshogu Shrine, Nikko, Japan, Mussolini, Benito, 549, 747 Naxos island (Greek colony), 124 506–507, 594 Mu-Ta (Timber Pagoda), Yingxian, Shanxi, China, Nayaks of Madurai, 595–596 Nintoku (emperor of Japan), 266 349, 388–389, 488–489 Nazca civilization, 117, 199, 231–234 Nishihonganji, Kyoto, Japan, 504 Muthesius, Hermann, 669 Nazca Lines, 199, 233–234 Niuheliang Ritual Center, China, 6, 8–10 Myanmar (Burma), 273 NBBJ, 790 Nizam al-Mulk (Seljuk ruler), 362 Mycenaean civilization, 45, 55, 57, 60, 62, 77–79, Neandris, temple at, 136 noble savage, 619 101, 131–132 Nebuchadnezzar (king of Babylon), 115, 141 Nobunaga, Oda (shogun of Japan), 504, 593 Myongdong Cathedral, Seoul, Korea, 700 Nechodoma, Antonin, 766 Noh theater, 648 My Son temple, Vietnam, 292 necropolis of Banditaccia at Cerveteri (Etruscan nomadic cultures, 154, 347 mystery cults, 155, 198 mound), 98 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 758 Negev Center, Israel, 741 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 795 Nabadwip, India, 408 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 756, 758 Norberg-Schulz, Christian, 781 Nabataean culture, 154, 177, 178 Nénot, Paul-Henri, 679, 733 Nordwestdeutsche Kunstausstellung, Oldenburg, Nabta Playa, Egypt (prehistory), 6 Neo-Assyrian Empire, 113–114 Germany, 705 Nagarjuna, Japan, 185, 650 neo-Byzantine style, 683 Normans, 348, 352, 353 Nagasaki, Japan, 648 neoclassical style, 536, 605, 616–617, 622, 626– Norman England, 399–402 Nagawang Losang Gyatso (fifth Dalai Lama), 516 628, 630, 634, 643, 644, 688 Norris Dam, Tennessee Valley Authority, Clinch Nahargarh, India, 597 Neoclassicism, 621 River, Tennessee, 727 Nájera, Manuel Gutiérrez, 766 neo-Gothic style, 642–643, 658 North Acropolis, Tikal, 338 Nakagawa family, 594 neo-Greek movement, 630, 634–636, 682 North Africa, 202, 303, 366–367, 431 Nakbe, Guatemala, 194–195 neo-Islamic style, 681 North America Nalanda, Mahavihara at, 319 Neolithic Period, 11 3500–2500 bce, 2 Nanak, Guru, 613 neo-Mamluk style, 681 200–400 ce, 199 Nanchan Temple, Wutaishan, China, 305, 332 neo-Palladian style, 564, 603, 604 800–1000 ce, 308, 309 Naneghat, 185 neo-Renaissance style, 662 1000–1200 ce, 353 Nanjing, China, 457, 491, 589 neo-Romanesque style, 683 1400–1600 ce, 455 Napata tombs, 105 Nepal, 565, 592 1900–1950 ce, 658 Napoleon Bonaparte (emperor of France), 605– Neri, Filippo, 542 colonialism, 568, 573 607, 624, 629, 630, 650, 654, 667 Nero (emperor of Rome), 170, 172, 208 Hopewell Culture, 199 Napoleonic cemeteries, 624 Nero’s palace complex, Rome, Italy, 170–172, 210 mound builders, 50 Napoleonic Code, 624 Nestorian Christianity, 293, 426–427 oldest cultures, 50 Napoleonic Wars, 629, 637 Netherlands, 519, 556–557, 563, 564, 714 Poverty Point, 80 Napoleon III (emperor of France), 675 Neue Sachlichkeit, 726 settlement of, 358 Naqsh-i-Rustam, Rock of, Persepolis, Iran, 177 Neue Wache, Berlin, Germany, 630 Spanish conquest, 552–561 Nara, Japan, 303, 391 Neumann, Johann Balthasar, 582 Teotihuacán culture, 197 Naram-Sin, Palace of, 34 Neutra, Richard, 724, 726 trade, 80, 268 Nara period, Japan, 297 Neuvry-St. Sépulchre, France, 403 Northern Asia, 308 Narasimhavarman II (Pallava ruler), 289 Newark Earthworks, 235 Northern Fujiwara, 412 Narmer’s tomb at Umm el-Qaab, Abydos, Egypt, New Delhi, India, 699, 710 North Mill, Belper, Derbyshire, England, 638 19 New England Norway, 440 Narses (Byzantine general), 172 colonialism, 564, 568, 569 Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France, 442, 645 Narthex (Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey), 280 Native American cultures, 462 Notre Dame de Haut, Ronchamp, France, 759 Nash, John, 630, 662, 664 Newgrange, Ireland, 3, 22–23, 26 Notre Dame de la Croix, Paris, France, 646

840

bindex 840 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Nouel, Bienvenido, 766 Padua, Italy, 411, 412 paper manufacture, 362 Nouvel, Jean, 791 Paestum, Italy, 126 Paphos, Cyprus, 177 Novembergruppe (Germany), 708 Pagan kingdom (Burma, Myanmar), 420–421 Papyrus column, 73 Novovelichkovskaya kurgan, 57 pagoda, 296, 302, 504 Parakramabahu Palace, Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, Novyi, Aleviz, 535 Paithan, India, 185 384–385 Nubians, 87, 96, 105 Pakal, K’inich Janaab (Mayan king), 342 Parekh House, Ahmedabad, India, 779 Nubian Desert, 6 Pakistan, 16, 162, 181 Paris, France, 164, 558, 658, 675–676, 702 numerology, 406 palaces Paris Exposition of 1900,France, 693 Nunnery quandrangle, Uxmal (Mayan city-state), 2500–1500 bce, 26 Paris International Exposition of 1937 356, 357 1600–1700 ce, 501 Finnish Pavilion, 749 Nurosmaniye Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey, 598 Cambodia, 305 Japanese Pavilion, 742 Nymphaeum, Nîmes, France, 213 Fatimid, 368 Paris Opera House, Paris, France, 676, 760 private, 412 Paris World’s Fair of 1889, 737 Oak Alley plantation, Vacherie, Louisiana, 636 Palace at Knossos, 62–63 Parliament, London, England, 637, 643, 663 Oaxaca, Mexico, 90, 268–270, 353 Palace at Mari, Syria, 53 Parma baptistery, Italy, 406 Obelisk Tomb, Petra, Jordan, 179 Palace at Masada, Israel, 180 Parthenon, Athens, Greece, 117, 126, 131–133, obsidian, 12, 14 Palace at Versailles, France, 576–577 634 oculus (Pantheon, Rome), 208 palace centers, 26, 33 Parthians, 154, 155, 178, 197–198, 252 Odoacer (German chieftain), 260 palace cities, 274 Parthian Empire, 177, 181, 185, 218–220 odoi, 593 Palace of Aachen, 307 Pasargadae (Persian city), 117, 121 Odo of Metz, 336 Palace of Alhambra (Red Castle), Granada, Spain, passages, 677 Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), 793 367, 410, 449–451, 655 passage graves, 21 Office for Metropolitan Architecture, Central Public Palace of Ardashir I (Sassanian emperor), 251– Passos, Pereira, 692, 693 Library, Seattle, Washington, 792 252 pastoral cultures, 3 Ögedei (Mongol emperor), 426 Palace of Domitian, Palatine Hill, Rome, Italy, 154, Pataliputra, India, 148, 185, 239 O’Gorman, Juan, 766 172–173, 210 Patan, India, 370, 592 Ohio Hopewell culture, 235–236, 358, 359 Palace of Husuni Kubwa at Kilwa, Tanzania, 431 Patent Office, Washington, DC, 635 Ohio River valley, 199 Palace of Italian Civilization, Esposizione Universale Pattadakal, 320 Old Oraibi, Hopi village, Arizona, 460 di Roma (EUR), 747 Paul, Bruno, 716 Old Shawneetown Bank, Shawneetown, Illinois, Palace of Pylos, 77–78 Paul V (pope of Rome, Camillo Borghese), 259 635, 636 Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva, Pavia baptistery, Italy, 406 Olmec people, 87, 90–93, 117, 191 Switzerland, 733, 745 Pavilion of Commerce, Jubilee Exhibition of 1908, Olmsted, Frederick Law, 657, 674, 797 Palace of Theodoric the Great, Ravenna, Italy, 265 Prague, Czechoslovakia, 707 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., 674, 689 Palace of the Soviets competition, 725, 737 Pavilion Suisse, Paris, France, 734 Olmsted, John Charles, 674 Palace of Ukhaidir, Iraq, 314 Paxton, Joseph, 644, 647, 657, 668, 674 Olympic games, founding of, 104 Palatine Chapel, Aachen, 336–337 Pazzi Chapel, Florence, Italy, 474 Olympic Stadium, Tokyo, Japan, 771 Palau Güell, Barcelona, Spain, 695 Peace of Constance, 411–412 One World Trade Center tower, 790, 791 Palazzo dei Consoli, Gubbio, Italy, 412 Pearl of the Gulf, Qatar, 789 Opera House, Sydney, Australia, 762, 767 Palazzo della Ragione, Bergamo, Italy, 412 pediment, Parthenon, 133 Opium Wars (1839-1842), 700 Palazzo della Ragione (Palace of Justice), Padua, Pei, I. M., 764, 772, 791 Orestes (Roman general), 260 Italy, 412 penitentiary, 639 Oriel Chambers, Liverpool, England, 644 Palazzo del Popolo, Todi, Italy, 412 Pennsylvania Station, New York City, 689 Orissa kingdom, 378 Palazzo Nuovo, Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome, Pentonville Prison, London, England, 639 Orissan template plan, 377 Italy, 542 Pepin the Short (king of the Franks), 334 Osman Gazi ben Ertugrul, 456 Palazzo Porto-Bregnanze, Venice, Italy, 573 Père Lachaise cemetery, Paris, France, 624 Osmanli Empire, 456 Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy, 412, 446–447 Pergamon, Anatolia, 117, 141, 144–145 Ostia, Rome, Italy, 175, 202–203 Palazzo Thiene, Vicenza, Italy, 628 Pergamon Museum (Berlin, Germany), 102 Ostrogoths, 259, 260, 264, 265 Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, Italy, 412 Pericles, 131 Otero-Pailos, Jorge, 798, 799 Palenque (Mayan city-state), 309, 341–342 Perrault, Claude, 573, 580–581 Otterlo, Netherlands, 771 Palentine Chapel, Aachen, Germany, 336–337 Perret, Auguste, 701, 702, 722, 737 Ottoman Empire, 455–457, 469–487, 533–534, Palestine, 87 Perry, Matthews, 700 565, 570, 598, 605, 634, 659, 681 Palestrina (Praeneste), Italy, 160 Persepolis (Persian city), 117, 121–123, 177, 251 Ottonians, 351 Palladian Revival, 602–603 Persia, 570 Ottonian Germany, 396–398 Palladian villas, 539–541 400 bce–0, 117 Oud, Jacobus Johannes Pieter, 715, 730 Palladio, Andrea (Andrea di Pietro della Gondola), 400–600 ce, 240 Outer Mongolia, 588 501, 533, 561, 573, 602, 628 1400–1600 ce, 456 Oxford Cathedral, England, 411 Pallavas kingdom, 273, 320 1600–1700 ce, 501 Oxus River civilization, 26, 33, 141 Palmyra, 202–203, 220 Seljuk Empire, 348 Oyo kingdom, 409 Panama, 766 Persian Empire, 87, 115–117, 120, 124, 531–532 Panathenaic procession, Athens, 130 Persian Gulf, 26 Pacan (Mayan king), 341 Pandua, India, 488 Peru Pachakuti (Inca king), 465, 466 panoptic prisons, 639 2500–1500 bce, 27 Pacific Stone Company, San Francisco, California, Pantha Rathas, 273 800–400 bce, 87 701 Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 130, 207–209, 550, 628, 200–400 ce, 199 Packard Motor Car Company, Detroit, Michigan, 638, 646 1000–1200 ce, 353 701 Panthéon (St. Geneviève), Paris, France, 620 Chan Chan, Trujillo, Peru, 465

