30 Remote Sensing Monitoring and Assessment of Sea Use Landscape Pattern Based on Satellite Remote Sensing: A Case in Test Region

SUO An-ning, LI Bin-yong, YU Yong-hai (National Marine Environment Monitor Center, 116023, )

Abstract: Aimed at monitoring and assessing sea use landscape pattern by satellite remote sensing, Huludao sea area was chosen as test region in this paper. Firstly, a sea use classification system for satellite remote sensing was established and monitoring methods for all sea use types by satellite remote sensing were structured. Then the sea use landscape pattern of Huludao test region was monitored and assessed based on satellite Remote Sensing images of SPOT5, Geographical Information System and Global Position System. The result showed that satellite Remote Sensing associating with Geographic Information System and Global Position System was a good tool in sea use monitoring and assessment. Sea use for industry-mining and fishery were two main types in Huludao region. Most of industry-mining sea use patches were big and clustering in north coastline, while fishery sea use patches were small and scattering along the southern coastline. In sea use landscape pattern, it was dominated by industry-mining in Huludao sub-region and was dominated by industry-mining and fishery in Xingcheng sub-region, while the sea field was domi- nated by fishery in Suizhong sub-region. The sea use landscape pattern shows obviously spatial differences. Keywords: sea use; satellite remote sensing; landscape pattern; monitoring

Plenty of sea areas in China were exploited in past 20 years with the rapid development of marine economy. The 1 The Study Area environmental affects of sea area use in China are more Huludao region is located in the southwest of Liaon- and more focused by researchers and managers[1-5]. Satel- ing province of China with latitude 39°52’-42°24’N and lite remote sensing has been widely accepted and applied longitude119°50’-121°05’E. it east border upon , west in land use, vegetation change and other environment border upon Shanhaiguan and face of Bohai in monitoring and studies at home and abroad[6-7]. Similarly, it south. Its total area is1041500 hm2. The Huludao region is an also has the broad application prospect in the monitoring important transport corridor between Northeast China and and assessment of the sea use landscape pattern for it earth North of China. The region has 6 districts with the population observation technology. of 2.96 million. The GDP of the region reached 411.7 billion- Different from the spatial pattern of the land which is mo- RMB in 2007. saiced by different spectrum and texture characters patches, The climate of the region belongs to temperate monsoon sea use landscape is filled by different sea use types on homo- zone. The frost-free period is 175 days. The annual sunshine geneous marine natural surface[8-9]. Some sea use patches have hours is between 2600-2 800 h and annual precipitation is be- the obvious spatial boundary as same as land use patches. But tween 550-650 mm. The length of coastline is about 258km. some sea use patches have no the obvious spatial boundary The coast in the region are sandy coast and silty sandy coast. for its artificial divided. This complex of sea use patches bring The Longwan coastal beach is natural leisure and recre- out a lot of technical problems for the satellite remote sensing ation place with sandy beach of 80 ~ 100m width and 30 km monitoring, such as patches for channel, anchorage, and bot- length. The coast has more gulfs with deep water which can tom sowing culture, which block the progress of sea use moni- avoid storms in summer and freeze slightly in winter. The toring and assessment. length16.5km coastline suit for building ice-free harbors. Aimed to improve monitoring and management level and The offshore area is also suitable for marine fishing. In recent promote scientific