Children 0-3 Years Old in Greater Western Sydney

CENSUS 2016 TOPIC PAPER

Children 0-3 years old in Greater Western Sydney

By Barbara Beard, Social Research and Information Officer May 2019

PHOTO BY BARBARA BEARD © WESTIR Limited A.B.N 65 003 487 965 A.C.N. 003 487 965

This work is Copyright. Apart from use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part can be reproduced by any process without the written permission from the Executive Officer of WESTIR Ltd.

All possible care has been taken in the preparation of the information contained in this publication. However, WESTIR Ltd expressly disclaims any liability for the accuracy and sufficiency of the information and under no circumstances shall be liable in negligence or otherwise in or arising out of the preparation or supply of any of the information WESTIR Ltd is partly funded by the NSW Department of Family and Community Services. Suite 7, Level 2 154 Marsden Street [email protected] (02) 9635 7764 Parramatta, NSW 2150 PO Box 136 Parramatta 2124 WESTIR LTD ABN: 65 003 487 965 | ACN: 003 487 965 Contents Regions ...... 3 Acronyms & Definitions ...... 4 Introduction ...... 5 Age and Sex ...... 6 0-3 year old children in the total population ...... 6 Male to female ratio ...... 9 Children aged 0-3 years and change 2006-2016...... 10 Indigenous status ...... 11 Indigenous Timeseries ...... 13 Born overseas ...... 14 Parents born overseas ...... 15 Country of Birth ...... 17 Language spoken at home ...... 19 Religion ...... 20 Family Structure ...... 21 Family Composition ...... 21 Relationship of child in household ...... 22 Number of persons in family ...... 23 Family blending ...... 25 Housing ...... 26 Dwelling type ...... 26 Tenure Type ...... 28 Landlord type ...... 29 Usual Address one year ago ...... 30 Family income ...... 32 Need for assistance ...... 34 Attending an educational institution ...... 36 Immunisation rates ...... 37 Conclusion ...... 40 Appendix 1- Language Spoken at home ...... 41 Appendix 2 - Religion ...... 42 Appendix 3 – Relationship in Household ...... 43 Appendix 4 – Family Blending ...... 44 Appendix 5 – Tenure Type ...... 45

Regions

Greater Western Sydney (GWS) is made up of the following 13 local government areas (LGAs):

• Blacktown • Blue Mountains • Camden • Campbelltown • Canterbury – Bankstown • Cumberland • Fairfield • Hawkesbury • Liverpool • Parramatta • Penrith • The Hills Shire • Wollondilly

GWS is also compared with data for Greater Sydney, Rest of Sydney, FACS Western Sydney District, FACS South Western Sydney District and NSW:

• Greater Sydney and NSW are compiled from ABS boundaries. • Rest of Sydney is calculated by subtracting the totals of Greater Sydney with the totals of GWS. • FACS Western Sydney District (FACS WS District) is made up of Blacktown, Blue Mountains, Cumberland, Hawkesbury, Lithgow, Parramatta, Penrith and The Hills Shire LGAs. • FACS South Western Sydney (FACS SWS District) is made up of Camden, Campbelltown, Canterbury-Bankstown, Fairfield, Liverpool, Wingecarribee and Wollondilly LGAs. • This paper also covers two additional LGAs, Lithgow and Wingecarribee, which are not included in GWS totals but are included in FACS SWS & WS District totals.

The NSW government announced council amalgamations in 2016 resulting in boundary changes for the GWS LGAs of Bankstown, Parramatta, Auburn, Holroyd and The Hills Shire:

• Bankstown LGA amalgamated with Canterbury LGA to become Canterbury-Bankstown LGA; • Part of Parramatta, Auburn, Holroyd and The Hills Shire merged to become the new Parramatta LGA • Part of Parramatta, Auburn and Holroyd amalgamated to become the new Cumberland LGA.

These changes are reflected in the ABS Timeseries profiles with all LGAs being back cast to allow comparison over time. The 2011 Census Data tables are still available for LGA prior to amalgamation.

Acronyms & Definitions ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics

AHURI Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute

AIFS Australian Institute of Family Studies

AIHW Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

ARACY Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth

DSS Department of Social Services

FACS Family and Community Services

GCP General Community Profile

GWS Greater Western Sydney

LGA Local Government Area

LSAC Longitudinal Study of Australian Children

LSIC Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children

SA3 Statistical Area 3 – an ABS geographic category

SES Socioeconomic Status

TSP Time Series Profile

USA United States of America

Introduction

“Evidence tells us that a person’s life successes, health and emotional wellbeing have their roots in early childhood. We know that if we get it right in the early years, we can expect to see children thrive throughout school and their adult lives.” 1

Children aged 0-3 years are one of the groups identified by Family and Community Services (FACS) as a target group in their Targeted Early Intervention reform2. Children in their first three years are among the most vulnerable members of the community being dependent upon their parents, carers or guardians for all their needs.

The Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth (ARACY) has recently developed a framework called The Nest which “presents evidence that for an Australian child to truly have high wellbeing, they must be doing well in six key interlocking dimensions:

1. Being Loved and Safe 2. Having Material Basics 3. Being healthy 4. Learning 5. Participating, and 6. Having a Positive Sense of Identity and culture 3”

This is not dissimilar to an American study called Baby’s First Years, which is in the early days of investigating if monthly payments to mothers can improve the prospects of their children 4 The study provides unconditional cash gifts of various amounts to low income mothers and their children in the first three years of the child’s life to see if reducing poverty can affect early childhood development.

This paper examines factors that impact on childhood development such as housing, relationships, family income, preschool attendance and health in order to provide some insight into the lives of very young children in GWS. The data used comes predominantly from Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Census Data with immunisation rates data sourced from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW).

The paper’s focus is 0-3 years, but some ABS data was only available by ranges and when that occurred the range of 0-4 years has been used. Where possible, the census tables based on place of usual residence have been used but at times it has been necessary to use place of emuneration to obtain more detail for particular variables.

1 https://www.aedc.gov.au/parents/the-importance-of-early-childhood-development 2https://www.facs.nsw.gov.au/providers/children-families/early-intervention/reform/chapters/key-tei- program-reform-documents 3 https://www.aracy.org.au/publications- resources/command/download_file/id/383/filename/Summary_Report_-_ To_have_and_to_have_not_(192dpi).pdf 4 https://www.babysfirstyears.com/ 5

Age and Sex In 2016 there were 132,718 children aged 0-3 years in Greater Western Sydney (GWS). Blacktown LGA had the highest number of children in this age range with 21,441 followed by Canterbury- Bankstown (19,852 children), Cumberland (13,530 children) and Parramatta (13,281 children). GWS was home to 53.7% of all 0-3 year old children in Greater Sydney and 35.9% of all 0-3 year old children in NSW.

Within the range of 0-3 years, the number of children was not spread evenly across each of the individual years. For example, The Hills Shire had 1,542 children aged 0 years which was 20.6% of all children aged 0-3 years, 1,879 (25.1%) 1 year olds, 1,944 (25.9%) 2 year olds and 2,130 (28.4%) 3 year olds. GWS also a much higher proportion of 3 year olds (25.7%) than 0, 1 or 2 year olds (23.3%, 25.5% & 25.5%). The same pattern occurred in each of the comparative regions. Without further research, it is difficult to know if this was due to outside influences such as housing costs, perceived or real employment insecurity or maybe just a natural coincidental occurrence.

Table 1: Persons by age & sex, 0-3 years, Selected LGAs and Regions, 2016

Number of persons , Selected LGAs & Regions, 0-3 year olds, 2016 0 Years 1 Year 2 Years 3 Years Total 0-3 Region No. % Total % Total % Total % years Blacktown 4,930 23.0% 5,458 25.5% 5,562 25.9% 5,497 25.6% 21,441 Blue Mountains 769 23.4% 784 23.9% 827 25.2% 911 27.7% 3,286 Camden 1,320 25.1% 1,316 25.0% 1,352 25.7% 1,272 24.2% 5,258 Campbelltown 2,101 22.9% 2,319 25.2% 2,457 26.7% 2,318 25.2% 9,190 Canterbury-Bankstown 4,602 23.2% 5,128 25.8% 5,064 25.5% 5,054 25.5% 19,852 Cumberland 3,232 23.9% 3,516 26.0% 3,432 25.4% 3,353 24.8% 13,530 Fairfield 2,150 22.4% 2,436 25.4% 2,359 24.6% 2,638 27.5% 9,578 Hawkesbury 768 23.6% 815 25.1% 811 24.9% 850 26.1% 3,252 Lithgow 236 24.9% 233 24.6% 227 23.9% 247 26.0% 949 Liverpool 2,973 24.0% 3,165 25.6% 3,191 25.8% 3,060 24.7% 12,379 Parramatta 3,119 23.5% 3,451 26.0% 3,304 24.9% 3,402 25.6% 13,281 Penrith 2,849 24.6% 2,942 25.4% 2,881 24.9% 2,913 25.1% 11,587 The Hills Shire 1,542 20.6% 1,879 25.1% 1,944 25.9% 2,130 28.4% 7,492 Wingecarribee 423 22.9% 440 23.9% 475 25.8% 509 27.6% 1,844 Wollondilly 586 22.6% 642 24.8% 677 26.1% 684 26.4% 2,592 GWS - 13 LGAs 30,928 23.3% 33,846 25.5% 33,856 25.5% 34,082 25.7% 132,718 FACS - WS District 17,445 23.3% 19,078 25.5% 18,988 25.4% 19,303 25.8% 74,818 FACS - SWS District 14,155 23.3% 15,446 25.4% 15,575 25.7% 15,535 25.6% 60,693 Greater Sydney 58,863 23.8% 62,742 25.4% 62,487 25.3% 62,966 25.5% 247,047 Rest of NSW 28,850 23.6% 30,135 24.6% 31,097 25.4% 32,219 26.3% 122,304 New South Wales 87,713 23.7% 92,877 25.1% 93,584 25.3% 95,185 25.8% 369,351 Data Source: Census of Population and Housing, 2016, TableBuilder 0-3 year old children in the total population In 2016, 0-3-year olds made up 5.8% of the GWS population. This was higher than both Greater Sydney (5.1%), Rest of NSW (4.6%) and NSW (4.9%). Within the LGAs of GWS, the proportion of 0-3 year olds ranged from a low of 4.3% in Blue Mountains to a high of 6.7% in Camden. Lithgow and Wingecarribee also had a low proportion of 0-3 year olds with 4.5% and 3.9% respectively.

The LGAs with the lowest proportions of 0-3 year olds also had the highest proportion of older persons in their population. Wingecarribee had the highest proportion of person 60 years and over with 32.8%, followed by Lithgow (29.0%), Rest of NSW (27.2%) and Blue Mountains (27.1%). 6

Higher proportions of 0-3 year old children tended to be linked with higher proportions of 30-39 year old adults, the most common ages at which mothers are now giving birth. The exception to this was Parramatta with a high proportion of 30-39 year old adults (19.9%) and a low proportion of children 0-3 years (5.9%) and 4-9 years (7.6%). Parramatta did however have one of the highest proportions of 20-29 year olds (15.8%) and one of the lowest proportions of 60+ persons (16.8%). This fits the profile of a population living in a large CBD which may be better suited to working people rather than families raising children or people in retirement. The make up of the population throughout the LGAs and regions may be determined by what each LGA can offer various groups such as families, young people and older people.

The table below shows the proportion of each age range with the LGAs of GWS, Lithgow & Wingecarribee and comparable regions.