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bindex 841 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Peru (continued) plazas, 93, 155 Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai, India, 667 metalworking, 232 Plaza of the Three Powers, Brasília, Brazil, 755 Princes Road Synagogue, Liverpool, England, 656 oldest cultures, 50–52 Pliny, 481, 601 Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 686 regional states, 199 Plutarch, 158 prisons, 639 shore civilizations, 94 Plymouth Colony, 462 Privy Council and Board of Trade Building, London, urbanization, 231–232 Poelzig, Hans, 707 England, 662 Perugia, Italy, 97 Point West Place, Framingham, Massachusetts, processions, 66, 130 Peter the Great (czar of Russia), 578, 579 782 professionalism, 658, 688 Petit-Ménec stone circle, 24 politics. See also government/power structures progressive modernism, 690 Petra, Jordan, 154, 178, 179 China, 108, 182 prostitution, 593–594, 648 Petra rock-cut tombs (Jordan), 178–179, 189, 212 civilizational cultures, China, 8, 10 Protestantism, 501, 542, 556, 602 Philip II (king of Spain), 141, 619 Egypt, 38 Provins, France, 410 Philip III of Macedon, 65 Mesopotamia, 34–35 Pruitt-Igoe Housing Project, St. Louis, Missouri, Philip II of Macedon, 141 philosophy, 117 780 Philippi, Battle of, 167 pollution, cast of, 798, 799 Prussia, Kingdom of, 630 Philippines, 689 Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, 349, 384–385 Prussian Empire, 605 philosophy, 580. See also Enlightenment Pompeii, Italy, 162, 174 Psamtik (prince of Egypt), 124 400 bce–0, 117 Pont, Henri Maclaine, 714 Ptolemaic dynasty, 117, 141, 147 200–400 ce, 198 Pont du Gard, France, 197, 202 public architecture, 662–664 400–600 ce, 239 Pont Saint-Bénézet, Avignon, France, 410 public works, 657, 692, 787 1700–1800 ce, 563 Pop Art, 781–783 Public Works Offices, Mumbai, India, 671 China, 226–227 Pope, Alexander, 618 Puebla, 90 governance, 225 Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, 495 Puebloan Cultures, 353, 460–461 religion, 185 Porta, Giacomo della, 546 Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, 352, Phimeanakas temple, 349 Portonaccio Temple, Veii, Italy, 100 360–361 Phnom Bakheng temple, 349 Port Sunlight, England, 691 Puerto Rico, 766 Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 419, 615 Portugal, 21, 431, 539 Pugin, August Charles, 642, 644, 669 Phoenicia, 120, 124 400–600 ce, 237 Pugin, August Welby, 642–643, 664 Phoenix Hall, Byodo-in, Kyoto, Japan, 349, 391 1400–1600 ce, 457 Pulesi, Chengde, China, 651, 652 Piacentini, Marcello, 747 1700–1800 ce, 564 Puma Punku (Tiwanaku temple), 345 Piacenza Cathedral, Italy, 405 1800–1900 ce, 606 Puningsi, Chengde, China, 651 Piano & Rogers, 783 1900–1950 ce, 658 Pure Land Buddhism, 349, 391, 413, 422 piazzas, 412 colonialism, 568, 569 Puri, India, 408 Piazza Amerina, Sicily, 216, 217 Post and Telegraph Offices, Mumbai, India, 671 Puritans, 564, 599, 603 Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome, Italy, 542 postmodernism, 667, 725, 726, 780–785, 788, Purple Heaven Hall, Mt. Wudang, China, 494 Piazza del Campo, Siena, Italy, 447 790 Putuni Temple (Akapana), 344 Piazza del Duomo, Milan, Italy, 677 Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet, 516–518, 652 Putuo Zongcheng temple, Chengde, China, 651, Piazza d’Italia, New Orleans, Louisiana, 780, 781 Poverty Point, 26, 27, 80, 87 652 Piazza d’Oro, Hadrian’s villa, Tivoli, Italy, 211 pozzolana cement, 161 Puyousi, Chengde, China, 651 Piazza San Marco, Venice, Italy, 539 Prada, 793 pylons, 55, 67, 74 Picasso, Pablo, 707, 718 Praeneste (Palestrina), Italy, 160 Pylos, Palace of, 77–78 picturesque garden, 564, 585 Prague, Czechoslovakia, 707 Pyoungsan Academy, Hahoe Village, Korea, 591 Picturesque Movement, 618, 646 Prague Academy of Painting, Prague, pyramid(s) Pierce Arrow Car Company, Buffalo, New York, 701 Czechoslovakia, 707 at Giza, 41–43 Pig Mountain, 8 Prakash, Aditya, 778 Moche people, 231–232 pilgrimages, 240 Prambanan, 305 Pyramid Major, Caral, 51–52 pilgrimage churches, 403, 411 Prasat Sambor, Hindu temple complex, Isanapura Pyramid of Khafre (Chephren), 43 Pink Floyd (rock band), 773 (Chenia city), 291 Pyramid of La Venta (Olmec city), 92, 93 Piranesi, Giambattista, 616 Pratap Singh II, Sawai (Amer ruler), 612 Pyramid of the Moon, Teotihuacán, Mexico, Pisa, Italy, 351, 352, 404, 405 Pratt truss, 704 228–230 Pisa baptistery, Italy, 406 Prayaga, India, 251 Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacán, Mexico, 228– Pitalkhora, India, 189 Preah Khan, Cambodia, 416, 418–419 230 pit houses, 7, 8 pre-Columbian architecture, 713 Pythius, 137 Piye (king of Kush), 105 Pre Rup temple, 349 Pyu culture, 258, 304 Place Dauphine, Paris, France, 558 preservation, 788, 798–799 Place des Victoires, Paris, France, 575 preservation movement, 645 Qatar, UAE, 791 Place Royale (Place des Vosges), Paris, France, Presidential Palace, Havana, Cuba, 693 Qazim Khan, 524 558 prestige architecture, 726 Qian, Sima, 182 Place Vendôme, Paris, France, 542, 575 2500–1500 bce, 25 Qianlong (emperor of China), 185, 247, 564, plagues, 260, 412, 482, 581, 637 400 bce–0, 117 588–590, 607, 650–651 Plague of Justinian, 272 globalization, 791 Qin (Ch’in) dynasty, 150, 151, 155, 182–185, 225 Planalto Palace, Brasília, Brazil, 755 high design principles, 791–794 Qingchui Peak, Chengde, China, 651 plantations, 563, 568, 569, 606 Pretoria, South Africa, 699, 710 Qing dynasty, 564, 570, 588–590, 607, 650–652 Plato, 117, 129 Pretoria City Hall, Pretoria, South Africa, 699 Qingyi garden, Beijing, China, 653 Playfair, William Henry, 635 Priene, Turkey, 137, 141–143 Qin Shi Huangdi (emperor of China), 151