research in the sea use landscape pattern, years, with more and more intensively sea area use, the spa- Huludao region was chosen as the test area in this paper. tial pattern of sea use are very complicated, which lead to the Satellite Remote Sensing, Geographical Information Systems destruction of the landscape pattern of sea area and it also and Global Position System were employed as basic tools to caused some problems for the marine management. establish methods for monitoring and assessment of sea use landscape. This would help technical support for national sea 2 Processing of Remote Sensing Image area monitoring and management system. 2.1 Data Collecting The remote sensing image of SPOT5 was chosen. Its multi- Remote Sensing 31 spectral image resolution is 10m, and the panchromatic image This classification include 8 I types, which are fishing use, is 2.5m. The collecting date of the images is May and June in transporting use, industry-mining use, entertaining use, pol- 2007.The quality of the overall image is better with no clouds lution discharge use, construction and reclamed use, special interference and can cover the whole test area of the Huludao use and other use. Fishing use type can be divided into fish- region. ing port, fishing pool and fishing water gate. The transporting 2.2 Data Processing use type can be divided into port, bridge and coast road. The The SPOT5 images is the high spatial resolution data. Geo- industry-mining use type can be divided into salt pool, coastal Correction needs the support of the High-Resolution maps industry. The entertaining use can be divided into bathing or accurate GPS control point of land surface. 60 accurate beach and entertainment water. The classification system and control points are surveyed by high-resolution differential its definition show in Table 1. GPS-DGPS after remote sensing images is obtained in July, 3.2 Monitoring method for sea use landscape pattern These control points are uniformly distributed on the image the paper will divided monitoring method for sea use within the scope of monitoring. The images is geometrically landscape into totally remote sensing monitoring types and 3S corrected with Polynomial Transforms in ERDAS8.7.At first, collaborative monitoring type according to spatial structure panchromatic band is geometrically corrected. Then the of various sea use types and sea use classification established corresponding multispectral bands is geometrically corrected. above. In practical process a polynomial of Degree 2 is selected. 3.2.1 Monitoring method for remote sensing monitoring The registration precision between ortho rectification and type field object reaches 1:10000 orthophoto map standard which Monitoring method of remote sensing monitoring type can satisfy the 1:10000 precision requirement of the sea ar- has a similar Monitoring method of land use. Fishing pools, eas monitoring[10]. The spectral sharpening fusion method is salt pools, reclamation land, pollution discharge belong to employed in the spectrum and the details of the performance this type. Monitoring method can be borrowed for land use to optimize images unanimity[11]. remote sensing monitoring. The sea use types were classified with the support of remote sensing image processing software 3 Monitoring of Sea Use Landscape Pattern ERDAS8.7, According to the spectrum database of various 3.1 Establish of sea use classification for satellite remote sea use types observed firstly. The method of supervised clas- sensing sification was applied to extract various types of sea use from The paper established a sea use classification according satellite remote sensing images which has been processed to actual sea use type in Huludao region and refer to the re- above. Due to the supervised classification are classified ac- lated sea use classification and specific of remote sensing. cording to the spectral characteristics of ground objects,