Table 2: Proportion of total population by age ranges, GWS LGAs & comparative regions, 2016

Population by proportion of persons by selected age ranges in GWS LGAs & comparative regions, 2016 0-3 4-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 Years Region Total years years years years years years years & over Blacktown 6.4% 9.5% 13.8% 14.0% 16.4% 13.7% 11.4% 14.9% 100.0% Blue Mountains 4.3% 7.6% 12.6% 8.9% 10.6% 14.1% 14.8% 27.1% 100.0% Camden 6.7% 9.7% 14.3% 13.5% 15.4% 14.5% 10.9% 14.9% 100.0% Campbelltown 5.9% 9.0% 13.5% 14.4% 14.6% 12.6% 12.6% 17.3% 100.0% Canterbury-Bankstown 5.7% 8.5% 12.6% 14.7% 14.6% 13.0% 12.1% 18.8% 100.0% Cumberland 6.3% 8.6% 11.5% 17.8% 17.5% 12.0% 10.8% 15.5% 100.0% Fairfield 4.8% 7.7% 13.7% 14.8% 12.6% 13.2% 13.6% 19.5% 100.0% Hawkesbury 5.0% 8.1% 13.9% 13.3% 11.7% 14.3% 13.9% 19.7% 100.0% Lithgow 4.5% 6.9% 11.3% 10.8% 10.1% 12.4% 15.1% 29.0% 100.0% Liverpool 6.1% 9.2% 14.6% 14.1% 14.9% 13.9% 12.2% 14.9% 100.0% Parramatta 5.9% 7.6% 10.0% 15.8% 19.9% 13.0% 11.1% 16.8% 100.0% Penrith 5.9% 8.7% 13.1% 14.9% 14.9% 13.3% 12.3% 16.9% 100.0% The Hills Shire 4.8% 9.2% 14.6% 11.0% 12.7% 15.5% 13.1% 19.1% 100.0% Wingecarribee 3.9% 7.2% 12.8% 8.0% 8.8% 12.7% 13.8% 32.8% 100.0% Wollondilly 5.3% 9.2% 14.5% 11.6% 12.3% 14.6% 13.3% 19.1% 100.0% GWS 5.8% 8.7% 13.1% 14.4% 15.2% 13.4% 12.2% 17.4% 100.0% FACS - WS District 5.8% 8.6% 12.6% 14.3% 15.8% 13.5% 12.0% 17.3% 100.0% FACS - SWS District 5.6% 8.6% 13.6% 14.0% 14.0% 13.3% 12.5% 18.3% 100.0% Greater Sydney 5.1% 7.7% 11.8% 15.0% 15.5% 13.7% 12.2% 19.0% 100.0% Rest of NSW 4.6% 7.6% 12.1% 11.1% 11.0% 12.5% 13.8% 27.2% 100.0% New South Wales 4.9% 7.7% 11.9% 13.6% 13.9% 13.3% 12.8% 21.9% 100.0% Source: ABS Census2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Map 1 illustrates that GWS had higher concentrations of 0-4 year olds than areas closer to the Sydney CBD such as the North Shore, Northern Beaches, Eastern Suburbs and Sydney City. Large numbers of young children are visible in the South-West and North-West Growth areas of GWS, particularly in Oran Park, Gregory Hills and Denham Court in the South-West and Jordan Springs, Marsden Park, Schofields and Kellyville in the North West. Smaller concentrations of 0-4 year olds can be seen in the Blue Mountains, Canterbury-Bankstown, Cumberland, Parramatta, Penrith and Blacktown. All areas of Sydney had a population of 0-4 year olds but the number of those children appear in the map to be much lower in areas outside of GWS.

Map 1: Number of children 0-3 years of age in GWS, 2016

Source: ABS Census 2016, GCP Datapacks 8

Male to female ratio Populations are generally made up of close to 50% female and 50% male with a slight variation above or below. The table below shows this to be the case for many LGAs but the variation between sexes over the four years from 0 to 3 years of age is at times quite different. The largest differences were in Blue Mountains and Wollondilly for 1-year old children (54.2% male & 45.8% female), in Wollondilly for 2-year-old children (54.9% male & 45.1% females) and Liverpool and Wingecarribee for 3 year old children (54.3% male & 45.7% females and 54.2% male & 45.8 females respectively).

Table 3: Proportion of males and females, 0-3 years, Selected LGAs & Regions, 2016

Proportion of males and females, 0-3 years, Selected LGAs & Regions, 2016 0 Years 1 Year 2 Years 3 Years Region Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Blacktown 49.9% 50.1% 51.1% 48.9% 51.2% 48.8% 52.0% 48.0% Blue Mountains 48.9% 51.1% 54.2% 45.8% 54.3% 45.7% 47.7% 52.3% Camden 51.9% 48.1% 51.1% 48.9% 52.0% 48.0% 49.5% 50.5% Campbelltown 51.4% 48.6% 50.4% 49.6% 51.3% 48.7% 52.4% 47.6% Canterbury-Bankstown 51.2% 48.8% 51.7% 48.3% 50.7% 49.3% 51.0% 49.0% Cumberland 51.6% 48.4% 51.0% 49.0% 51.3% 48.7% 50.3% 49.7% Fairfield 51.5% 48.5% 52.3% 47.7% 49.9% 50.1% 50.5% 49.5% Hawkesbury 51.4% 48.6% 53.4% 46.6% 50.6% 49.4% 51.3% 48.7% Lithgow 49.6% 50.4% 51.9% 48.1% 45.8% 54.2% 52.6% 47.4% Liverpool 50.1% 49.9% 51.7% 48.3% 50.3% 49.7% 54.3% 45.7% Parramatta 50.6% 49.4% 49.8% 50.2% 49.9% 50.1% 49.7% 50.3% Penrith 52.2% 47.8% 50.6% 49.4% 51.5% 48.5% 53.0% 47.0% The Hills Shire 51.2% 48.8% 51.5% 48.5% 51.4% 48.6% 51.5% 48.5% Wingecarribee 53.2% 46.8% 47.0% 53.0% 52.6% 47.4% 54.2% 45.8% Wollondilly 50.9% 49.1% 54.2% 45.8% 54.9% 45.1% 52.6% 47.4% GWS - 13 LGAs 50.9% 49.1% 51.3% 48.7% 51.1% 48.9% 51.4% 48.6% FACS - WS District 50.8% 49.2% 51.0% 49.0% 51.1% 48.9% 51.2% 48.8% FACS - SWS District 51.2% 48.8% 51.5% 48.5% 51.0% 49.0% 51.8% 48.2% Greater Sydney 51.1% 48.9% 51.5% 48.5% 51.1% 48.9% 51.5% 48.5% New South Wales 51.2% 48.8% 51.5% 48.5% 51.1% 48.9% 51.5% 48.5% Data Source: Census of Population and Housing, 2016, TableBuilder

Children aged 0-3 years and change 2006-2016 The number of children aged 0-3 years has increased dramatically in some LGAs of GWS but decreased in others. The number of children aged 0-3 years in GWS increased by 17,735 persons between 2006 and 2016 which was a 15.4% increase over the ten years. This was much higher than both Greater Sydney (13.0%) and NSW (9.4%).

Camden had the largest proportional increase in the number of children aged 0-3 years (55.2%) but the total population also increased dramatically. Parramatta experienced a large proportional increase 0-3 year olds (50.1%) with 4,434 more children aged 0-3 years in 2016 than in 2006, the largest increase in all LGAs. Blacktown had an increase of 3,506 children aged 0-3 years in the same period but this was only 19.6%. Blacktown has historically had high number of children in a large population whereas in Parramatta has experienced an increase in population which appears to be driven by families with young children (See WESTIR’s “Population of Western Sydney” paper for more information).

Three LGAs in GWS experienced a decrease in the number of 0-3 year olds, the largest decrease being in Blue Mountains (-12.8%) ahead of Hawkesbury (-5.5%) and Fairfield (0.6%). Lithgow experienced an increase in the number of children aged 0-3 years between 2006 and 2011, followed by a decrease between 2011 & 2016 resulting in an overall increase of 54 children (6.1%) between 2006 & 2016. In Wingecarribee the number of children aged 0-3 years increased from 1,973 in 2006 to 2,029 in 2011 before decreasing to 1,849 in 2016, an overall decrease of 124 children or -6.3%.

Table 4: Number of children & change, 0-3 years, by selected regions, 2006-2016

Change in number of children 0-3 years by selected Regions, 2006-2016 Total 0-3 years Change 2011-2016 Change 2006-2016 Region 2006 2011 2016 No % No % Blacktown 17,932 20,302 21,438 1,136 5.6% 3,506 19.6% Blue Mountains 3,777 3,717 3,295 - 422 -11.4% - 482 -12.8% Camden 3,386 3,548 5,255 1,707 48.1% 1,869 55.2% Campbelltown 8,537 8,724 9,193 469 5.4% 656 7.7% Canterbury-Bankstown 17,930 19,368 19,855 487 2.5% 1,925 10.7% Cumberland 10,731 12,789 13,527 738 5.8% 2,796 26.1% Fairfield 9,637 9,811 9,577 - 234 -2.4% - 60 -0.6% Hawkesbury 3,440 3,360 3,251 - 109 -3.2% - 189 -5.5% Lithgow 889 1,006 943 - 63 -6.3% 54 6.1% Liverpool 10,867 11,082 12,390 1,308 11.8% 1,523 14.0% Parramatta 8,842 10,805 13,276 2,471 22.9% 4,434 50.1% Penrith 10,323 10,830 11,587 757 7.0% 1,264 12.2% The Hills Shire 7,201 7,433 7,496 63 0.8% 295 4.1% Wingecarribee 1,973 2,029 1,849 - 180 -8.9% - 124 -6.3% Wollondilly 2,400 2,500 2,598 98 3.9% 198 8.3% GWS 13 LGAs 115,003 124,269 132,738 8,469 6.8% 17,735 15.4% FACS - WS District 63,135 70,242 74,813 4,571 6.5% 11,678 18.5% FACS - SWS District 54,730 57,062 60,717 3,655 6.4% 5,987 10.9% Greater Sydney 218,593 239,454 247,051 7,597 3.2% 28,458 13.0% Rest of NSW 118,918 126,298 122,296 - 4,002 -3.2% 3,378 2.8% New South Wales 337,511 365,752 369,347 3,595 1.0% 31,836 9.4% Source: ABS Census 2016, TimeSeries Profile, Table T03

Indigenous status Indigenous is the term ABS uses for Census data output referring to people who identify as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. The proportion of Indigenous children aged 0-3 years in GWS was much higher than the proportion of Indigenous people in the total population. There was a total of 3,914 children aged 0-3 years who identified as Indigenous, making up 2.9% of all 0-3 year olds and 9.3% of the total Indigenous population of GWS. Only 1.8% of the total GWS population identified as Indigenous.

The GWS LGA with the highest proportion of Indigenous 0-3 year olds was Hawkesbury (7.0%) followed by Penrith (6.7%) and Campbelltown (6.6%). Lithgow LGA had the highest proportion in the wider region with 11.4% of 0-3 year olds identifying as Indigenous. This was marginally higher than the Rest of NSW (11.2%).