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bindex 842 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Qizil Caves, 247 Regensburg, Germany, 634 Rivera, Diego, 738 Qosqo (Cuzco, Incan capital), 455, 466 Reims, France, 164 River Boyne, 22 Quadracci Pavilion, Milwaukee Art Museum, Reliance Building, Chicago, Illinois, 694 River Jordan, 409, 434 Wisconsin, 792 religion, 411 roads, 120, 153, 154, 455, 798 Quanzhou, China, 407 3500–2500 bce, 2, 3 Robie House, Chicago, Illinois, 697 Quatremère de Quincy, 678 2500–1500 bce, 25, 26 Robinson, C. K., 636 Quebec City, Canada, 573 1500–800 bce, 54, 56, 57 Rockaby, Tony, 773 Queen Anne-style, 684 800–400 bce, 87 rock art, 2 Quesnay, Francis, 584 400 bce–0, 117 rock-cut architecture Quetzalcoatl (Temple of the Feathered Serpent, 0–200 ce, 153, 155 400–600 ce, 240 Teotihuacán, Mexico), 230 200–400 ce, 198, 199 800–1000 ce, 304 Quirigua (Mayan city-state), 346 400–600 ce, 237–241 1200–1400 ce, 409 Qutb Minar, Delhi, India, 408 600–800 ce, 273–275 caves, 149 Qutb-ud-Din Aibak (sultan), 428–430, 488 800–1000 ce, 303–308 history of, 434, 435 Quwwat-ul-Islam (Glory of Islam), India, 408, 1000–1200 ce, 347–351 shrines, 323 429–430 1200–1400 ce, 408, 409, 411, 412 temples, 273, 286–287, 322, 323 1400–1600 ce, 455–457 tombs, West Asia, 177, 212 Rabbat, Nasser, 681 1700–1800 ce, 564 Rock-Cut Caves at Junnar, 189–190 Rabirius, 154, 172 1800–1900 ce, 607 rock-cut churches of Lalibela, Ethiopia, 434–436 Radiant City, 734 Americas, 50, 51 Rockefeller Center, New York, New York, 738 Rading, Adolf, 741 Andean people, 234 Rock of Naqsh-i-Rustam, Persepolis, Iran, 177 Radio City Music Hall, New York, New York, 738 Beaker People, 46 Rodin, Auguste, 707 Rafi bin Shams bin Mansur, 490 Byzantine Empire, 265 Rodó, José Enrique, 766 railroad stations, 665 China, 81 Roger the Great (Norman king), 399 rain forest cultures, 2, 50 civilizational cultures, 6–8, 10, 13–19, 34 Roman, Alexander, 636 “Raj,” 606 Egypt, 41, 45, 65–66 Roman Baroque style, 542, 647 Raja Bharmal, 597 Etruscan society, 98–99 Roman Empire, 97, 124, 202–204, 271, 627 Rajarajeshwara Temple (Dakshinameru), Eurasia, 198 Augustan, 166–167 Thanjavur, India, 382–383 foods and, 45 barbarian incursions, 237 Rajarani Temple, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa, India, Greece, 101–104, 138–140 baths, 214–215 378 Mesopotamia, 34–37 Celts and, 164 Rajasimhesvara Temple, Kanchipuram, India, Minoan culture, 60–63 Christianity, 237, 259, 278 320–321 Olmec people, 91 cities, 202 Rajputs, 597 Parthian Empire, 220 Colosseum, 174 Rajput kingdoms, 349, 370 Reformation, 441 Diocletian’s Palace, 216–217 Rakhigarhi, 30 Roman Empire, 208, 219 division of, 216, 259–260 Rama I (king of Angkor), 614–615 shamanism, 10 Domitian, 172–173 Ramakunda pool (Sun Temple at Modhera), 373 sun cults, 208, 218–219 expansion of, 197, 202–205, 220 Ramesses II (pharaoh of Egypt), 56, 65, 71, 72 symbolic conjugal sites, 37 Hadrian’s villa, 210–211 rammed earth construction, civilizational cultures, West Asia, 221 imperial powers, 175–176 China, 10, 795 Zapotec people, 268–270 Pantheon, 207–209 Ram Singh, Sawai, 672 reliquary practices, Buddhism, 261 post-Augustan Age, 170–171 Rani-ni-Vav, Patan, India, 370–371 Remus, 158, 167 post-Constantinian Age, 264 Rani-ni-Vav palace, Anhilwara, Gujarat, India, 349 Renaissance, 141, 456, 474–482, 542 religion, 208, 219 Ranjit Singh (Sikh ruler), 613 Republic of Venice, 411, 469 roads, 153 Rashidun Islamic Caliphate, 273 Rhodes, 77, 141 sacks of, 168, 260, 264 Rashtrakutas, 323, 370 Ricci, Matteo, 584 theaters, 204, 206, 213 Rashtrakuta dynasty, 304, 322 rice, 275, 305, 328, 349, 407, 408 trade, 154, 197, 199 Rastrelli, Bartolomeo, 579 Richard II (duke of Normandy), 399 urbanization, 202–205 Rationalists, 659 Richardson, Henry Hobson, 658, 672, 682–683, vertical surfaces, 212–213 rationalization, 580–581 685 Vespasian, 172 Ratnapura, Sabaragamuwa, India, 304 Richert, Clark, 776 Vitruvius, 169 Rauschenberg, Robert, 776 Richter, Hans, 716 war and conquests, 154 Rauza-I Munavvara (Taj Mahal), Agra, India, 520, Rietveld, Gerrit, 726, 780 Romanesque style, 351, 352, 398, 399, 445, 663 524–526 Rikyu, Sen no, 508 Roman Forum, 153–154, 158, 159 Ravenna, Italy, 259, 260, 263–265 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 692, 693 Romania, 14, 175 RCA Building, New York, New York, 738 ritual (li), 108 Romanization, 204 ready-made materials, 796 ritual basin, Bibracte, France, 165 Roman Republic, 163, 202, 628 Rechter, Zeev, 741 ritual centers, 80 Romantic movement, 605–606, 616, 618, 625, record keeping, civilizational cultures, 16 1500–800 bce, 53, 57 636, 708, 712, 739 Red Palace, Potala Palace, 518 800–400 bce, 87 Romantic nationalism, 629 Red Pyramid, 40 Andean, 84 Romantic Picturesque style, 674 Redwood Library, Newport, Rhode Island, 603 Bronze Age, 26 Roman Wall, Limez, 455 Reformation, 441, 542 Peru, 87 Rome, Italy, 153–154, 197, 501 Reform Bill of 1832 (U.K.), 664 Stone Age, 6–10, 25 architecture, 154, 155, 158–176, 179, 197, reform Judaism, 655 Zhou Dynasty, 109–110 237–238