Tab.1 Sea use classification in the papery

I Class Code II Class Code Definition Fishing port M11 Port for fishing boat landing; Fishing use M1 Fishing pools M12 encircle pools in sea area for fishing; Fishing water gate M13 Sea area for fishing water exchange. Port M21 Coastal facilities for ship landing; Transporting use M2 Bridge M22 Bridge building above sea surface; Coastal road M23 Road building in coast near the sea Salt pools M31 Encircle pools in sea area for salt production; Industry-mining use M3 Coastal industry M32 Industry facilities in coast near the. bathing beach Beach sea areas for public bathing; entertaining use M4 M41M42 entertainment water Sea areas for Sailing,surf riding and other entertainment sewage discharge M51 Sea areas for discharge wastewater; pollution discharge use M5 waste discharge M52 Sea area for reclamation solid waste. Construct reclamation M61 Sea areas reclamation for industry and town building; reclamation use M6 Agriculture reclamation M62 Sea areas reclamation for agricultural planting Education use M71 Sea areas use for education; special use M7 Research use M72 Sea areas use for research; Military USE M73 Sea areas use for military. Other use M8 Other use M81 Sea areas use except above types. 32 Remote Sensing farming reclamation area and so on will be mistaken[14], So was draw from satellite remote sensing images by methods the human-computer interaction was applied to check the of human-computer interaction based on the ArcMap. The reclassification result. Then the modified reclassification was out boundary line of gulf-shape bathing beach can be draw converted to shape format using ArcMap9.2 graph statistics straightly from one cape to the other. The out boundary line module, and established each attribute of type, code and area. of flat-shape bathing beach can be buffered 1000-2000m from 3.2.2 3S collaborative sensing monitoring type coastline on the ArcMap. Because most sea use types depend on coast with amphibi- (3) Coastal industry sea use ous characteristics. The remote sensing monitoring methods The coastal industry sea use is sea use types which can not fully make the objective of monitoring. It is necessary encircled sea areas by damming for maritime industries, pow- to combine the semote sensing ,the GIS Spatial Analysis, and er generation, ship repairing, urban land. The boundary of the GPS Terrestrial Position system. coastal industry sea use was monitored by follow methods.The (1) Transportation sea use inland boundary line is original coast line before reclamation “Specification based survey” issued by State Oceanic of which can be draw from history map or surveyed and draw Administation of China defined the sea use boundary of by GPS. The out boundary line is line which parallel or verti- transportation[15]. The inland boundary line of port was draw cal the out boundary line of dam. This out boundary line can from the image of satellite remote sensing on both sides of be surveyed by satellite remote sensing images and GPS, with natural coastline or artificial shoreline by the method of hu- assistant of GIS[16]. man-computer interaction based on the ArcMap. The facilities port sea use boundary is encircled by inland boundary line 4 Analysis and its 50m buffer in sea areas. The facilities not perfect port 4.1 Structural analysis of sea use sea use boundary is encircled by inland boundary line draw Table.2 is the sea use pattern obtained by satellite remote from satellite remote sensing image and buffer line of 5 times sensing images in Huludao region. Industry- mining sea use ship length(5×100 m). The fishing port sea use boundary is is dominated type in Huludao sea field, with 52.71% of the encircled by inland boundary line draw from satellite remote total sea area. Fishing sea use is the second one, with 31.52%. sensing image and 50m line out of breakwater. Salt pools is the main use of industry-mining type which is (2) Bathing beach sea use the biggest sea use type in Huludao sub-region. It account Generally, the bathing beach can be divided into gulf-shape for 38.0% of the total sea area. Fishing pools are the main sea and flat shape. The sea use boundary of gulf-shape bathing use of fishing use type, and it is the second use type which is beach is encircled by the mean of high tide line and straight less than salt sea use. The area of it is 1 096.14 hm2. Transport line of two capes near the gulf. The sea use boundary of flat sea use is mainly for port. There is 16 ports in Huludao sea shape bathing beach is encircled by the mean of high tide line field and total area is 407.49 hm2. Huludao port is the biggest and buffer line of 1000-2000m from coastline or out boundary one with the area of 170.50 hm2. Other type include bathing line of shark safe network. beach, sewage, special sea use and other sea use-type. Their The monitoring methods for bathing beach follow below: area is 170.20hm2, 100.82hm2, 2.45hm2 and 0.13hm2, respec- the inland boundary line is the mean of high tide line which tively.

Tab.2 Sea use types monitored by satellite remote sensing in Huludao region

I Class II Class Area / hm2 Number of patches Average patch area / hm2 Fishing pools 1096.14 377 2.91 Fishing water gate 31.44 8 3.93 Fishing use Fishing port 158.64 26 6.10 Port 407.49 18 22.64 Transportinguse Bridge 12.17 1 12.17 Coastal industry 657.00 13 50.54 Industry-mining use Salt pools 1744.97 69 25.29 entertainment use Bathing beach 170.20 10 17.20 Pollution discharge use Sewerage discharge 100.82 2 50.41 Special use Education and research 2.45 2 1.23 Others use Others use 0.13 1 0.13 Total Total 4265.22 482 8.85 Remote Sensing 33

Tab.3 Sea use difference in the Huludao sub-regions

Huludao sub-region Xingcheng sub-rehion Suizhong sub-region Type of sea use Areas/hm2 Number of patches Areas/hm2 Number of patches Areas/hm2 Number of patches Fishing sea use 151.97 47 541.90 113 571.74 245 Transport sea use 238.00 7 61.92 6 119.75 5 Manufacture and Mining sea use 1637.85 57 539.22 20 224.89 5 Tourism and Entertainment sea use 71.44 2 72.20 6 26.56 2 Exclude pollution sea use 0 0 0 0 100.81 2 Special sea use 0.68 1 0 0 1.77 1 Sum up 2099.94 114 1215.24 145 1045.52 260