Table 5: Indigenous status, 0-3 years, selected regions, 2016

Indigenous status by no. & % for 0-3 year olds in selected regions, 2016 Total 0-3 year olds 0-3 yr Total Population Region ATSI All 0-3 yr Indig. as % ATSI No. % olds of total No. % Blacktown 934 4.4% 21,438 ATSI Pop.9.8% 9,527 2.8% Blue Mountains 158 4.8% 3,289 8.7% 1,825 2.4% Camden 173 3.3% 5,255 8.9% 1,936 2.5% Campbelltown 609 6.6% 9,191 10.2% 5,969 3.8% Canterbury-Bankstown 215 1.1% 19,858 8.5% 2,541 0.7% Cumberland 122 0.9% 13,525 8.7% 1,396 0.6% Fairfield 142 1.5% 9,583 9.6% 1,486 0.7% Hawkesbury 229 7.0% 3,253 9.6% 2,391 3.7% Lithgow 108 11.4% 948 8.9% 1,211 5.7% Liverpool 276 2.2% 12,380 9.2% 3,008 1.5% Parramatta 97 0.7% 13,277 5.7% 1,693 0.7% Penrith 776 6.7% 11,581 10.0% 7,745 4.0% The Hills Shire 49 0.7% 7,489 6.0% 811 0.5% Wingecarribee 84 4.5% 1,848 8.9% 949 2.0% Wollondilly 131 5.1% 2,589 8.5% 1,548 3.2% GWS - 13 LGAs 3,914 2.9% 132,712 9.3% 41,874 1.8% FACS - WS District 2,473 3.3% 74,800 9.3% 26,588 2.1% FACS - SWS District 1,630 2.7% 60,704 9.3% 17,442 1.6% Greater Sydney 6,139 2.5% 247,056 8.8% 70,138 1.5% Rest of NSW 13,667 11.2% 122,285 9.4% 146,043 5.5% NSW 19,806 5.4% 369,341 9.2% 216,181 2.9% Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Map 2 highlights the higher number of Indigenous 0-4 year olds in GWS than the rest of Greater Sydney with concentrations visible across Penrith, Hawkesbury, Blacktown, Campbelltown and Camden LGAs. Smaller pockets can also be seen in Liverpool LGA.

Map 2: Indigenous children 0-4 years, GWS, 2016

Source: ABS Census 2016, GCP Datapacks 12

Indigenous Timeseries The Timeseries Census data only provides data for age ranges for Indigenous status but not individual years. Therefore, this section can only show data for the range 0-4 years.

The number of Indigenous children aged 0-4 years in GWS increased by 47.0% (1,575 persons) between 2006 and 2016. This was slightly lower than the increase in Greater Sydney (50.5%) but higher than NSW (44.9%). FACS – WS District (51.6%) had a larger increase than FACS – SWS District (44.3%).

All LGAs of GWS experienced an increase in the number and proportion of Indigenous 0-4 year olds ranging from an increase of 16.8% in Liverpool to 267.8% in Blue Mountains. Penrith had the largest increase in numbers with 464 children followed by Campbelltown with 195 children and Blacktown with 181 children.

The increase in numbers and proportions between 2011 and 2016 were much smaller with Parramatta experiencing a decrease of 33 children (-21.2%) and Wollondilly have the largest proportional increase with 53.1%.

Table 6: Indigenous Status change, 0-4 years, 2006-2016

Indigenous status for 0-4 year olds, selected regions, 2006-2011 Indigenous 0-4 year olds Change 2011-2016 Change 2006-2016 Region 2006 2011 2016 No. % No. % Blacktown 1,011 1,110 1,192 82 7.4% 181 17.9% Blue Mountains 93 144 198 54 37.5% 105 112.9% Camden 59 152 217 65 42.8% 158 267.8% Campbelltown 570 705 765 60 8.5% 195 34.2% Canterbury-Bankstown 207 235 264 29 12.3% 57 27.5% Cumberland 103 138 150 12 8.7% 47 45.6% Fairfield 140 159 181 22 13.8% 41 29.3% Hawkesbury 149 200 293 93 46.5% 144 96.6% Lithgow 67 117 131 14 12.0% 64 95.5% Liverpool 303 307 354 47 15.3% 51 16.8% Parramatta 104 156 123 - 33 -21.2% 19 18.3% Penrith 483 632 947 315 49.8% 464 96.1% The Hills Shire 37 53 69 16 30.2% 32 86.5% Wingecarribee 59 92 109 17 18.5% 50 84.7% Wollondilly 92 113 173 60 53.1% 81 88.0% GWS 13 LGAs 3,351 4,104 4,926 822 20.0% 1,575 47.0% FACS - WS District 2,047 2,550 3,103 553 21.7% 1,056 51.6% FACS - SWS District 1,430 1,763 2,063 300 17.0% 633 44.3% Greater Sydney 5136 6307 7729 1,422 22.5% 2,593 50.5% NSW 17223 21408 24,956 3,548 16.6% 7,733 44.9% Source: ABS Census 2016, TimeSeries Profile, Table T06

Born overseas The vast majority of 0-3 year old children in all regions were born in Australia. In GWS 90.6% of 0-3 year olds were born in Australia and 4.2% were born overseas. Greater Sydney had a similar proportion of children 0-3 years born in Australia (90.5%) but a higher proportion of children born overseas (4.5%). The Rest of NSW had a higher proportion of children 0-3 years born in Australia (93.2%) and a much lower proportion born overseas (1.4%). FACS – WS District had a higher proportion of children 0-3 years (4.8%) than FACS – SWS District (3.4%).

Within the LGAs of GWS, there was a greater variation in the proportion of children born in Australia or overseas. Parramatta had the highest proportion of children 0-3 years born overseas (11.2%) ahead of Cumberland (5.7%) and Fairfield (4.8%). Blue Mountains had the highest proportion of children 0-3 years who were born in Australia (95.6%) followed by Hawkesbury (95.1%) and Camden (94.5%). Therefore, these LGAs also had the lowest proportion of children born overseas with 0.9%, 0.5% and 1.2% respectively. In Wingecarribee only 0.5% of children aged 0-3 years were born overseas. Lithgow also had a low proportion of children born overseas (0.9%) but it also had the largest proportion of children whose country of birth had not been stated.

Table 7: Born overseas, 0-3 year olds in GWS LGAs and selected regions, 2016

Born overseas for 0-3 years, GWS LGAS and selected regions, 2016

Born in Australia Born Overseas COB not Stated Total Regions Persons 0-3 No. % No. % No. % years Blacktown 19,564 91.3% 810 3.8% 1,062 5.0% 21,436 Blue Mountains 3,153 95.6% 30 0.9% 115 3.5% 3,298 Camden 4,967 94.5% 62 1.2% 228 4.3% 5,257 Campbelltown 8,463 92.0% 242 2.6% 490 5.3% 9,195 Canterbury-Bankstown 17,772 89.5% 921 4.6% 1,160 5.8% 19,853 Cumberland 12,030 89.0% 767 5.7% 726 5.4% 13,523 Fairfield 8,607 89.8% 464 4.8% 509 5.3% 9,580 Hawkesbury 3,092 95.1% 15 0.5% 143 4.4% 3,250 Lithgow 847 89.2% 9 0.9% 94 9.9% 950 Liverpool 11,197 90.4% 346 2.8% 847 6.8% 12,390 Parramatta 11,077 83.5% 1,486 11.2% 702 5.3% 13,265 Penrith 10,860 93.8% 165 1.4% 551 4.8% 11,576 The Hills Shire 7,022 93.8% 295 3.9% 171 2.3% 7,488 Wingecarribee 1,736 94.6% 10 0.5% 89 4.9% 1,835 Wollondilly 2,448 94.3% 18 0.7% 130 5.0% 2,596 GWS - 13 LGAs 120,242 90.6% 5,636 4.2% 6,833 5.1% 132,711 FACS - WS District 67,645 90.5% 3,577 4.8% 3,564 4.8% 74,786 FACS - SWS District 55,190 90.9% 2,063 3.4% 3,453 5.7% 60,706 Greater Sydney 223,515 90.5% 11,021 4.5% 12,511 5.1% 247,047 Rest of NSW 113,966 93.2% 1,661 1.4% 6,669 5.5% 122,296 New South Wales 337,481 91.4% 12,682 3.4% 19,180 5.2% 369,343 Data Source: Census of Population and Housing, 2016, TableBuilder

Parents born overseas In 2016, the majority of children 0-3 years were born in Australia. However, this was not true for their parents. In GWS in 2016, 41.2% of children 0-3 years had both parents born overseas, 9.5% had a father born overseas and 7.6% had a mother born overseas which means 58.3% of children aged 0- 3 years in 2016 in GWS had at least one parent born overseas. The proportion with both parents born in Australia was 36.4% and 5.3% did not have their birthplace stated.

Within GWS, the proportion of children with both parents born overseas varied from 3.4% in Wollondilly and Hawkesbury LGAs to 60.4% in Parramatta. Those with a father born overseas varied from 6.8% in Parramatta and Hawkesbury to 12.6% in Canterbury-Bankstown. Those with a mother born overseas varied from 5.5% in Wollondilly to 8.7% in Canterbury-Bankstown and The Hills Shire. Cumberland (58.4%), Fairfield (58.8%) and Parramatta (60.4%) had the highest proportion of both parents born overseas and Blue Mountains (3.8%), Hawkesbury (3.4%) and Wollondilly (3.4%) had the lowest proportion. Wollondilly had the highest proportion of both parents born in Australia with 78.5% followed by Hawkesbury (78.4%), Blue Mountains (73.1%), Camden (67.0%) and Penrith (62.0%). (See Table 8).

Lithgow and Wollondilly are both outside GWS but within both FACS WS and SWS Districts. Both had low proportions of children 0-3 years with parents born overseas and high proportions of children with both parents born in Australia. In Lithgow 11.0% of children 0-3 years had at least one parent born overseas and 79.1% with both parents born in Australia. In Wingecarribee 19.8% of children 0-3 years had at least one parent born overseas and 74.5% with both parents born in Australia. The differences in these two LGAs and GWS LGAs are illustrated in Figure 1.

The difference between Greater Sydney and the Rest of NSW was startling. In Greater Sydney 55.6% of children aged 0-3 years had at least one parent born overseas compared to 16.6% in the Rest of NSW. The proportion of children 0-3 years with both parents born overseas was 77.4% in the Rest of NSW compared to only 39.2% in Greater Sydney.

Figure 1: Birthplace of parents, 0-3 year old, GWS LGAs, 2016

Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro.