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Rome, Italy (continued) 1200–1400 ce, 409 Salinar people, 231 Augustan, 166 Buddhist, 273 Salisbury cathedral, England, 411 Baroque style, 542 Clovis People, 2 Salk, Jonas, 769 domestic architecture, 162 Hindu, 273, 305 Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, 769, 785 Etruscan society, 97, 98 Hopewell Culture, 199 Salonica, Greece, 264, 283 founding of, 158–159, 167 Mesoamerica, 93 salt trade, 14, 91, 408, 621 pilgrimage site, 238 Southwest United States, 308, 309 Salt Works of Chaux, Arc-et-Senans, France, 621, post-Augustan, 170–171 Sacred Way (Athens to Delphi), 138 622 sacks of, 168, 260, 264 Sa’dabad Palace, Istanbul, Turkey, 598 Samarkand, 456–457, 491 Saracen invasion, 307 Safavids, 456, 491, 565 Samarra, Iraq, 314–315 tombs, 163 Safavid dynasty, 530 Samarra Culture, 14 urban villas, 162 Safi al-Din, 456 Sambor Prei Kuk, Hindu temple complex, Visigoth invasion of, 237 Sage Mother Hall, Jinci Temple, Taiyuan, China, Isanapura (Chenia city), 291 Romulus, 158, 167 349, 350, 386, 387 Samos, Greece, sanctuary at, 102 Romulus Augustulus (emperor of Rome), 260 Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, 695 Samye, Tibet, 303, 306, 324 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 756 Sagrajs, Battle of, 350 Samye Monastery, Dranang, Tibet, 324 Root, John, 694 Sahara Desert, 7, 19, 408, 409 Sanahin complex, Lori, Armenia, 394, 395 Rosaire Chapel, Ronchamp, France, 759 Sahel, Africa, 3 San Apollinaire Nuovo (Palace of Theodoric the Rossi, Aldo, 726, 782 Sailendra dynasty, 303 Great, Ravenna, Italy), 265 Rossi, Corinna, 74 St. Augustine, 263, 307 San Benedetto abbey, Polirone, Italy, 404 Rostra, Rome, Italy, 166 St. Babylas, Antioch, Syria (baptistery), 263 Sanchi, India, 155, 185–187, 244, 251, 254 Rotunda of San Lorenzo, Mantua, Italy, 404 St. Benedict, 334, 438 San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Mexico, 561 Rotunda of the Anastasi, Jerusalem, 406 St. Bénigne, Dijon, France, 403 San Cristóbal Stables, Mexico City, Mexico, 785 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 606, 619, 703 St. Bernard of Clairvaux, 438 Sanctuary of Athena at Lindos, 145 Rouvroy, Claude Henri de (Saint-Simon, Comte St. Costanza, Rome, Italy (baptistery), 263 Sanctuary of Hera at Samos, Greece, 102 de), 641 St. Croce, Florence, Italy, 448 Sanctuary of Jupiter Heliopolitanus at Baalbek, Royal Academy of Science (France), 580 St. Cyriakus, Gernrode, Germany, 396, 397 218 Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), 688 St. Denis, France, 441 Sangallo, Giuliano da, 481, 545 Royal National Theatre, London, England, 725 St. Étienne, Caen, France, 441 Sangath, Ahmedabad, India, 779 Royal Palace, London, England, 561 St. Étienne, Nevers, France, 398, 401 San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, Italy, 539 Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh, Scotland, 635 St. Gall, Switzerland, 307, 334–335 Sanjar (Seljuk sultan), 364 royal tombs at Umm el-Qaab, Abydos, Egypt, St. Geneviève (Panthéon), Paris, France, 620 San Julián e los Prados, Spain, 308 19–20 St. Gregory the Illuminator, 284, 285 Sanju-sangen-do, Kyoto, Japan, 413, 422 Royal Victoria Gallery for the Encouragement of St. Hripsime Church, Echmiadzin, Armenia, 272, Sankoré Mosque, Timbuktu, Mali, 437 Practical Science, 659 285 San Lorenzo (Olmec city), 91, 92 RTKL, 790 St. James, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 403 San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy, 476–477 Rucellai family, 479 St. John in Ephesus, Turkey (baptistery), 263 San Pietro, Montorio, Italy, 620 Rucellai Palace, Florence, Italy, 479 St. John Lateran, Rome, Italy, 260 San Salvador de Valdediós, Spain, 307, 308 Rudofsky, Bernard, 746 St. Johns Church, Calcutta, India, 633 Sanskrit, 292 Rue Franklin 25b, Paris, France, 702 St. Louis (Missouri) Gateway Arch, 763 Sans Souci Palace, Potsdam, Germany, 586–587 Rural Studio, Auburn University, Alabama, 796 St. Madeleine Church, Paris, France, 635 Santa Catalina, 571 Rurikovichi dynasty, 393 St. Mark’s Basilica, Venice, Italy, 352 Santa Caterina Market, Barcelona, Spain, 796 Rus’, 349, 350 St. Mark’s Dundela, Belfast, Northern Ireland, 688 Santa Maria dela Consolazione, Todi, Italy, 482 Rusakov Factory Club, Moscow, Soviet Union, 719 St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London, England, 633 Santa Maria dell’Assunzione, Ariccia, Italy, 550 Ruskin, John, 644, 668–670, 688, 706 St. Mary in Ephesus, Turkey (baptistery), 263 Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, Italy, 237, 238, 264 Ruskinian Gothic, 669, 671 St. Mary Woolnoth, London, England, 601 Santa Maria Nuova, Monreale, Sicily, Italy, 402 Russia, 278, 393, 535–536, 578, 610, 629 St. Michael in Hildesheim, 397 Sant’Andrea al Quirinale, Rome, Italy, 542, 550 1000–1200 ce, 350 St. Pancras Station, London, England, 665 Sant’Andrea at Mantua, Italy, 480 1700–1800 ce, 563–564 St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, England, 599–600, Sant’Elia, Antonio, 708 globalization, 787 643 Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 403 Russian Constructivism, 717–719, 780 St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, Italy, 238, 240, 261– San Tommaso da Villanova, Castel Gandolfo, Italy, Russian Orthodox Church, 535 262, 403, 545–549, 628 550 Russian Revolution, 708, 717 St. Petersburg, Russia, 564, 578–579 Santos Palace, Lisbon, Portugal, 519 Ryoanji (Temple of the Peaceful Dragon), Kyoto, St. Peter’s Square, Rome, Italy, 548–549 São Paulo Museum of Art, Brazil, 746 Japan, 562 St. Sabina, Rome, Italy, 261, 264 Saqqâra, Egypt, 38 St. Stefano Rotondo, Rome, Italy, 264 Saracens, 307, 351 Saarinen, Eero, 726, 737, 752, 763 St. Vincent Street United Presbyterian Church, Sardarnagar, Ahmedabad, India, 795 Saarinen, Eliel, 763 Glasgow, Scotland, 634 Sargon II (king of Assyria), 113 Sabaean kingdom, 87, 106 St. Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 283, 337 Sargon of Akkad, 34–35, 718 Sacred Grove, Futarasan Shrine, Japan, 274 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, 411 Sarraz Declaration (CIAM), 733 sacred landscapes St.-Germain-des-Prés Cathedral, 442 Sarsen Ring, 47 2500–1500 bce, 26 Saint-Gilles church, 411 Sassanians, 198, 240, 273, 348 200–400 ce, 199 Saint-Simon, Comte de (Claude Henri de Rouvroy), Sassanian Empire, 251–253, 273 400–600 ce, 239 641 Satara, Maharashtra, 111 600–800 ce, 273 Sakas Empire, 185 Satavahana dynasty, 155, 185, 222 800–1000 ce, 305, 308–309 Sakurai, Nara, Japan, 256 Saxons, 237

844

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Saxon style, 664 Shakers, 641 Sixtus V (pope of Rome), 627 Säynätsalo Town Hall, Finland, 726, 749 Shaktism, 239 Skidmore Owings & Merrill (SOM), 726, 765 Scala Regia, St. Peter’s Basilica, 549 Shakyamuni Buddha, 111 skylights, 704 Scamozzi, Vincenzo, 573, 602 shamanism, 2, 10, 51, 91, 93, 233, 241, 306, skyscrapers, 659, 692, 693–695, 716, 726, 738, Scandinavia, 409, 440 331, 455 764, 765, 790 Scharoun, Hans Bernhard, 708, 726, 730 Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, 488 slab stela, Egyptian, 45 Schauspielhaus, Berlin, Germany, 630 Shangdi Center, China, 789 Slavs, 272, 351, 393 Scheerbart, Paul, 708 Shangdu, China, 413 slavery Schiller, Friedrich von, 606, 630 Shang dynasty, 56, 81–83 1800–1900 ce, 606 Schindler, Rudolf Michael, 724 Shanghai, China, 700, 790 colonialism, 568, 569, 573 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, 606, 630 Shang Yang, 150 hacienda system, 571 Schlegel, August, 658 Shapur I (Sassanian emperor), 251 Khiva (Khanate), 610 Schlegel, Karl Friedrich, 658 Shara Mountains, 178 Mesopotamia, 7 Schloss Glienicke, Berlin, Germany, 630 Sharon, Arieh, 741 Virginia, 604 Schmidt, Joost, 720 Shchuko, Vladimir, 737 slave trade, 563, 569 Schoenberg, Arnold, 726 Shelburne House, London, England, 617, 628 Smirke, Robert, 636 Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austria, 542 Shen Kuo, 386 Smith, Adam, 584 School of Architecture, Ahmedabad, India, 778 Shenzen Special Economic Zone, 787 Smithson, Alison, 725 School of Ballet, National Schools of Art, Havana, Sher-e-Banglanagar, Dacca, Bangladesh, 770 Smithson, Peter, 725 Cuba, 768 Sher Shah Sur (Mughal ruler), 520 Snefru (pharaoh of Egypt), 40, 41 School of Music, National Schools of Art, Havana, Shi’a Islam, 369, 456 Social Science Research Center, Berlin, Germany, Cuba, 768 Shigenaga, Nishimura, 648 782 Schröder House, Utrecht, Netherlands, 715, 726 Shi Huangdi (emperor of China), 150, 155, 182, Society of Contemporary Architects, 717 Schwitters, Kurt, 726 184, 225, 512 Socrates, 117 science, 563 Shijiahe (walled city), 10 Solomon, Temple of, 107 Scotland, 605 Shimabara district, Kyoto, Japan, 593, 594, 648 Somapura, Mahavihara at, 319 Scott, Gilbert, 671 shingle style, 673, 684–685, 697 Song dynasty, 349, 386–387, 407, 413, 416, Scythians, 57 Shingonshu Honpukuji, Japan, 784 424–425, 497, 700 Seagram Building, New York, New York, 726, 764 Shintoism, 275, 297–300, 331, 423, 505 Songyue Temple Ta (pagoda), Dengfeng, China, seal hunting culture, 308 Shinto Shrine, 411 296 Sea People, 54, 56 Shirley Plantation, Virginia, 604 Soufflot, Jacques-Germain, 620 Seattle, Washington, 788 Shiva Temple at Elephanta, India, 286–288 South, U.S., 606 Sechin Alto (Andean ceremonial complex), 84–86 Shivta (Nabataean city), 177 South Africa, 658, 699, 787 Second Empire style, 658, 682 Shklovsky, Viktor, 718 South America Second Temple, Jerusalem, 154 Shokintei, Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto, Japan, 511 3500–2500 bce, 2 Secretariat, Chandigarh, India, 756–757 Shomu (emperor of Japan), 306 400 bce–0, 117 Secretariat and Army Headquarters, Shimla, India, shopping galleries and passages, 677 1400–1600 ce, 455 701 Shore Temple at Mamallapuram, 273, 290, 308 1700–1800 ce, 568 Seibu Department Stores, Japan, 789 Shrine of Imam Dur, Samarra, Iraq, 367 1800–1900 ce, 606 Seitenstettengasse Synagogue, Vienna, Austria, Shrine of Serapis (Serapeum), Hadrian’s villa, 1900–1950 ce, 692 655 Tivoli, Italy, 210 first civilizations, 50–51 Seleucid Empire, 141, 220 Shun Chih (Shunzhi, emperor of China), 589, 590 plantations, 569 Seljuk Turks, 348, 362, 394, 470 Shuxiangsi temple, Chengde, China, 651 silver, 588 Semedo, Alvarez, 586 Shwezigon Pagoda, Pagan, Burma, 420, 421 Spanish conquest, 552–561 Seminole Canyon, Texas, 2 Sicily, 87, 126 trade, 268 Semper, Gottfried, 644, 647, 655 Sidon (Phoenician city), 120 South Asia Senegal, 740 Siemens-Schuckert Werke, Germany, 705 400 bce–0, 117 Senmut (Egyptian architect), 70 Siem Reap (Ganges River), 329 1400–1600 ce, 457 Seoul, Korea, 496, 700 Siena, Italy, 404, 446–447 1700–1800 ce, 564 Seoul Anglican Church, Korea, 700 Sigiriya (Sri Lanka), 250, 257 Buddhism, 185–190 Sephardic Synagogue, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Sigler, Jennifer, 792 civilizational cultures, 15–16 654 Sikh movement, 565, 613 Hinduism, 254–255 Septimus Severus (emperor of Rome), 218 silk production, 558 Kushan Empire, 185, 220, 222 Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 619 Silk Road/Route, 153, 154, 177, 197–199, 225, modernism, 778–779 Serbs, 349 258, 304, 347, 424, 455, 456 rock-cut architecture, 189 Serlio, Sebastiano, 474, 541 Silla dynasty, 331 Satavahana Empire, 185 Serpent Mound, Adams County, Ohio, 359 Silva, José Asunción, 766 Taxila, 181 Sert, Jose Luis, 771 silver, 457, 519, 552, 564, 565, 588 trade, 222, 246 Seti I (pharaoh of Egypt), 65 Sima Qian, 225 urbanization, 26, 30–32 Severo, Ricardo, 692 Simpson-Lee House, Mt. Wilson, Australia, 786 Southeast Asia sewage systems, 637 Sinan, Mimar, 501, 533, 534 3500–2500 bce, 2 Sforza, Francesco, 535 Singapore Arts Center, 789 0–200 ce, 155 Shaft Tombs of Teuchitlán, Mexico, 191–193 Sinicization, 238, 304 200–400 ce, 198 Shailendra kingdom, 327 Sirkap, Pakistan (Taxila, Gandharan region), 162, 600–800 ce, 271, 273, 275 Shaivism, 239, 292 181, 251 800–1000 ce, 303–305 Shaka kingdom, 181, 185 SITE (Sculpture in the Environment), 781 1200–1400 ce, 407