4.2 Analysis of sea use landscape pattern monitoring and assessment based on satellite remote sensing. The sea use landscape pattern monitored by 3S technology The sea use classification was established for satellite remote indicates that the sea use of Huludao region cluster the coastal sensing monitoring firstly. Then monitoring methods for zone and zonal distributed. Fishing pool is the unit of fishing some sea use type based on satellite Remote Sensing, Geo- sea use type, and the area of fishing pool is about 3.0hm2. the graphical Information System and Global Position System small fishing pools cluster with square and rectangle, while big were integrated. The sea use in Huludao region was chose as fishing pools scatter alone the coast in the scale of landscape. monitoring and assessment object. The result showed that The salt sea use gather in gulf of Huludao in north coast with satellite Remote Sensing associating with Geographic Infor- 2 3 block of total 5, its average area is 25.29hm . 25 fishing port mation System and Global Position System was a good tool 2 scatter as star along the coast with average patch area 6.10hm . in sea use monitoring and assessment. The sea use landscape 10 bathing beach uniformly distribute along the coast with pattern in the region of Huludao is dominated by fishing and 2 average patch 17.20hm . The reclamation industry sea use is industry-mining. Salt and fishing pools are the most common mainly for ship repairing and electric power industry. The sea sea use type in the region. The salt pools are cluster with big use patch is 13 and gather in north coast, the patch area is the patches while fishing pools are scater with small pools. The sea 2 biggest in all sea use type with average area 50.54hm . use in Huludao sub-region is dominated by industry-mining, 4.3 Difference of sea use in sub-regions in Xingcheng sub-region is dominated by industry-mining The sea use in the Huludao region can be divided into 3 and fishing, while in Suizhong sub-region is dominated by sub-region. The sea use in Huludao sub-region is the biggest fishing. one with area of 2099.94 hm2 and patch of 114. The sea use is mainly for salt and coast industry, and next by fishing. The Acknowledgements 2 sea use in Xingcheng sub-region is 1 215.24 hm and 145 The authors are grateful to The National Natural Science patches, and dominated by fishing scattering patches, while Fund of China(413761200). accompany with cluster big industry patches. The areas of sea use in Suizhong sub-region is 1 045.52 hm2 with 260 patches. References: The dominant use of these patches is fishing, and the fishing [[[[ Zhao Rruiilin, Chen Gongyu, Wang Shicheng. Paraphrase for sea sea use areas is account for 54.68%. The patches of fishing sea use manage regulations of Shandong province[M]. : Marine use is small and scatter, it account for 94.23% of total sub- press,2004,1-9; region patches. [[[[ Sea Field Manage Directorate of National Oceanic Administraion. Surveying training course for sea use[M]. Beijing: Marine press, 5 Conclusions 2003,1-9; [[[[ Yu Qingsong, Qi Lianming. Theories of sea field assesmtn[M]. Beijing: Although the application potent of 3S in monitoring and Marine press, 2006,36-41; management has been recognized by many managers, scholars [[[[ Luan Weixin, Li Peicheng. Case study for sea use classification and and researchers. Some difficulties limit this wide application evaluation[J]. Resource Science, 2008, 30 (1): 9-17. in sea use monitoring and assessment. This difficulties include [[[[ Wang Jiangtao, Zhang Xiaoxian. Analysis of sea use situation in complex of sea use type and pattern, the accurate requirement China[J]. Ocean Exploration and Management, 2007, 3: 15-18. [[[[ Schmidt H, Karnieli A. Remote sensing of seasonal variability of veg- of sea use monitoring and assessment. The 3S application in etation in a semi-arid environment [J]. Journal of Arid Environment. sea use monitoring and assessment in China is still in ini- 2000, 45:43-59. tial stage and can not satisfy the requirement of national sea [[[[ Bastin C N, Pickup G, Pearce G. Utility of AVHRR data for land deg- use management. This paper discussed methods of sea use radation assessment: a case study [J]. International Journal of Remote 34 Remote Sensing

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