Table 8: Place of birth of parents of 0-3 year olds in LGAs of GWS and comparative regions, 2016

Place of birth of parents of children 0-3 years, GWS LGAS & comparative regions, 2016

Both parents born Father only born Both parents born in Mother only born Birthplace of Total Region overseas overseas Australia overseas parents not stated Persons No % No % No % No % No % Blacktown 9,771 45.6% 1,794 8.4% 7,332 34.2% 1,456 6.8% 1,095 5.1% 21,448 Blue Mountains 125 3.8% 354 10.8% 2,401 73.1% 281 8.6% 123 3.7% 3,284 Camden 656 12.5% 457 8.7% 3,521 67.0% 393 7.5% 228 4.3% 5,255 Campbelltown 3,125 34.0% 848 9.2% 4,004 43.6% 687 7.5% 519 5.7% 9,183 Canterbury-Bankstown 9,090 45.8% 2,510 12.6% 5,392 27.2% 1,729 8.7% 1,134 5.7% 19,855 Cumberland 7,903 58.4% 1,405 10.4% 2,538 18.8% 965 7.1% 720 5.3% 13,531 Fairfield 5,633 58.8% 904 9.4% 1,715 17.9% 790 8.3% 532 5.6% 9,574 Hawkesbury 110 3.4% 221 6.8% 2,554 78.4% 210 6.4% 161 4.9% 3,256 Lithgow 36 3.8% 36 3.8% 750 79.1% 32 3.4% 94 9.9% 948 Liverpool 5,305 42.8% 1,380 11.1% 3,814 30.8% 1,069 8.6% 817 6.6% 12,385 Parramatta 8,018 60.4% 907 6.8% 2,746 20.7% 918 6.9% 687 5.2% 13,276 Penrith 1,964 17.0% 1,023 8.8% 7,187 62.0% 760 6.6% 649 5.6% 11,583 The Hills Shire 2,924 39.0% 664 8.9% 3,081 41.1% 655 8.7% 172 2.3% 7,496 Wingecarribee 90 4.9% 146 7.9% 1,376 74.5% 130 7.0% 105 5.7% 1,847 Wollondilly 89 3.4% 183 7.1% 2,032 78.5% 141 5.5% 142 5.5% 2,587 GWS - 13 LGAs 54,738 41.2% 12,629 9.5% 48,320 36.4% 10,042 7.6% 6,984 5.3% 132,713 FACS - WS District 30,815 41.7% 6,368 8.6% 27,839 37.7% 5,245 7.1% 3,607 4.9% 73,874 FACS - SWS District 23,898 40.6% 6,282 10.7% 20,478 34.8% 4,809 8.2% 3,372 5.7% 58,839 Greater Sydney 88,959 36.0% 25,517 10.3% 96,882 39.2% 22,860 9.3% 12,831 5.2% 247,049 Rest of NSW 7,162 5.9% 6,696 5.5% 94,684 77.4% 6,389 5.2% 7,371 6.0% 122,302 New South Wales 96,121 26.0% 32,213 8.7% 191,566 51.9% 29,249 7.9% 20,202 5.5% 369,351 Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro.

Country of Birth The number of children aged 0-3 years in GWS in 2016, who were born overseas was very small. Only 4.2% of children aged 0-3 years were born overseas and 5.1% did not have their country of birth stated. The most common country of birth other than Australia (90.6%) was India (1,550 children or 1.2%) followed by New Zealand (438 children or 0.3%), China (381 children or 0.3%) and Pakistan (379 children or 0.3%). All other countries had less than 200 children having been born there. See table 9.

Table 9: Topoverseas countries of birth, 0-3 years, GWS, 2016 Top 16 overseas country of birth for 0-3 year olds in GWS, 2016 Country No of children India 1,550 New Zealand 438 China 381 Pakistan 379 Philippines 197 Vietnam 196 Bangladesh 171 England 159 Iraq 143 Lebanon 126 Korea, Republic of (South) 120 United States of America 117 United Arab Emirates 102 Egypt 90 Syria 86 Sri Lanka 85 Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Parramatta LGA had the highest number of children born overseas with the most common country of birth being India (822 children), ahead of China (160 children) and Korea (50 children). In Canterbury-Bankstown the most common country of birth was Pakistan (124 children) followed by India & Bangladesh (102 children each) and China (60 children). Blacktown had 199 children aged 0-3 years who were born in India, 80 born in both Pakistan and the Philippines. Cumberland also had a high number of children 0-3 years who were born in India (277 children), another 87 in Pakistan and 42 in China. Although Fairfield did not have many children aged 0-3 years who were born overseas (507 children), 96 of them were born in Vietnam.

In Blue Mountains, Hawkesbury, Lithgow, Wingecarribee and Wollondilly LGAs the number of children born in each country were too small to be meaningful. Detailed LGA figures are provided in Table 10.

Table 10: Number of children 0-3 years by country of birth, GWS, 2016

Top Countries of Birth for 0-3 year old children, GWS, 2016

Not Region Total

stated

Australia India New Zealand China Pakistan Philippines Vietnam Bangladesh England Iraq Lebanon otherAll countries Blacktown 19,562 199 98 27 80 80 3 30 21 3 6 256 1,065 21,430 Blue Mountains 3,152 ------4 - - 12 111 3,279 Camden 4,968 4 6 3 - 4 - - 15 - - 20 228 5,248 Campbelltown 8,463 36 41 5 21 16 8 24 7 4 4 61 484 9,174 Canterbury-Bankstown 17,772 102 59 60 124 26 51 102 17 3 42 336 1,161 19,855 Cumberland 12,031 277 34 42 87 9 15 3 6 17 24 237 724 13,506 Fairfield 8,612 - 64 13 3 7 96 - 5 64 34 143 507 9,548 Hawkesbury 3,091 ------4 - - 3 148 3,246 Lithgow 849 ------4 - - - 94 947 Liverpool 11,194 48 48 15 10 13 18 3 5 35 12 136 840 12,377 Parramatta 11,083 822 29 160 43 23 7 15 22 10 3 351 709 13,277 Penrith 10,863 29 31 9 3 16 - - 6 - - 41 558 11,556 The Hills Shire 7,019 22 21 54 8 - - - 29 - - 146 172 7,471 Wingecarribee 1,733 3 ------7 96 1,839 Wollondilly 2,450 - 4 - - - - - 3 - - - 129 2,586 90.6% 1.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 1.4% 5.1% 100.0% GWS % of all 0-3 years Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro. Note: Lithgow & Wingecarribee are not included in GWS total

Language spoken at home English was the most common language spoken at home by 0-3 year olds in all regions, ranging from 56.4% in GWS through to 70.4% in NSW. The next most common language spoken at home in GWS was Arabic (6.0%) followed by Non-verbal, so described5 (4.0%), Mandarin (3.8%) and Vietnamese (2.4%). In FACS WS District the most common non-English language spoken was Mandarin (5.0%) followed by Non-verbal, so described (4.0%) and Arabic (3.3%). Arabic was also the most common non-English language spoken in FACS SWS District (9.0%) followed by Vietnamese (4.9%).

Table 11: Language spoken at home in GWS & comparative regions, 0-3 years, 2016

Top Languages spoken at home, GWS & comparative regions, 0-3 yrs, 2016

Language spoken at GWS - 13 LGAs FACS WS District FACS SWS District Greater Sydney New South Wales home No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % English 74,879 56.4% 44,574 59.6% 32,746 53.9% 152,605 61.8% 259,937 70.4% Arabic 7,950 6.0% 2,484 3.3% 5,478 9.0% 9,033 3.7% 9,507 2.6% Non-verbal, so desc. 5,312 4.0% 3,003 4.0% 2,340 3.9% 8,907 3.6% 10,238 2.8% Mandarin 5,005 3.8% 3,753 5.0% 1,246 2.1% 11,663 4.7% 12,135 3.3% Vietnamese 3,162 2.4% 218 0.3% 2,947 4.9% 3,730 1.5% 3,903 1.1% Hindi 1,828 1.4% 1,288 1.7% 544 0.9% 2,370 1.0% 2,481 0.7% Cantonese 1,714 1.3% 1,086 1.5% 620 1.0% 3,807 1.5% 3,963 1.1% Urdu 1,665 1.3% 989 1.3% 676 1.1% 1,855 0.8% 1,979 0.5% Punjabi 1,639 1.2% 1,410 1.9% 234 0.4% 1,865 0.8% 2,220 0.6% Bengali 1,397 1.1% 426 0.6% 978 1.6% 1,786 0.7% 1,891 0.5% Korean 1,257 0.9% 1,067 1.4% 178 0.3% 2,546 1.0% 2,670 0.7% Gujarati 1,166 0.9% 1,108 1.5% 60 0.1% 1,293 0.5% 1,371 0.4% Tamil 1,032 0.8% 934 1.2% 91 0.1% 1,268 0.5% 1,332 0.4% Nepali 867 0.7% 539 0.7% 333 0.5% 1,562 0.6% 1,685 0.5% Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 837 0.6% 30 0.0% 799 1.3% 892 0.4% 898 0.2% Spanish 799 0.6% 327 0.4% 480 0.8% 2,034 0.8% 2,327 0.6% Greek 683 0.5% 149 0.2% 531 0.9% 1,613 0.7% 1,685 0.5% Telugu 575 0.4% 512 0.7% 60 0.1% 826 0.3% 865 0.2% Turkish 554 0.4% 370 0.5% 177 0.3% 696 0.3% 768 0.2% Indonesian 552 0.4% 239 0.3% 313 0.5% 1,180 0.5% 1,249 0.3% Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 534 0.4% 47 0.1% 494 0.8% 536 0.2% 537 0.1% Malayalam 510 0.4% 336 0.4% 179 0.3% 779 0.3% 1,096 0.3% Samoan 506 0.4% 181 0.2% 315 0.5% 533 0.2% 577 0.2% Dari 502 0.4% 425 0.6% 63 0.1% 516 0.2% 538 0.1% Persian (excl. Dari) 497 0.4% 417 0.6% 71 0.1% 847 0.3% 908 0.2% Tagalog 426 0.3% 307 0.4% 114 0.2% 610 0.2% 686 0.2% Khmer 403 0.3% 24 0.0% 370 0.6% 426 0.2% 443 0.1% Serbian 384 0.3% 59 0.1% 313 0.5% 554 0.2% 634 0.2% Italian 312 0.2% 104 0.1% 202 0.3% 821 0.3% 945 0.3% Tongan 297 0.2% 155 0.2% 147 0.2% 364 0.1% 408 0.1% Marathi 267 0.2% 182 0.2% 90 0.1% 356 0.1% 374 0.1% Croatian 265 0.2% 111 0.1% 156 0.3% 391 0.2% 411 0.1% Hazaraghi 263 0.2% 239 0.3% 22 0.0% 263 0.1% 269 0.1% Filipino 256 0.2% 196 0.3% 64 0.1% 396 0.2% 440 0.1% Thai 220 0.2% 104 0.1% 114 0.2% 666 0.3% 791 0.2% Sinhalese 209 0.2% 168 0.2% 35 0.1% 280 0.1% 347 0.1% Macedonian 204 0.2% 13 0.0% 193 0.3% 486 0.2% 672 0.2% Other languages total 3,545 2.7% 2,017 2.7% 1,685 2.8% 9,490 3.8% 11,406 3.1% Not stated 10,242 7.7% 5,221 7.0% 5,242 8.6% 17,205 7.0% 24,760 6.7% Total 132,715 100.0% 74,812 100.0% 60,700 100.0% 247,050 100.0% 369,346 100.0% Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

5 Non-verbal, so described is an ABS supplementary code and includes responses of ‘baby’ or ‘not speaking yet’. 19

GWS had a higher proportion of children 0-3 years who spoke Arabic (6.0%) than Greater Sydney (37%) and NSW (2.6%). Mandarin was the most common non-English language spoken by 0-3 year olds in both Greater Sydney (4.7%) and NSW (3.3%). The numbers and proportions of children speaking each language in each of the regions appears in Table 11. A table showing the top languages spoken in each of the GWS LGAs as well as Lithgow and Wingecarribee appears in Appendix 1.

It is acknowledged that many very young children may not speak any language at all and the language reported by the reference person on the Census form is an indication of the language spoken at home by the parents/household and therefore the assumed language the child will speak at home in the future.

Religion WESTIR has previously published a comprehensive paper titled ‘Religious Affiliation in Greater Western Sydney’ that includes an abundance of information including tables and maps. Therefore, this section is only intended to give a brief description of religion for 0-3 year olds.