845

bindex 845 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Southeast Asia (continued) stone masonry, 265, 272 1500–800 bce, 55 1400–1600 ce, 457 800–1000 ce, 304 Kingdom of Kush, 105 1900–1950 ce, 658 Armenia, 284, 394–395 Neo-Assyrian Empire, 113–114 development, 291 Egypt, 25 sun cults, 208 Indianization, 273, 304 Greece, 124–126 kingdoms of, 500 Kievan Russia, 393 Tabularium, Rome, Italy, 158, 159, 212 trade, 258, 416 Stowe Gardens, Buckinghamshire, England, Tadgell, Christopher, 245 South Metropolitan Cemetery at Norwood, London, 585–586 Tagliabue, Benedetta, 794, 796 England, 624 Stratford Hall Plantation, Montross, Virginia, 602 Taian Teahouse, Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto, Southwest United States, 308 Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England, 618 Japan, 508 Soviet Pavilion, Paris, France, 718, 719 Street, George Edmund, 664 Taiji Palace (Palace of the Supreme Ultimate), 294 Soviet Union, 659, 717–719, 725, 727, 737 Strickland, William, 635 Taika reform, Japan, 301 Spain, 216, 519 Strutt, Jedediah, 638 Taiwan, 588 400–600 ce, 237 stupas, 155, 199, 304, 306 Taizu (emperor of China), 519 800–1000 ce, 308 Stupa at Polonnaruwa, 385 Taj Mahal (Rauza-I Munavvara), Agra, India, 520, 1200–1400 ce, 410 Stupa at Sanchi, 239 524–526 1400–1600 ce, 455, 456 Stupa Complex at Sanchi, 185–187 Takauji (shogun), 457 1700–1800 ce, 569 suburban construction, 732 Takauji, Ashikaga, 498 1800–1900 ce, 606 Sudan, 3 Takht-i-Suleiman, Azerbaijan, 251, 252 1900–1950 ce, 658 Suetonius, 170 Taklamakan Desert, 199, 304 Almoravids, 350–351 Suez Canal, 657, 658, 675 Taliban, 250 Americas conquest, 552–553 Suffolk House of Correction, Bury St. Edmunds, Taliesein East, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 698 churches, 308 England, 639 Taliesein West, Scottsdale, Arizona, 698 colonialism, 568, 569 Sufi Muslims, 471, 611 Tall al Muqayyar, Iraq, 36 Counter-Reformation, 542 sugar, 572 tall buildings, 790 Islam, 449–451 Sugar, Abbot, 441 T’ang dynasty, 274, 293–295, 305, 306, 347 Spartans, 124 Sui dynasty, 238, 275, 293–295 Tange, Kenzo, 725, 771, 772 Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 787 Sukhothai (king of Siam), 614 Tantric Hinduism, 349 Speyer Cathedral, Germany, 351, 352, 398, 399, Suleyman (sultan of Ottoman Empire), 533 Tantrism, 376 444 Suleymaniye Complex and Mosque, Istanbul, Taos Pueblo architecture, New Mexico, 460 Sphinx, 44 Turkey, 533–534 Taq-i Kisra, Ctesiphon, Iraq, 251 Spirit Path, Ming Tombs, 513 Sullivan, Louis, 682, 694 Tarentum (Greek colony), 124, 158 Split House, Beijing, 795 Sultan Han, Kayseri, Turkey, 348, 363 Tarik Khana, Damghan, Iran, 312 Spring Temple Buddha, Lushan County, Henan, Sultan Hassan Mosque, Cairo, Egypt, 681 Tarim Basin, China, 199 China, 240 Sumatra, 714 Tarquinia, Italy, 99 Sri Ksetra Kingdom, 273 Sumeria, 34, 75, 76 Tarsney Act of 1893 (U.S.), 688 Sri Lanka, 188, 224, 273, 304, 349, 384, 784–785 Sumiya, Kyoto, Japan, 593, 594 Tarxien temple, Malta, 49 Sri Ram Center for Performing Arts, India, 778 Summer Palace (Babylon), 116 Tash-Khovli, Khiva, 610 Srivijayan Empire, 273, 304, 305, 325 Summer Palace, Beijing, China, 653 Tatlin, Vladimir, 717–719, 727 SS. Peter and Paul, Constantinople (Istanbul, sun cults, 208, 218–219 Tatlin’s Tower, Petrograd, Soviet Union, 718 Turkey), 278 Sunga Empire, 185, 244, 251 Taureg, 409 SS. Sergius and Bacchus, Constantinople Sunni Islam, 369, 456 Taut, Bruno, 707, 730, 733 (Istanbul, Turkey), 278, 279, 283, 286 Sun Temple at Modhera, India, 372–373 Taut, Max, 727 SS. Ulrich and Afra, Neresheim, Germany, 583 Supe Valley (Peru), 51, 57 Taxila, Gandharan region (Sirkap, Pakistan), 162, S.S. Sergio and Bacchus, Byzantium, 271 Supe Valley civilizations, 94 181, 185, 251 Stalin, Joseph, 737 Suprematists, 659, 717 tea, 572 Stam, Mart, 727 Surakhani, Baku, Azerbaijan, 252 tea ceremony, Japan, 508, 511 starchitects, 794 Surkhan River, 198 Team X, 725 State of Illinois Building, Chicago, Illinois, 783 Suryavarman I (king of Cambodia), 416 Tea Pavilion, Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto, Japan, statues, 167, 240, 306 Suryavarman II (king of Cambodia), 416–417 511 steel, 606, 693, 726, 727, 790 Susa, Iran, 14–18, 34, 120 Teishin Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, 742 Steiner House, Vienna, Austria, 697, 703 sustainability, 797 Tel Aviv, Israel, 727, 741 Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman, 109 Swahili culture, 409 Tel Aviv Peninsula master plan, 789 Step Pyramid of Zoser, 40 sweat lodges, 51 Telesterion at Eleusis, Greece, 138 step well, India, 348, 371 Sweden, 712 Tell Asmar, 35 Stern, Robert, 782 Swiss Polytechnical School, Zurich, Switzerland, Tell Aswad, Syria, 14 Stevens, F. W, 671 647 Tell Brak, 34 Stirling, James, 782 Switzerland, 456 Tell es-Sawwan, 14–15 Stockholm Exhibition, 712 Sybaris (Greek colony), 124 Temenos at Delphi, Greece, 139 Stockholm Public Library, Sweden, 712 Sydney Opera House, Australia, 726, 762, 767, Tempietto of San Pietro, Montorio, Italy, 482 Stone, Edward Durell, 726, 760 791 Tempio Israelitico, Florence, Italy, 656 stone circles, 24 synagogue construction, 259, 607, 654–656 Tempio Israelitico, Rome, Italy, 656 Stone-Cone Temple (Uruk), 18 Synod of Arras, 441 temple(s) stone construction, 38, 87, 273, 289, 309, 345, Syon House, London, England, 617 2500–1500 bce, 25–27 348 Syracuse (Greek colony), 124, 158 400–600 ce, 239, 241 Stonehenge, England, 6, 26, 46–47 Syria, 14, 64, 75 600–800 ce, 273

846

bindex 846 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

800–1000 ce, 305, 306 Temple of Luxor, 64, 66, 71 Theravada Buddhism, 187, 273, 319 Bactrian-Margiana Archaeological Complex, 33 Temple of Mars Ultor, Rome, Italy, 166, 167 Thesmophoria (festival), 138 Buddhist, 327, 412–413 Temple of Minerva, Rome, Italy, 166, 259 The White Monastery (Deir-el-Abiad), Suhag, Cambodia, 305, 349 Temple of Modern Virtue, Stowe Gardens, Egypt, 264 China, 349 Buckinghamshire, England, 586 Thiene, Gaetano da, 542 early Greek, 126 Temple of Poseidon, Paestum, Italy, 125, 126 Thierry, Augustin, 641 Egyptian, 71 Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia, Greece, 104, Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), 581 Etruscan society, 100 125–126 Tholoi tombs, 168 Giza, 41 Temple of Saturn, Rome, Italy, 158, 166 Thoreau, Henry David, 674 Greece, 103–104, 124–127 Temple of Segesta, Sicily, Italy, 125 Thorman, Jerry, 776 Hindu, 239, 256, 286–287, 321, 327, 349 Temple of Solomon, Jerusalem, 107, 172, 313, Thornton, William, 627 India, 273, 320, 408 601 Three Kingdom period, 273, 274 Japan, 306 Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Teotihuacán, Thule culture, 308 Malta, 48–49 Mexico, 230 Thuparamaya Stupa, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, rock-cut, 177, 189, 190, 273, 286–287, 322, Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, 341–342 224 323 Temple of the Magician, Uxmal, 356, 357 Thutmosis I (pharaoh of Egypt), 65, 70 Rome, 163 Temple of the Warriors, Chichén Itzá, 454 Thutmosis III (pharaoh of Egypt), 65, 67, 70 stone, 289 Temple of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli (Lord of the Tiberius (emperor of Rome), 170 Thebes, 65 Morning Star), Tula, Mexico, 309 Tibet, 306, 308, 324, 348, 501, 516–518, 588, Tikal, 338–340 Temple of Trajan, Rome, Italy, 175, 176 607, 650 Zoroastrian, 241 Temple of Venus, Baalbek, 218–219 Tibetan Buddhism, 306, 589 Temple, William, 585 Temple of Venus Genetrix, Rome, Italy, 166 tierceron vaulting, 445 Temple I (Temple of the Great Jaguar), Tikal, 340 Temple of Vespasian, Rome, Italy, 166 Tigamas master plan, 789 Temple 17, Sanchi, India, 239 Temple of Vesta, Rome, Italy, 158, 166 Tigerman, Stanley, 781 Temple at Abu Simbel, Egypt, 72 Temple of Zeus at Baalbek, Lebanon, 213 Tigris River, 6, 12, 14–18, 220 Temple at Anuradhapura, 304 Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Athens, Greece, 141, Tikal (Mayan city-state), 191, 338–340, 342 Temple at Chavín de Huántar, 94–95 169 Timgad, Algeria, 202, 203 Temple at Eridu, 16 Temples of Agriculture, Beijing, 457 Timur (sultan of Samarkand), 456, 457, 486, 490 Temple at Karnak, 65–67 Temple to Apollo, Athens, 129 Timurid dynasty, 470, 486–487 Temple at Medinet Habu, 66 Temple to Hephaestus, Athens, 129 Tin Mal, 351 Temple at Sanchi, India, 254 Temple to Zeus, Athens, 129 Tiryns, 78 temple-cities, 291 Templo Mayor complex, Tenochtitlán (Aztec Titchfield Priory, Hampshire, England, 560 Temple complex at Ayutthaya, India, 500 capital), 463–464 Titicaca, Lake, 344 Temple of Amun at Karnak, 69 Ten Commandments, 107 Titus (emperor), 154 Temple of Anahita, Kangavar, Iran, 220 Ten Hours Act of 1847 (U.K.), 637 Titus Flavius Domitianus, 154 Temple of Ancient Virtue, Stowe Gardens, Tennessee State Capitol, Nashville, Tennessee, Titus Livius (Livy), 158 Buckinghamshire, England, 586 635–636 Tiwanaku, 309, 344–345, 353 Temple of Antonius and Faustina, Rome, Italy, 166 Tennessee Valley Authority, 727 Tlacaélel (Mexica general), 463 Temple of Apollo, Didyma, Turkey, 146, 169 Tenochca, Mexico, 455 tobacco, 572, 602, 604, 626 Temple of Apollo at Bassae, 169 Tenochtitlán (Aztec capital), 230, 455, 463–464 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 666 Temple of Apollo at Delphi, 140 Teotihuacán, Mexico, 197, 199, 228–230 Todai-ji, 303, 306 Temple of Apollo at Thermos, Greece, 103 Teotihuacán Culture, Mexico, 230 Toksugung Palace, Seoul, Korea, 700 Temple of Artemis at Corfu (Kerkira), Greece, 124 Tepanecs of Tlacopan, 455 Tokugawa Shogunate (Japan), 504–505, 564, Temple of Athena, Tegea, 169 Tepe Sialk, 120 593–594, 648 Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, Tepe Yaha, 30 Tokyo, Japan, 594 131, 132, 137 Teresa of Avila, 542 Tokyo City Hall, Japan, 771 Temple of Athena Polias at Priene, Greece, 137 Terllick Tower, London, England, 772 Tokyo Teishin Hospital, Japan, 742 Temple of Bacchus, Baalbek, 219 terraces, 71, 94, 326 Toltecs, 90, 309, 353 Temple of British Worthies, Stowe Gardens, terra-cotta, 100 Toltec Empire, 452–454 Buckinghamshire, England, 585–586 Terragni, Giuseppe, 748 Toltec Temple of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli (Lord of the Temple of Caesar, Rome, Italy, 166 terrorism, 788, 790 Morning Star), Tula, Mexico, 309 Temple of Castor, Rome, Italy, 166, 169 Teuchitlán, Mexico, 191–193 tomb(s) Temple of Concord, Rome, Italy, 158, 166 Thai kingdom, 457, 500 0–200 ce, 154 Temple of Demeter, Paestum, Italy, 126 Thailand, 607, 614 400–600 ce, 241 Temple of Divus Julius, Rome, Italy, 166 Thanjavur, India, 383 barrow, 21 Temple of Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste, Italy, Thayekhittaya (Pyu city), 258 beehive, 79 160–161, 174 theater China, 83 Temple of Heaven Complex, Beijing, 227, 457, Greece, 206 Christianity, 261 494 Japan, 648 double-shelled domes, 475 Temple of Hera, Paestum, Italy, 126 Roman Empire, 204, 206, 213 Etruscan society, 97, 98 Temple of Horus, Edfu, Egypt, 147 Theater at Ephesus, Turkey, 204 Europe, 21 Temple of Jupiter Heliopolitanus, Baalbek, Thebes (Waset), Egypt, 19, 38, 64–69 Japan, 266 218–219 The Great Zimbabwe, 436 Kofun, 241, 266–267 Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Rome, Italy, Theodoric the Great (Ostrogoth king), 259, 260, Mehrgarh, 11 158–159 264, 265 Nabateans, 178 Temple of Khonsu at Karnak, 74 Theodosius (emperor of Rome), 264