In 2016, the most common religious affiliation for 0-3 year olds in GWS was Christianity (41.7%). This was followed by Secular, Other Spiritual & No Religion (22.9%), Islam (14.6%), Hinduism (6.8%), and Buddhism (2.8%). Camden had the highest proportion of Christians (59.7%) ahead of Hawkesbury (55.6%) and Penrith (52.4%). The Blue Mountains had the highest proportion of 0-3 year olds with Secular, Other Spiritual & No Religion (49.9%) which was not only the most common type of affiliation but more than double that of GWS (22.9%). Canterbury-Bankstown had the highest proportion of 0-3 year olds affiliation with Islam (35.9%), followed by Cumberland (30.4%) and Liverpool (18.2%). Fairfield had by far the highest proportion of Buddhists with 14.6% compared to GWS with 2.8% and NSW with 1.6%. Hinduism was most common in Parramatta (18.2%), Cumberland (13.1%) and Blacktown (11.4%). See Figure 2 and Appendix 2 for more detail.

Figure 2: Religious Affliliation, 0-3 years, GWS, 2016

Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Family Structure This section looks at the families of children aged 0-3 years. This includes family composition, the child’s relationship in a household, the number of people in that household as well as family blending which further examines the relationships within their family. Family Composition In 2016 the majority of children aged 0-3 years (81.5%) in GWS were living in a couple family with children which was lower than Greater Sydney (83.5%) but higher than NSW (80.3%) and Rest of NSW (73.9%). A further 12.1% in GWS were living in a one parent family which was higher than Greater Sydney (9.8%) but much lower than Rest of NSW (17.3%).

The Hills Shire in GWS had the highest proportion of 0-3 year old children living in Couple families with Children (91.3%) and Campbelltown had the lowest (74.1%). The Hills Shire also had the lowest proportion of One parent families (4.3%) and Campbelltown the highest (19.6%) ahead of Fairfield (18.0%) and Penrith (16.2%). Lithgow had a higher proportion of One parent families (20.5%) than all GWS LGAs, Wingecarribee and comparative regions.

The following sections on family structure and number of person in household highlight the relationship of children aged 0-3 years in households.

Table 12: Family Composition, 0-3 years, GWS LGAs & comparative regions, 2016

Family Composition, 0-3 year olds, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Couple family with One parent family Not applicable* Region children Total 0-3 No. % No. % No. % years Blacktown 17,146 80.1% 3,025 14.1% 1,226 5.7% 21,397 Blue Mountains 2,751 83.9% 345 10.5% 184 5.6% 3,280 Camden 4,489 86.0% 461 8.8% 271 5.2% 5,221 Campbelltown 6,818 74.1% 1,800 19.6% 578 6.3% 9,196 Canterbury-Bankstown 16,390 82.4% 2,173 10.9% 1,326 6.7% 19,889 Cumberland 11,445 84.6% 1,274 9.4% 808 6.0% 13,527 Fairfield 7,294 75.7% 1,732 18.0% 613 6.4% 9,639 Hawkesbury 2,619 80.7% 420 12.9% 208 6.4% 3,247 Lithgow 633 68.5% 189 20.5% 102 11.0% 924 Liverpool 9,859 79.4% 1,593 12.8% 961 7.7% 12,413 Parramatta 11,633 86.1% 806 6.0% 1,074 7.9% 13,513 Penrith 8,963 77.1% 1,885 16.2% 777 6.7% 11,625 The Hills Shire 6,911 91.3% 328 4.3% 327 4.3% 7,566 Wingecarribee 1,482 80.1% 222 12.0% 146 7.9% 1,850 Wollondilly 2,145 83.1% 271 10.5% 164 6.4% 2,580 GWS (13 LGAs) 108,462 81.5% 16,116 12.1% 8,503 6.4% 133,081 FACS WS District 62,101 82.7% 8,273 11.0% 4,698 6.3% 75,072 FACS SWS District 48,480 79.8% 8,257 13.6% 4,047 6.7% 60,784 Greater Sydney 206,890 83.5% 24,319 9.8% 16,442 6.6% 247,651 Rest of NSW 90,765 73.9% 21,293 17.3% 10,815 8.8% 122,873 NSW 297,655 80.3% 45,612 12.3% 27,257 7.4% 370,524 *Includes Non-family/non-classifiable households, Unoccupied private dwellings, non-private dwellings & Migratory, offshore and shipping SA1s. Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Relationship of child in household In 2016, in all regions, the vast majority of 0-3 year olds were living in a household as a natural or adopted child. This ranged from 91.4% in FACS WS District through to 88.5% in The Rest of NSW. There was very little variation in the proportion of other relationship types between each of the comparative regions with 1.1 to 1.2% of children being step-children, 0.3% to 0.5% being a foster child and between 0.6% and 1.0% being a grandchild. The differences occurred in the “Other/Not applicable” category. Rest of NSW had the lowest proportion of Natural/adopted children (88.5%) and the highest proportion of “Other/Not applicable” children (8.4%). The situation was similar in NSW with 90.4% of children being natural/adopted children and 7.1% in the “Other/Not Applicable” category.

Table 13: Relationship of children 0-3 years in household, GWS & comparative Regions, 2016 Relationship of children 0-3 years in household, GWS & Comparative Regions, 2016 Relationship in GWS - 13 LGAs FACS WS District FACS SWS Greater Sydney Rest of NSW New South Wales household No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Natural/adopted child 120,943 91.1% 68,371 91.4% 55,008 90.6% 225,464 91.3% 108,230 88.5% 333,694 90.4% Step-child 1,532 1.2% 871 1.2% 705 1.2% 2,740 1.1% 1,410 1.2% 4,150 1.1% Foster child 406 0.3% 254 0.3% 168 0.3% 591 0.2% 645 0.5% 1,236 0.3% Grandchild 967 0.7% 531 0.7% 457 0.8% 1,411 0.6% 1,261 1.0% 2,672 0.7% Otherwise related child 412 0.3% 210 0.3% 218 0.4% 527 0.2% 312 0.3% 839 0.2% Unrelated child 319 0.2% 146 0.2% 180 0.3% 478 0.2% 187 0.2% 665 0.2% Other/Not Applicable* 8,141 6.1% 4,440 5.9% 3,951 6.5% 15,838 6.4% 10,235 8.4% 26,073 7.1% Total 132,720 100% 74,823 100% 60,687 100% 247,049 100% 122,280 100% 369,329 100% *Includes Visitor from within Australia, Other non-classifiable households & Not Applicable (Persons in non-private dwellings, Migratory, offshore or Shipping) Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

A further table showing the figures for GWS LGAs, as well as Lithgow and Wingecarribee can be found in Appendix 3. This shows that Lithgow had higher proportions of children not being categorised leading to 12.7% of children aged 0-3 years being in the “Other/Not Applicable” category.

The ‘Relationship of Child in Household’ variable, being a derived variable made up from more than once response, does not include a ‘not stated category’. This means that anyone who does not state or inadequately states information that can be used to determine a relationship are classed as ‘Other non- classifiable relationships’. In Lithgow a relatively small number of people who did not respond to the question may have a greater impact on the overall proportion due to the substantially smaller overall population.

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The following graph (Figure 3) shows the proportion of children living as a step-child, foster-child or grandchild in GWS households. The proportion of children who were either a foster-child or a grandchild in a household remained relatively static across each of the age ranges. Other than an increase in the proportion of 2 year olds in Foster care the number did not change dramatically. However, a pattern emerged with step-children. The graph illustrates a small but gradual increase in the proportion of step-children for each year of age starting at 0.9% for 0 years increasing slowly to 1.3% for 3 year olds. The probability of a relationship breakdown between parents would increase over time and future papers will examine the acceleration of this trend as children age.

Figure 3: Selected relationship in household by % of 0-3 years olds, GWS 2016

Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Number of persons in family Children aged 0-3 years in GWS in 2016 were more likely to be living in a four person family (35.8%) than any other size family. Only 3.2% were in a two person family, rising to 25.8% in a three person family, peaking at 35.8% in a four person family and dropping again to 17.9% in a five person family and 10.9% in a family of six or more persons. This pattern was generally repeated throughout all LGAs and comparative regions. The Hills Shire had the highest proportion of 0-3 year olds in a four person family (43.3%) and Fairfield had the lowest proportion (32.4%).

Large families with six or more persons were more common in Fairfield (16.0%) than in Parramatta with the lowest proportion (4.4%). In Greater Sydney only 7.9% of children aged 0-3 years lived in a family of six or more people compared to 10.9% in GWS, 8.8% in Rest of NSW and 8.2% in NSW.

Lithgow had the highest proportion of two person families (5.7%) which aligns with the high proportion of One parent families in Lithgow (see table 12 in Family Composition). Figures for all LGAS in GWS, Lithgow, Wingecarribee and comparative regions can be found in Table 14.

Table 14: Number of persons in family, GWS LGAs & comparative regions, 2016

Number of persons in family, 0-3 year olds, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Two persons Three persons Four persons Five persons Six or more persons Not applicable Total 0-3 Region No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % years Blacktown 731 3.4% 5,622 26.3% 7,752 36.2% 3,689 17.2% 2,366 11.1% 1,226 5.7% 21,386 Blue Mountains 109 3.3% 807 24.6% 1,281 39.0% 625 19.0% 278 8.5% 184 5.6% 3,284 Camden 155 3.0% 1,422 27.2% 2,075 39.7% 934 17.9% 364 7.0% 271 5.2% 5,221 Campbelltown 439 4.8% 2,336 25.4% 3,165 34.4% 1,546 16.8% 1,132 12.3% 578 6.3% 9,196 Canterbury-Bankstown 548 2.8% 4,773 24.0% 6,807 34.2% 3,792 19.1% 2,642 13.3% 1,326 6.7% 19,888 Cumberland 352 2.6% 3,590 26.5% 4,601 34.0% 2,468 18.2% 1,709 12.6% 808 6.0% 13,528 Fairfield 431 4.5% 2,065 21.4% 3,124 32.4% 1,866 19.4% 1,539 16.0% 613 6.4% 9,638 Hawkesbury 113 3.5% 796 24.6% 1,183 36.6% 618 19.1% 314 9.7% 208 6.4% 3,232 Lithgow 52 5.7% 222 24.1% 309 33.6% 146 15.9% 89 9.7% 102 11.1% 920 Liverpool 394 3.2% 2,821 22.7% 4,197 33.8% 2,451 19.7% 1,592 12.8% 961 7.7% 12,416 Parramatta 303 2.2% 4,628 34.2% 5,141 38.0% 1,771 13.1% 596 4.4% 1,074 7.9% 13,513 Penrith 512 4.4% 3,074 26.4% 4,131 35.5% 1,950 16.8% 1,179 10.1% 777 6.7% 11,623 The Hills Shire 114 1.5% 1,799 23.8% 3,270 43.3% 1,502 19.9% 542 7.2% 327 4.3% 7,554 Wingecarribee 55 3.0% 440 23.8% 730 39.5% 336 18.2% 139 7.5% 146 7.9% 1,846 Wollondilly 69 2.7% 590 22.9% 943 36.6% 532 20.7% 278 10.8% 164 6.4% 2,576 GWS (13 LGAs) 4,272 3.2% 34,332 25.8% 47,681 35.8% 23,763 17.9% 14,524 10.9% 8,503 6.4% 133,075 FACS WS District 2,293 3.1% 20,541 27.4% 27,681 36.9% 12,779 17.0% 7,076 9.4% 4,698 6.3% 75,068 FACS SWS District 2,081 3.4% 14,453 23.8% 21,051 34.6% 11,466 18.9% 7,687 12.6% 4,047 6.7% 60,785 Greater Sydney 7,250 2.9% 70,194 28.3% 93,829 37.9% 40,309 16.3% 19,635 7.9% 16,442 6.6% 247,659 Rest of NSW 5,872 4.8% 30,003 24.4% 43,681 35.6% 21,651 17.6% 10,843 8.8% 10,815 8.8% 122,865 New South Wales 13,122 3.5% 100,197 27.0% 137,510 37.1% 61,960 16.7% 30,478 8.2% 27,257 7.4% 370,524 Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Family blending Previous sections have shown that children aged 0-3 years are most likely to have a household relationship as a natural or adopted child, live in a couple family with children and be in a household of four or less persons. This section delves further into their family and their relationship within the household.