847

bindex 847 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index tomb(s) (continued) 1900–1950 ce, 657, 658, 692 Turkestan, 607 Petra, 179 Africa, 416, 431, 432 Turkey, 14, 362–365, 394, 727, 741 rock-cut, 177–179 Aksum, 220–221 Turkish tribes, 348 Rome, 163 Americas, 268 Turkmenistan, 238 Tholoi tombs, 168 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 556 Turkmen-Khorasan Mountain area, 33 Zoser Temple complex (Egypt), 38–41 Byzantium, 284 Tuscany, 351, 404 tombs at Umm el-Qaab, Abydos, Egypt, 19–20 caravans, 178, 199, 348 TWA Terminal, John F. Kennedy International Tomb of Absalom, Jerusalem, 163 Celts, 164 Airport, New York, New York, 763 Tomb of Cyrus the Great, Pasargadae, Iran, 121 Central America, 199 typhoid fever, 637 Tomb of Emperor Wanli (Dingling), Ming Tombs, Central Asia, 198, 251, 356, 370 Tyrwhitt, Jacqueline, 761 514, 515 China, 154, 225, 293, 304, 305, 407, 424, Tomb of Hor Aba at Saqqara, Egypt, 20 519 Ubaids, 34 Tomb of Ibrahim II, Bijapur, India, 529 colonialism, 568–569 Udaygiri Caves, 240 Tomb of King Thodoric, Ravenna, Italy, 265 England, 559–561 Uganda Railway, 711 Tomb of Marcus Vergilius Eurysaces, Rome, 163 Eurasian, 96, 650 Ugarit, 57 tomb of Muntaz Mahal, Taj Mahal, 525, 526 Germany, 705 Uigher Mongols, 516 Tomb of Sextius Florentinus, Petra, Jordan, 212 globalization, 787 Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, tomb of Shah Jahan, Taj Mahal, 526 Hittite Empire, 75 487, 612 Tomb of Shi Huangdi, 155 India, 148, 155, 304, 305, 407 Umayyads, 307 Tomb of St. James, Santiago de Compostela, Indus River Valley, 26, 30–31 Umayyad Caliphate, 273, 314, 316 Spain, 403 Industrial Revolution, 638 Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria, 303, 306, Tomb of Sultan Qalawun, Cairo, Egypt, 410, 433 Japan, 700, 742 313 “tomb of the Christian woman” (Kbour-er-Roumia), Khmer kingdom, 328 Umm el-Qaab, Abydos, Egypt, royal tombs at, 19, Algiers, 168 Kievan Russia, 393 20 Tomb of the First Emperor (Lishan, China), 183 Margiana civilization, 33 underground chambers (Tomb of Emperor Wanli, Tomb of the Julli, St. Rémy, France, 601 by megacities, 197 Ming Tombs), 515 Tomb of the Yongle Emperor (Changling), Ming Mesopotamia, 7, 14 Ungers, Oswald Mathias, 726 Tombs, 514 Nabateans, 178 Union Buildings, Pretoria, South Africa, 699, 710 Tomb of Zeng Hou Yi, Sui Zhou, China, 152 North America, 80 Union of Florence, 535 Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkey, 472–473 Parthian Empire, 220 Union Station, Washington, DC, 689 Topkapi Scroll, 367 Roman Empire, 154, 197, 199 United Kingdom, 632–633, 700, 710 torana, Great Stupa at Sanchi, 186 Russia, 535, 610 United Nations, 726, 795 Torres, Luis Lloréns, 766 Sabaean kingdom, 106 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Tory Party (England), 633, 637 Silk Route, 153, 197–198 Organization (UNESCO), 798, 799 Toshogu Shrine, Nikko, Japan, 505 South Asia, 222, 246 United Nations Headquarters Building, New York, totalitarianism, 726 Southeast Asia, 258, 325, 416 New York, 755 Totsuka Country Club, Yokohama, Japan, 771 southern maritime routes, 199 United Shoe Machinery Company, Beverly, Touba, Senegal, 740 West Asia, 120, 220–221 Massachusetts, 701 Touba Mosque, Senegal, 740 tradition, 197 United States, 626–628 Touro Synagogue, Newport, Rhode Island, 603, Trajan (emperor of Rome), 175–176, 178, 218 800–1000 ce, 308 654 Trajan’s Column, Rome, Italy, 175, 176 1800–1900 ce, 605, 606 Towers of Silence, Yazd, Iran, 238, 241 Trajan’s Column, Victoria and Albert Museum, 1900–1950 ce, 657–659 Town, Ithiel, 658 London, 799 1950–21st century, 725, 726 town halls, 412 Treasury of Athens, Delphi, 139, 140 campus architecture, 686 Town Hall, Gubbio, Italy, 446 Treasury of Atreus, 79 Civil War, 688 Town Hall, Padua, Italy, 412 Treasury of Siphnos at Delphi, 136 globalization, 787 Town Hall (Burgerzaal), Amsterdam, Netherlands, Trelick Tower, London, England, 772 Greek Revival, 635 557 Trenton Bath House, Trenton, New Jersey, 779 utopianism, 641 Townsend, Richard, 191 Trezzini, Domenico, 579 U.S. Constitution, 606 trade triclinium, Palace of Domitian, 173 U.S. Declaration of Independence, 606 2500–1500 bce, 25, 26 Trier, Germany, 259, 260 U.S. Pavilion, Montreal Expo, Canada, 775 1500–800 bce, 53–54, 57 Trinity Church, Boston, Massachusetts, 672, United States Capitol Building, Washington, DC, 800–400 bce, 87 682–683 625, 627–628, 679, 788 400 bce–0, 117 Trissino, Giangiorgio, 539 United States Civil War, 688 0–200 ce, 153–155 Tropical Architecture, 725 Unités d’Habitation, Marseille, France, 733, 734, 200–400 ce, 197–199 Troyes, France, 410 757 400–600 ce, 239 Trygvason, Olav (Viking king), 440 University Hall, Mumbai, India, 671 600–800 ce, 272, 273, 275 Tuareg, 409 University of Chicago, 686 800–1000 ce, 303–308 Tudor Revival style, 666 University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 777 1000–1200 ce, 347–349 Tughlaqabad, India, 428, 429 University of Virginia, 686 1200–1400 ce, 407–409, 411–413 Tughlaq dynasty, 488 Unjusa Buddha, Korea, 240 1400–1600 ce, 455–457, 469 Tula (Toltec city), 452–454 Ur, 25, 34–37 1600–1700 ce, 501 Tula de Allende, Mexico, 309 Urartu society, 96 1700–1800 ce, 563–565, 568 Tulija Lena, 190 urban core, 771 1800–1900 ce, 606 Tulunids, 307 urbanism/urbanization. See also cities Tumulus mound, Banditaccia at Cerveteri, 97 2500–1500 bce, 25, 26

848

bindex 848 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

800–1000 ce, 307 Versailles, Château de, France, 576–577, 627 walled towns/cities, 55, 82, 83, 110 1700–1800 ce, 563, 572 Vespasian (emperor of Rome), 172 Walpole, Horace, 618, 642 1800–1900 ce, 607 Vézelay church, 411 Walpole, Robert, 602 1900–1950 ce, 657 Via Appia, 153 Wangcheng (Luoyang), China, 87, 109–110 Americas, 356 Vicenza, Italy, 411 Wang Yueh (Ming general), 519 Central America, 356 Viceroy’s Palace, New Delhi, India, 710 Wanli (emperor of China), 512, 514, 515, 588 China, 81 Victoria (queen of England), 663 Warchavchik, Gregori, 745 Egypt, 38–45 Victorian England, 647, 691 Ward, Barbara, 761 Europe, 46–49, 572 Victoria Terminus, Mumbai, India, 665, 671 Ware, William Robert, 669 Garden City Movement, 691 Vidyadhar, 597, 611 warfare Hellenistic Age, 141–146 Vienna, Austria, 565, 703 1500–800 bce, 54, 57 Mesopotamia, 6–7, 16 Vienna Congress (1813), 629 400 bce–0, 117 Normans, 399 Vierzehnheiligen, Germany, 582 0–200 ce, 154, 155 North America, 358–359 Vietnam, 615 400–600 ce, 237, 238 Roman Empire, 202–205 Vigevano, Italy, 558 600–800 ce, 272 South America, 231–232 Viipuri Library, 726 800–1000 ce, 304, 307 South Asia, 26, 30–32 Vijayabahu I (king of Sri Lanka), 349 1000–1200 ce, 349, 350 theocentric, 307 Vijayanagara kingdom, India, 527–529 1800–1900 ce, 605, 606 West Asia, 30, 34–37 Vikings, 307, 348, 396, 409 1900–1950, 659 urban parks, 657, 674 Vikramaditya (Gupta king), 244 1950–21st century, 725 Urban VIII (pope of Rome), 548 villa(s), Rome, 162 Arabian heartland, 449 urban villa, Rome, 162 Villa Barbaro, Veneto, Italy, 539, 573 guerilla, 788 Urfa, Turkey, 6 Villa Chiericati, Veneto, Italy, 541 Hittite Empire, 75 Uruguayan modernism, 766, 767 Villa Emo, Veneto, Italy, 539 Indo-Aryans, 111 Uruk, 15–18, 34, 36, 87 Villa Foscari, Mira, Italy, 539, 602 Zhou dynasty, 108 Usonian Houses, 732 villages, 1–3, 6, 7 Wari kingdom, 353 Ustad, Lal Chand, 612 village networks, 12–18 Warring States Period (Zhou dynasty), 108, 150, Utamaro, Kitagawa, 687 Villa Jovis, Isle of Capri, Italy, 170 184 utopianism, 605, 641, 732, 733 Villa Mairea, Noormarkku, Finland, 742–743 Washington, DC, 606, 627–628, 689 Utzon, Jørn, 726, 729, 762, 767, 791 Villa Medici, Poggio a Caiano, Italy, 481, 678 Washington, George, 627 Uxmal (Mayan city-state), 356–357 Villanueva, Carlos Raúl, 766 Waterhouse, Alfred, 663 Uzbekistan, 456 Villa Rotonda, Veneto, Italy, 540–541, 602 Wat Pra Kaew, Thailand (Siam), 614–615 Uzbek people, 610 Villa Savoye, Poissy, Paris, France, 722–723 Wat Rat Burana, Thailand, 500 Villa Trissino, Veneto, Italy, 541 Wat Si Sanpet, Thailand, 500 Vaisali, India, 199 Vimala Vasahi Temple, Mt. Abu, 349, 381 wattle and daub construction, 14, 50 Vaishnavism, 239 Vinca Culture, 14, 15 Watts Sherman House, Newport, Rhode Island, Vajrasana (“Diamond Throne”), Bodh Gaya, 148 Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène Emmanuel, 606, 644–645, 685 Valhalla, Regensburg, Germany, 634–635 678, 682, 702 Webb, Michael, 773 Valley of the Kings, Egypt, 70 Virgil, 158 Weimar Republic, 726 Valley Temple of Khafre at Giza, 43, 44 Virginia Penitentiary, Richmond, Virginia, 639 Weissenhof Siedlung Exhibition, Weissenhof, Vallin de la Mothe, Jean-Baptiste, 579 Virginia State Capitol, Raleigh, Virginia, 626 Germany, 1927, 725, 730–731 Van Brunt, Henry, 669, 688 Virgin Mary cult, 411 Weiyang Palace, Chang’an, China, 225 Vandals, 264 Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal, India, 320–321 Wellesley, Richard, 634 Van de Velde, Henry, 702, 730 Virupaksha Temple, Vijayanagara, India, 528 Wells cathedral, England, 411 Van Doesburg, Theo, 715, 721 Vishnu Temple at Deogarth, 286–287 Werkbund Exhibition, Cologne, Germany, 705 Varanasi, India, 87, 111–112 Visigoths, 237, 260, 264, 283, 316 Werlemann, Hans, 792 Vara Vishnuloka, 407 Vision for Madrid (Hadid), 794 West Africa, 409 Vargas, Getulio, 727, 745, 756 Vitruvius (Marcus Vitruvius Pollio), 100, 161, 169, West Asia Vastu-Shastras, 377 474, 481, 580, 601 1500–800 bce, 54 Vatadage, 384 Vitthala Temple, 56 400 bce–0, 117 Vatican building, Italy, 456 volcanic activity, 63, 91 0–200 ce, 154 vaulting, 337, 367, 401, 445, 534, 767 Volga River, 278, 536 400–600 ce, 240 Vaux, Calvert, 657, 674 Volkswagen headquarters, 797 1400–1600 ce, 456 Vedic altar, 287 Voltaire, 584 1700–1800 ce, 565 Vedic culture, 56, 87, 239 Volterra (Etruscan city), 97 Aksum, 220–221 Vedic period, 54, 117, 254 Volwahsen, Andreas, 377 colonialism, 570 Vedism, 239 voussoirs, 316 Islam, 455 Veii (Etruscan city), 97 Vrajji Confederacy (Indo-Aryan kingdom), 111 metal centers, 96 Velhatri (Etruscan city), 97 Vulci (Etruscan city), 97 Parthian Empire, 220 Venetian Gothic style, 658 rock-cut architecture, 189 Venetian style, 535 Wachesqua River, 94 rock-cut tombs, 177–179 Venice, Italy, 404, 456, 469, 501 Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut, 658 trade, 120 Venice Architecture Biennale, 792, 793 Wainright Building, St. Louis, Missouri, 694 urbanization, 30, 34–37 Venturi, Robert, 726, 781, 782 Walker & McGough, 772 Westerkerk, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 557 Veracruz (Olmec settlement), 87 Walking City (Herron), 773 Western Ghats, 189 Verona, Italy, 404, 411 walls, 455

849

bindex 849 17 March 2017 3:40 PM Index

Western world Xianyang, China, 150–151, 182, 274 Zeno (emperor of Byzantium), 260, 265 1800–1900 ce, 605 Xianyang Palace, China, 151 Zeus, 60–63, 102 1950–21st century, 725 Xinjiang Province, China, 10 Zevi, Bruno, 746 wheel, 7 Xiongnu Empire, 225 Zeyrek Mosque, Turkey, 350 Whig party (England), 564, 602, 637 Xiongu Khanate, 154 Zhangjiapo, Chang’an County, 56 Whistler, James, 687 Xisuipo, Henan Province, China, tomb at, 10 Zhao Gong complex, China, 182 White, John B., 46 Xuanzang, 199 Zhengdong (emperor of China), 519 White, Stanford, 684 Xumifushoumiao temple, Chengde, China, 651 Zheng He (Chinese admiral), 519, 614 White Horse Monastery (Baima-si), 247 Zhengzhou, China, 81, 82, 87 White House, Washington, DC, 627 Yakushi-ji (Healing Buddha Temple), Fujiwara- Zhou dynasty, 54, 56, 87, 108–110, 120, 150 White Monastery (Deir-el-Abiad) Suhag, Egypt, 264 kyo,Japan, 275 Zhu Di (emperor of China), 457, 491, 494, 495, White Stupa, 590 Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, 512–513 White Temple (Uruk), 17, 18 Connecticut, 753 Zhu Yijun (Wanli Emperor), 588 Wichita House (Fuller), 775 Yamada, Mamoru, 742 Zhu Yuanzhang, 491 Wiener Moderne, 703 Yamanashi Press and Broadcasting Center, Kofu, Ziggurat at Eridu, 25 Wiggermann, A. M., 35 Japan, 725 Ziggurat at Ur, 25, 36–37, 718 Wild Goose Pagoda, Chang’an, China, 296 Yamasaki, Minoru, 790 Zimbabwe, 409, 435 Wild Goose Pagoda of Hsuan Tsang (Xuanzang), Yamato clan, Japan, 241, 266 Zimri-Lim (king of Ugarit), 53 293, 294 yangban (Korean administrators), 591 Zone of Interconnection, 26 Wilhelmina (queen of the Netherlands), 714 Yangshao Culture, 8–10 Zoroastrianism, 33, 117, 181, 198, 240, 252–253 Wiligelmo, 404 Yangtze River, 3, 7, 10 Zoser Mortuary Complex (Egypt), 26, 27, 38–41 Wilkins, St. Clair, 671 Yaoshan Ritual Altar, 10 Zuiderkerk, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 556–557 William the Conqueror (king of England), 401 Yaqut, 408 zun vessel, 108 William I (king of Prussia), 654 Yaroslavovich, Vladimir, 393 Zurich, Switzerland, 665 William II (king of England), 353 Yasodharaapura (Khmer capital), 416, 418 Zvartnots Cathedral, Echmiadzin, 272, 286 William of Volpiano, 399 Yazd dakhma, Iran, 241 Williams, Roger, 564, 603 Yazilikaya, Turkey, 75 Winn Memorial Public Library, Woburn, Yellow River, 8, 9 Massachusetts, 683 Yemen, 87, 106 Winter Palace, St. Petersburg, Russia, 578, 579, Yenidze Tabakfrabik, Dresden, Germany, 704 627 Yesil Cami Mosque, Bursa, Turkey, 470 Wittelsbach, Otto von, 634 Yi Jing, 247 Wollaton Hall, Nottingham, England, 559 Yik’in Chan K’awiil (Tikal ruler), 338 Woodland Cemetery Chapel, Stockholm, Sweden, Yin, China, 83 712 Yingjin River, 8 Woolworth, Frank W., 694 Yingzhao Fashi (Huizong), 425, 494 Woolworth Building, New York, New York, 693, Ying Zheng (Shi Huangdi, emperor of China), 182 694 Yi River, 26 workhouses, 640 Yi Songgye, 496 world fairs, 668 Yomeimon, Toshogu Shrine, Nikko, Japan, 505 World Heritage List, 798 Yongle Emperor (China), 227, 491, 495, 512–513 World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, Yorimichi, Fujiwara no, 391 684, 688, 689 Yoruba kingdoms, 409 World Trade Center, 790 Yoshiharu Tsukamoto, 796 World War I, 659 Yoshimitsu, Ashikaga, 498 World War II, 725, 727, 747 Yuancheng, 332 Wren, Christopher, 564, 581, 582, 599–600, 621 Yuan Dadu, 427, 491 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 659, 690, 694, 697–698, Yuan dynasty, 413, 426–427, 455, 457, 516 713, 724, 726, 727, 732, 739, 742, Yuanmingyuan, Beijing, China, 590 744, 760, 794 Yucatán Peninsula, 191, 194, 341–343, 353, Wrigley Building, Chicago, Illinois, 694–695, 737 452–454 Writers’ Building, Calcutta, India, 632–633 Yungang Caves, 247, 249 writing, 7, 11, 16 Yuwen Kai, 294 Wudi (emperor of China), 225 Wurster Hall, California Berkeley, 725 Zacatecas, Mexico, 552 Wyatt, Charles, 634 Zagros Mountains, 14, 34 Wylde, William, 637 Zang Canal, Surxondaryo, Uzbekistan, 198 Zapotec people, 191, 268–270, 353 Xavier, Francis, 542, 550 Zarathustra, 252–253 Xerxes (king of Persia), 120 Zementwahrenfabrikanten Deutschlands, Xia dynasty (China), 26, 81 Germany, 705 Xi’an (Hao), China, 87, 108, 150, 182, 274 Zen Buddhism, 457, 497, 499, 504, 508, 562 Xianbei, 225 Zeng Hou Yi, Tomb of, Sui Zhou, China, 152

850

bindex 850 17 March 2017 3:40 PM