Supporting previous findings, the majority of children (75.2%) in GWS live in an intact family with no other children present. This means the family is a couple family with at least on child who is the natural or adopted child of both parents and no step child of either partner of the couple. It may include foster children or grandchildren being raised by their grandparents. The next most common family type was a Blended family with no other children present (3.6%). This couple family type contains two or more children , with at least one being the natural child of both members of the couple and at least one being the step child of either partner. It could also contain other children who are not the natural children of either parent.

There was a large percentage of children 0-3 years in the Not Applicable category for each region. This would most likely be due to it also being a derived variable with many facets and therefore the potential for many persons unable to be categorised into a specific category.

For more information on the family blending classification, go to http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/2901.0Chapter32202016

See Appendix 4 for more additional data by LGA & comparative regions

Table 15: Family Blending, children 0-3 years, GWS & comparative regions, 2016 Family Blending, 0-3 years olds, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 GWS (13 LGAs) Greater Sydney Rest of NSW New South Wales Family Blending No. % No. % No. % No. % Intact family with no other 100,074 75.2% 193,505 78.1% 80,497 65.5% 274,002 74.0% children present Step family with no other 1,312 1.0% 2,420 1.0% 1,103 0.9% 3,523 1.0% children present Blended family with no 4,774 3.6% 7,748 3.1% 7,321 6.0% 15,069 4.1% other children present Intact family with other 1,770 1.3% 2,405 1.0% 1,062 0.9% 3,467 0.9% children present Step family with other 113 0.1% 151 0.1% 130 0.1% 281 0.1% children present Blended family with other 110 0.1% 152 0.1% 149 0.1% 301 0.1% children present Other couple family with 311 0.2% 504 0.2% 498 0.4% 1,002 0.3% other children only

Not applicable* 24,617 18.5% 40,761 16.5% 32,108 26.1% 72,869 19.7%

Total 0-3 years 133,081 100% 247,646 100% 122,868 100% 370,514 100% *Includes One parent families, couple families with no children, other families, Non-family/non-classifiable households, unoccupied private dwellings, non-private dwellings, migratory, off-shore & shipping SA1s. Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Housing “Access to stable, adequate shelter plays a major role in the health and wellbeing of families, and in particular children, by providing a safe environment, the security that allows participation in the social, educational, economic, and community aspects of their lives and the privacy to foster autonomy as an individual and a family unit.” Australian Institute of Health & Welfare (AIHW)6

This section examines housing of young children. This includes whether the dwelling is low or high density, owned or rented and whether or not the children changed address in the year prior to the Census.

The Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute (AHURI) conducted research to discover if housing had an impact on the wellbeing of children. They used data from Growing up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian children (LSAC) and Footprints in Time: The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children (LSIC). These studies have followed cohorts of children from birth conducting bi- annual interviews for LSAC7 and annual interviews for LSIC 8participants providing a rich source of primary longitudinal data. AHURI found that certain factors such as frequent moves, renting, receipt of rental assistance, crowding and financial stress had a negative effect on wellbeing. Better physical types or conditions of housing had positive impacts on health. The neighbourhood that children lived in was particularly important in wellbeing and the AHURI report suggested that policy should address improving neighbourhood amenity, the quality of schools in poorer neighbourhoods and increasing assistance to families with preschool aged children to reduce related financial stress and housing instability. Dwelling type In GWS in 2016, more than two thirds (68.5%) of children aged 0-3 years lived in a separate house. This was higher than Greater Sydney (59.8%) but lower than NSW (69.2%) and The Rest of NSW (88.1%). Within GWS, Wollondilly had the highest proportion of children living separate houses (97.2%) and Parramatta had the lowest (37.1%). In Parramatta, more 0-3 year old children lived in a Flat or Apartment (43.0% or 5,810 children) than in a Separate House (37.1% or 5,014 children) or Semi-detached, row or terrace house, or townhouse (17.1% or 2,314 children). Canterbury- Bankstown and Cumberland also had lower proportions of children in Separate Houses (50.0% & 51.2% respectively) and higher proportion of children living in Flats or Apartments (30.8% & 30.7% respectively).

Lithgow had the highest proportion of children 0-3 years living in Other Dwellings (3.4% or 32 children). This was much higher than GWS (0.4%), the Rest of NSW (0.5%) Greater Sydney (0.4%) and all other LGAs and comparative regions. Other Dwellings include a caravan, cabin, houseboat, improvised home, tent, sleepers out, house or flat attached to a shop office etc.

See Table 16 for full details for each LGA and comparative regions.

6 Shelter: Development of a Children’s Headline Indicator. Available at https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/shelter-development-of-chi/contents/summary 7 https://growingupinaustralia.gov.au/about-study 8 https://aifs.gov.au/publications/family-matters/issue-91/footprints-time-longitudinal-study-indigenous- children

Table 16: Dwelling type, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Dwelling type by GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 0-3 year olds, 2016 Semi-detached, row Separate house or terrace house, Flat or apartment* Other dwelling# Not stated Not applicable Total 0-3 Region townhouse etc. years No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Blacktown 16,164 75.6% 3,856 18.0% 1,232 5.8% 59 0.3% 68 0.3% 4 0.0% 21,383 Blue Mountains 3,152 95.9% 70 2.1% 26 0.8% 10 0.3% 10 0.3% 18 0.5% 3,286 Camden 5,035 96.6% 161 3.1% 3 0.1% 3 0.1% 5 0.1% 5 0.1% 5,212 Campbelltown 7,233 78.6% 1,643 17.8% 287 3.1% 14 0.2% 18 0.2% 11 0.1% 9,206 Canterbury-Bankstown 9,954 50.0% 3,546 17.8% 6,135 30.8% 119 0.6% 112 0.6% 24 0.1% 19,890 Cumberland 6,936 51.2% 2,274 16.8% 4,158 30.7% 94 0.7% 68 0.5% 7 0.1% 13,537 Fairfield 6,920 71.8% 1,285 13.3% 1,267 13.1% 90 0.9% 51 0.5% 24 0.2% 9,637 Hawkesbury 2,906 89.6% 256 7.9% 40 1.2% 11 0.3% 14 0.4% 15 0.5% 3,242 Lithgow 835 89.7% 46 4.9% 9 1.0% 32 3.4% 5 0.5% 4 0.4% 931 Liverpool 9,411 75.8% 1,283 10.3% 1,609 13.0% 17 0.1% 30 0.2% 58 0.5% 12,408 Parramatta 5,014 37.1% 2,314 17.1% 5,810 43.0% 71 0.5% 38 0.3% 250 1.9% 13,497 Penrith 9,734 83.7% 1,230 10.6% 547 4.7% 9 0.1% 42 0.4% 70 0.6% 11,632 The Hills Shire 6,154 81.4% 992 13.1% 356 4.7% 13 0.2% 13 0.2% 29 0.4% 7,557 Wingecarribee 1,753 95.1% 53 2.9% 17 0.9% - 0.0% 14 0.8% 6 0.3% 1,843 Wollondilly 2,510 97.2% 32 1.2% 8 0.3% 13 0.5% 7 0.3% 12 0.5% 2,582 GWS (13 LGAs) 91,127 68.5% 18,938 14.2% 21,478 16.1% 540 0.4% 477 0.4% 518 0.4% 133,078 FACS WS District 50,895 67.8% 11,035 14.7% 12,180 16.2% 305 0.4% 268 0.4% 393 0.5% 75,076 FACS SWS District 42,816 70.4% 8,009 13.2% 9,317 15.3% 273 0.4% 229 0.4% 138 0.2% 60,782 Greater Sydney 148,193 59.8% 37,397 15.1% 58,838 23.8% 1,059 0.4% 857 0.3% 1,318 0.5% 247,662 Rest of NSW 108,213 88.1% 7,724 6.3% 4,392 3.6% 942 0.8% 635 0.5% 955 0.8% 122,861 New South Wales 256,406 69.2% 45,121 12.2% 63,230 17.1% 2,001 0.5% 1,492 0.4% 2,273 0.6% 370,523 *includes one or more storey blocks, flats attached to a house #includes caravan, cabin, houseboat, improvised home, tent, sleepers out, house or flat attached to a shop, office, etc. Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Tenure Type In 2016, almost half (47.1%) of children aged 0-3 years in GWS lived in a dwelling that was owned with a mortgage. This was slightly lower than FACS WS District (48.5%) and Greater Sydney (48.0%) but higher than FACS SWS District (45.5%) and the Rest of NSW (46.0%). The next largest group were those living in a rented dwelling. In GWS 38.4% of children 0-3 years lived in a rented dwelling compared to 36.8% in Greater Sydney, 37.5% in Rest of NSW and 37.0% in NSW. The proportion of children living in a dwelling that was owned outright was quite small with 7.4% in GWS compared to 8.1% in Greater Sydney, 7.5% in Rest of NSW and 7.9% in NSW. FACS SWS District has a slightly higher proportion of children living in dwelling owned outright (8.3%) than FACS WS District (6.7%).

The AHURI report mentioned in the Housing introduction states that frequent moves, renting, receipt of rental assistance, crowding and financial stress have a negative effect on wellbeing. With more than a third of children aged 0-3 years living in rental dwellings this may mean that many of the 51,094 children in GWS living in rented dwellings may be subject to negative effects on their well-being. A further 62,645 children aged 0-3 years in GWS lived in a dwelling owned with a mortgage so a high proportion of these children could be living with financial stress caused by the cost of housing.

A larger table showing the proportions of tenure type for all LGAS in GWS as well as Lithgow and Wingecarribee can be found in Appendix 5. This table shows that Fairfield had the highest proportion of 0-3 year olds living in a dwelling owned outright with 12.8%, followed by The Hills Shire with 10.6%. Camden had the highest proportion of dwellings owned with a mortgage (67.0%) ahead of Wollondilly (66.8%) and The Hills Shire (64.7%). Cumberland had the highest proportion of children 0-3 years living in a rented dwelling (47.2%) followed by Parramatta (46.9%) and Canterbury-Bankstown (45.7%).

Table 17: Tenure type for 0-3 year olds, GWS and comparative regions, 2016

Tenure type, 0-3 year olds, GWS and comparative regions, 2016 GWS (13 LGAs) FACS WS District FACS SWS District Greater Sydney Rest of NSW NSW Region No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Owned outright 9,819 7.4% 5,019 6.7% 5,042 8.3% 19,989 8.1% 9,247 7.5% 29,236 7.9% Owned with a mortgage 62,645 47.1% 36,429 48.5% 27,637 45.5% 118,860 48.0% 56,509 46.0% 175,369 47.3% Being purchased under a shared equity scheme 103 0.1% 50 0.1% 51 0.1% 186 0.1% 56 0.0% 242 0.1% Rented 51,094 38.4% 28,490 37.9% 23,465 38.6% 91,131 36.8% 46,026 37.5% 137,157 37.0% Being occupied rent-free 928 0.7% 505 0.7% 464 0.8% 1,862 0.8% 2,031 1.7% 3,893 1.1% Being occupied under a life tenure scheme 123 0.1% 64 0.1% 59 0.1% 189 0.1% 102 0.1% 291 0.1% Other tenure type 382 0.3% 186 0.2% 206 0.3% 648 0.3% 558 0.5% 1,206 0.3% Not stated/Not applicable 7,986 6.0% 4,334 5.8% 3,860 6.4% 14,783 6.0% 8,344 6.8% 23,127 6.2% Total 0-3 years 133,080 100% 75,077 100% 60,784 100% 247,648 100% 122,873 100% 370,521 100.0% Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Landlord type The following table shows that the most common form of landlord for rental dwellings was a real estate agent with 28.6% (38,067 persons) of children aged 0-3 years living in this tenure and landlord type of dwelling. This proportion was similar across each of the FACS regions and Greater Sydney but slightly higher than both The Rest of NSW (23.6%) and NSW (26.8%). There was a total of 3,998 children (3.0%) living in public housing (State or territory housing authority). With the proportion of children in public housing being very low across all regions. Only 3.0% of children aged 0-3 years in GWS lived in public housing compared to Greater Sydney with 2.0%, The Rest of NSW with 3.4% and NSW with 2.5%. It is possible that many of the children living in private rental dwellings were also on the wait list for public housing.

Almost as many children live in housing supplied by their parent’s employer as lived in public housing. A total of 1,876 children aged 0-3 years (1.4%) in GWS lived in employer supplied housing. This proportion was higher than Greater Sydney (1.1%) but lower than The Rest of NSW (2.2%) and NSW (1.4%). The reason for higher proportion in the Rest of NSW may be due to the number of military bases outside of the metropolitan centre and more jobs such as farm employees and temporary workers requiring housing to be supplied. In GWS there was a large range of occupations where housing was sometimes supplied such as retail assistants, ministers, carers, bank workers, caravan park managers, housekeepers and gardeners to name just a few.

Table 18: Landlord type by 0-3 year olds, GWS and comparative regions

Landlord type by proportion of 0-3 year olds, GWS and comparative areas, 2016 GWS (13 LGAs) Greater Sydney The Rest of NSW NSW Region No. % No. % No. % No. % Real estate agent 38,067 28.6% 70,206 28.3% 29,049 23.6% 99,255 26.8% State or territory housing authority 3,998 3.0% 5,072 2.0% 4,173 3.4% 9,245 2.5% Person not in the same household/parent other relative 2,630 2.0% 4,870 2.0% 4,576 3.7% 9,446 2.5% Person not in the same household/other person 4,453 3.3% 8,433 3.4% 5,916 4.8% 14,349 3.9% Residential park (incl. caravan parks & marinas) 11 0.0% 60 0.0% 121 0.1% 181 0.0% Employer - Govt. (Inc. Defence Force Authority) 624 0.5% 1,017 0.4% 1,012 0.8% 2,029 0.5% Employer - Other Employer 1,252 0.9% 1,674 0.7% 1,685 1.4% 3,359 0.9% Housing co-op./community/church group 495 0.4% 792 0.3% 706 0.6% 1,498 0.4% Not stated 489 0.4% 875 0.4% 819 0.7% 1,694 0.5% Not applicable* 81,053 60.9% 154,657 62.4% 74,815 60.9% 229,472 61.9% Total 0-3 years 133,072 100.0% 247,656 100.0% 122,872 100.0% 370,528 100.0% *Not applicable includes those in non-private dwellings, unoccupied private dwellings and tenure types other than renting. Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Usual Address one year ago More than half of all children in GWS (58.6% or 77,791 children) who were aged 0-3 years had the same address the year before as they did at the time of the 2016 Census. The children in the not applicable category also need to be added to this total as these were the children who were aged 0 years, and therefore, not born the year before the census which means that 81.9% of 0-3 year olds were at the same address as the previous year. In GWS, Camden had the most mobile population of 0-3 year olds with 16.5% having had an address elsewhere in Australia the previous year. The population of 0-3 year olds in Camden increased by 55.2% (1,869 children) between 2006 and 2016 (see table 4) due to increased development which tended to attract young families. This would also explain why Camden had the highest proportion of 0-3 year olds who lived in a dwelling that was owned with a mortgage (see Appendix 5).

Table 19: Usual Address one year ago, GWS LGAs & comparative regions, 2016 Usual Address one year ago, 0-3 year olds, GWS LGAs & comparative regions, 2016 LGAs located further away from Sydney tended to Elsewhere in Same as in 2016 Overseas in 2015 Not stated Not applicable Total 0-3 Region Australia have higher levels of mobility. Wingecarribee had years the highest proportion of children aged 0-3 years No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Blacktown 12,745 59.4% 2,722 12.7% 300 1.4% 746 3.5% 4,927 23.0% 21,440 with a different address one year ago with 19.1%, Blue Mountains 1,975 60.0% 455 13.8% 16 0.5% 80 2.4% 768 23.3% 3,294 followed by Camden (16.5%), Wollondilly (15.4%), Camden 2,892 55.0% 868 16.5% 22 0.4% 160 3.0% 1,314 25.0% 5,256 Campbelltown (15.1%), Lithgow (14.4%) and Campbelltown 5,229 56.9% 1,386 15.1% 98 1.1% 376 4.1% 2,101 22.9% 9,190 Canterbury-Bankstown 11,820 59.5% 2,283 11.5% 361 1.8% 786 4.0% 4,605 23.2% 19,855 Penrith (14.4%). It is difficult to know if housing Cumberland 7,999 59.2% 1,454 10.8% 353 2.6% 485 3.6% 3,231 23.9% 13,522 prices, availability of employment or lifestyle Fairfield 5,793 60.5% 1,130 11.8% 176 1.8% 329 3.4% 2,150 22.4% 9,578 factors play a part the movement of young Hawkesbury 1,939 59.5% 433 13.3% 4 0.1% 114 3.5% 769 23.6% 3,259 families. Wollondilly has high mobility but one of Lithgow 492 52.1% 136 14.4% 3 0.3% 78 8.3% 236 25.0% 945 Liverpool 7,253 58.6% 1,462 11.8% 146 1.2% 551 4.4% 2,971 24.0% 12,383 the highest levels of dwellings owned with a Parramatta 7,413 55.8% 1,616 12.2% 672 5.1% 470 3.5% 3,114 23.4% 13,285 mortgage while others such as Lithgow have high Penrith 6,604 57.0% 1,665 14.4% 56 0.5% 421 3.6% 2,844 24.5% 11,590 levels of mobility and high proportions of rentals. The Hills Shire 4,633 61.8% 1,061 14.2% 130 1.7% 124 1.7% 1,544 20.6% 7,492 Wingecarribee 999 54.0% 354 19.1% 8 0.4% 68 3.7% 421 22.8% 1,850 High mobility and living in a rented dwelling have Wollondilly 1,506 57.8% 402 15.4% 8 0.3% 100 3.8% 589 22.6% 2,605 been found to have a negative effect on wellbeing GWS - 13 LGAs 77,791 58.6% 16,928 12.8% 2,329 1.8% 4,740 3.6% 30,926 23.3% 132,714 FACS WS District 43,800 58.5% 9,542 12.8% 1,534 2.1% 2,518 3.4% 17,433 23.3% 74,827 in studies by AHURI mentioned in Tenure Type on FACS SWS District 35,492 58.5% 7,885 13.0% 819 1.3% 2,370 3.9% 14,151 23.3% 60,717 page 28 Greater Sydney 143,718 58.2% 31,131 12.6% 4,641 1.9% 8,695 3.5% 58,861 23.8% 247,046

Rest of NSW 67,439 55.1% 19,909 16.3% 663 0.5% 5,447 4.5% 28,847 23.6% 122,305 NSW 211,157 57.2% 51,040 13.8% 5,304 1.4% 14,142 3.8% 87,708 23.7% 369,351

Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro 30

Cross tabbing of the variables of address one year ago, and the tenure type of dwellings provides additional information of the mobility of children. The data in the table reveals that the most mobile children aged 0-3 years are those living in rented dwellings. Almost one fifth (19.5%) of 0-3 year olds who were living in a rented dwelling had a different address to that one year ago. This was more than double the proportion who were living in a dwelling owned outright (8.7%) or owned with a mortgage (9.0%). Other groups that appeared to have higher mobility were the less common types of tenure with 11.3% of children in dwellings occupied rent-free changing address since the previous year, along with 10.2% of those in dwelling occupied under a life tenure scheme and 12.1% of those in the category of other tenure type. These latter categories, particularly those in rent free accommodation may have changed address to take advantage of what was perceived as more stable or cheaper accommodation.

Although the numbers were small for children aged 0-3 years living in a dwelling being purchased under a shared equity scheme (108 children), their mobility was high, with 9.3% having an address elsewhere in Australia one year ago and 6.5% having an address overseas one year ago. Individual LGA data can be supplied by WESTIR on request.

Table 20: Usual address one year ago by tenure type, 0-3 years, GWS, 2016

Usual address one year ago by tenure, 0-3 year olds GWS, 2016 Elsewhere in Same as in 2016 Overseas in 2015 Not stated Not applicable Address one year ago Australia Total 0-3 Tenure Type No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % years Owned outright 6,488 66.5% 853 8.7% 120 1.2% 63 0.6% 2,229 22.9% 9,753 Owned with a mortgage 42,043 67.2% 5,659 9.0% 357 0.6% 144 0.2% 14,329 22.9% 62,532 Being purchased - shared equity scheme 59 54.6% 10 9.3% 7 6.5% - 0.0% 32 29.6% 108 Rented 26,915 52.8% 9,927 19.5% 1,793 3.5% 398 0.8% 11,920 23.4% 50,953 Being occupied rent-free 587 63.8% 104 11.3% 8 0.9% 13 1.4% 208 22.6% 920 Being occupied - life tenure scheme 71 55.9% 13 10.2% 5 3.9% 6 4.7% 32 25.2% 127 Other tenure type 243 65.5% 45 12.1% - 0.0% - 0.0% 83 22.4% 371 Not stated 1,306 17.6% 304 4.1% 41 0.6% 4,047 54.4% 1,743 23.4% 7,441 Not applicable 58 11.5% 27 5.3% 9 1.8% 52 10.3% 359 71.1% 505 77,771 58.6% 16,947 12.8% 2,335 1.8% 4,720 3.6% 30,937 23.3% 132,710 Total Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Family income “Children who experience poverty at some time in their childhood are likely to have poorer cognitive and social outcomes, are more likely to be obese and are also likely to have lower levels of general health. Furthermore, there are substantial differences in developmental outcomes for children who had experienced persistent poverty, compared to children who were never poor. (Diana Warren 2017”)9

The most common family income for children aged 0-3 years in GWS was $1,500-$2,499 per week with 28.3% of children in this range. This was very similar to the Rest of NSW (28.4%) and higher than both Greater Sydney (26.5%) and NSW (27.1%). The proportion of children living in families with lower incomes in GWS was higher than Greater Sydney while the proportion of children living in families with higher incomes was higher in Greater Sydney than GWS. In Greater Sydney 18.2% of children aged 0-3 years lived in families with an income of $3,500 per week or more compared to only 8.7% in GWS and 6.9% in the Rest of NSW. FACS SWS District had the highest proportion of families with an income of less than $299 per week (4.5%) and the lowest proportions in all ranges with incomes of more than $1,500 per week. (See Figure 4)

Figure 4: Total family income as stated, GWS & comparative regions, 2016

Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

There was variation in the incomes of different LGAs within GWS. Figure 5 illustrates the different patterns of income distribution throughout GWS, Lithgow and Wingecarribee. Fairfield had higher

9Social Policy Research Paper – Low-income & poverty dynamics – Implications for child outcomes. Diana Warren. https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/11_2017/sprp47_low_income_web.pdf 32

proportions of families with children aged 0-3 years earning less than $299 per week and one of the lowest proportions of high-income families, while The Hills Shire had most families earning more than $1,500 per week (76.3%) and the largest proportion of families in the $3,500 or more per week range (26.7%). Hawkesbury had a larger mid-range with most families earning more than $1,000 per week (75.2%) but a lower proportion of those in the highest range. Camden is another LGA with a lower proportion of families in the low-income ranges with most residents having an income of between $1,000 and $2,499 per week (35.1%). For more detailed data contact WESTIR.

Figure 5: Total family income as stated by ranges & %, Selected LGAs, 2016

Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

As mentioned previously in this paper, a project in its early stages in the USA aims to discover if monthly payments to mothers can improve the prospects of their children. The project was summarised in a Ted Talk by Kimberly Noble 10. Research by Diana Warren has already found that children in lone parent households had a higher rate of poverty and financial disadvantage than those in households with two parents.11

The graph below in Figure 6 highlights the disparity between couple family incomes and lone parent family incomes in GWS for children aged 0-3 years. The most common income range for lone parent families in GWS was $500-$649 per week compared to $2,000-$2,400 per week for couple families with children. The pattern in the graph clearly shows that lone parents were represented mostly in the lower ranges with a sharp increase to the $500-$649 per week range before rapidly falling with

10https://www.ted.com/talks/kimberly_noble_how_does_income_affect_childhood_brain_development/transcript?utm_s ource=newsletter_weekly_2019-04- 06&utm_campaign=newsletter_weekly&utm_medium=email&utm_content=talk_of_the_week_button 11 Social Policy Research Paper – Low-income & poverty dynamics – Implications for child outcomes. Diana Warren. https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/11_2017/sprp47_low_income_web.pdf 33

few if any in the ranges from $4,000 or more per week. In contrast the pattern for couple families shows few families in the lowest ranges and a gradual increase to $800-$999 per week, a plateau to $1,750-$1,999 per week. There is then a sharp rise to the most common range and a sharp fall but there were far more couple families with children in the highest ranges than lone parents.

Figure 6:Family income by family type, % 0-3 years, GWS, 2016

Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Need for assistance This section covers 0-4 years rather than 0-3 years due to the timeseries being determined by the ABS and not being available for individual ages. The census question on need for assistance relates to three core activities- self-care, mobility and communication. The reason a person is in need of assistance is also asked and if the answer is due to old or young age alone and not a long-term condition, and if the person is aged under 40 years, the person is coded to ‘does not have need for assistance. 12 The size of the ‘not stated’ response in the 0-4 years children was quite high (6.3% for GWS) indicating that this question may pose difficulties for some people in their answer.

The proportion of children aged 0-4 years who were in need of assistance with core activities was very low across GWS and comparative regions. In 2016 only 1.3% of children in GWS aged 0-4 years was in need of assistance with core activities. This was higher than Greater Sydney (1.1%) and NSW (1.1%) but the same as Rest of NSW (1.3%). Over time, the proportion of 0-4 year olds in GWS in need of assistance rose from 0.9% in 2006, to 1.1% in 2011 and 1.3% in 2016. All comparative

12 https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/2901.0Chapter27102016 34

regions and all but one LGA in GWS have experienced an increase in the number of people needing assistance from 2006 to 2016. The Hills Shire was the only LGA not to experience an increase with the proportion remaining at 0.7% of 0-4 year old in 2006, 2011 & 2016. Campbelltown and Wollondilly had the highest proportion of 0-4 year olds needing assistance with 1.8% and The Hills Shire had the lowest proportion (0.7%). (See Table 21 for detailed data for the three censuses for GWS LGAs and comparative regions).

Table 21: Need for assistance, 0-4 years, GWS LGAs & comparative regions, 2006-2016

Need for Assistance with core activities *, 0-4 year olds, GWS LGAs & comparative regions, 2006-2016 In need of assistance for core activity Region 2006 2011 2016 No. % No. % No. % Blacktown 197 0.9% 288 1.1% 374 1.4% Blue Mountains 56 1.2% 71 1.5% 64 1.5% Camden 46 1.1% 67 1.5% 95 1.4% Campbelltown 125 1.2% 139 1.3% 208 1.8% Canterbury-Bankstown 178 0.8% 231 1.0% 304 1.2% Cumberland 136 1.0% 141 0.9% 158 0.9% Fairfield 86 0.7% 147 1.2% 127 1.1% Hawkesbury 28 0.6% 49 1.2% 57 1.4% Lithgow 14 1.2% 14 1.1% 16 1.4% Liverpool 123 0.9% 137 1.0% 200 1.3% Parramatta 78 0.7% 109 0.8% 157 1.0% Penrith 152 1.2% 180 1.3% 216 1.5% The Hills Shire 60 0.7% 65 0.7% 72 0.7% Wingecarribee 26 1.0% 35 1.4% 37 1.6% Wollondilly 32 1.1% 40 1.3% 60 1.8% GWS (13 LGAs) 1,297 0.9% 1,664 1.1% 2,092 1.3% FACS WS District 721 0.9% 917 1.0% 1,114 1.2% FACS SWS District 616 0.9% 796 1.1% 1,031 1.3% Greater Sydney 2,202 0.8% 2,781 0.9% 3,371 1.1% Rest of NSW 1,502 1.0% 1,826 1.1% 1,944 1.3% NSW 3,704 0.9% 4,607 1.0% 5,315 1.1% Source: ABS Census 2016, Datapacks, TSP, Table 28

The following graph illustrates the proportion of children aged 0-4 years in need of assistance for GWS and comparative regions for 2006, 2011 and 2016. Greater Sydney had the lowest proportion in each of the three censuses with a gradual increase each 5 years. The same pattern could be seen for NSW and FACS WS District. A sharper increase can be seen for GWS between 2011 and 2016 and a levelling off can be seen for the Rest of NSW. FACS SWS District was different to the other comparative regions with a sharper increase visible between 2011 and 2016. It must be noted that the figures involved are very small and although increases are visible, they are marginal.

Figure 7: Need for assistance, 0-4 years, GWS & comparative regions, 2006-2016

Source: ABS Census 2016, Datapacks, TSP, Table 28

Attending an educational institution The data for attendance at an educational institution revealed there were no children under the age of three attending any type of educational institution. Therefore, this section will focus only on those children who were three years of age at the time of the 2016 census.

In 2016 in GWS, a total of 13,470 children aged 3 years were attending Preschool. This was 39.5% of all three year old children in GWS which was lower than for Greater Sydney (44.9%), Rest of NSW (46.9%), NSW (45.5%), and FACS WS District (41.1%). The only region with a lower proportion was FACS SWS District with 38.4%. Within the LGAs of GWS, Hawkesbury had the highest attendance at Preschool (56.0%), followed by Wollondilly (54.4%) and The Hills Shire (51.7%). The lowest attendance at Preschool by three year old children was in Fairfield (27.8%) followed by Cumberland (34.3%) and Liverpool (35.6%). It is interesting to note that low preschool attendance is not related to remoteness with some of the LGAs furthest from Sydney CBD having the highest rates of Preschool attendance. This table does not include children attending other forms of childcare such as long day-care centres or home-based day-carers.

There were also a small number of children who were attending an ‘other’ educational institution as a full-time or part-time student. It is unclear as to what these ‘other’ institutes are but the ABS criteria specifies the institution must have education as its primary role.

Table 22: - Attending an educational institute, Three year olds, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016

Attending an Educational Institution, 3 year old children, GWS LGAs & comparative regions, 2016 Not attending an Other Educational Preschool Not stated educational Total 3 year Institute institution olds No. % No. % No. % No. % Blacktown 2,010 36.6% 40 0.7% 383 7.0% 3,055 55.7% 5,488 Blue Mountains 463 51.3% - 0.0% 32 3.5% 408 45.2% 903 Camden 656 51.5% 5 0.4% 63 4.9% 549 43.1% 1,273 Campbelltown 919 39.5% 25 1.1% 179 7.7% 1,205 51.8% 2,328 Canterbury-Bankstown 1,911 37.8% 38 0.8% 465 9.2% 2,639 52.2% 5,053 Cumberland 1,152 34.3% 42 1.3% 255 7.6% 1,906 56.8% 3,355 Fairfield 734 27.8% 26 1.0% 211 8.0% 1,672 63.3% 2,643 Hawkesbury 473 56.0% - 0.0% 46 5.5% 325 38.5% 844 Lithgow 108 44.4% - 0.0% 33 13.6% 102 42.0% 243 Liverpool 1,089 35.6% 26 0.9% 264 8.6% 1,679 54.9% 3,058 Parramatta 1,219 35.9% 30 0.9% 228 6.7% 1,923 56.6% 3,400 Penrith 1,401 48.0% 8 0.3% 172 5.9% 1,338 45.8% 2,919 The Hills Shire 1,097 51.7% 6 0.3% 88 4.1% 931 43.9% 2,122 Wingecarribee 280 55.3% - 0.0% 41 8.1% 185 36.6% 506 Wollondilly 374 54.4% - 0.0% 48 7.0% 265 38.6% 687 GWS - 13 LGAs 13,470 39.5% 253 0.7% 2,457 7.2% 17,894 52.5% 34,074 FACS WS District 7,923 41.1% 126 0.7% 1,237 6.4% 9,988 51.8% 19,274 FACS SWS District 5,963 38.4% 120 0.8% 1,271 8.2% 8,194 52.7% 15,548 Greater Sydney 28,240 44.9% 483 0.8% 4,324 6.9% 29,912 47.5% 62,959 Rest of NSW 15,096 46.9% 208 0.6% 2,569 8.0% 14,348 44.5% 32,221 New South Wales 43,336 45.5% 691 0.7% 6,893 7.2% 44,260 46.5% 95,180 Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro Immunisation rates The Australian Federal government has an aspirational target of 95% of the population being fully immunised. 13 This coverage aims to create ‘herd immunity’. This is when enough of the population is immunised to prevent disease spreading which protects those people who have not been immunised due to young age, valid medical reasons or where immunisation has not been effective. So far, Australia has achieved 96.66% coverage for Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander five year olds and 94.7% for all five year olds.

The following immunisation data is for one and two year old children in the SA3s of Western Sydney. SA3s are an ABS Geographical category that allows analysis of data at a regional level. The data shows a higher proportion of one year old children were immunised than two year old children. Changes to the NSW Public Health Amendment (Review) Act 2017 mean that from 1 January 2018 children who are not immunised due to their parents being conscientious objectors cannot be enrolled in pre-school. A child who is not vaccinated due to medical reasons or is on a catch-up program can still be enrolled with an appropriate form signed by a medical practitioner but may be excluded from pre-school upon an outbreak of disease to protect themselves and others from infection 14.

Auburn SA3 had the lowest proportion of fully vaccinated 1 year olds with a rate of 89.8% or 1,490 children. Other SA3s with low rates were Merrylands-Guildford (90.6%), Fairfield (91.0%) and

13 https://beta.health.gov.au/health-topics/immunisation/childhood-immunisation-coverage 14 https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/immunisation/Pages/childcare_qa.aspx 37

Canterbury (91.9%). Camden had the highest immunisation rate with 96.5% ahead of Penrith (95.6%), Hawkesbury (95.6%) and Blacktown – North (95.2%).

Canterbury SA3 had the lowest proportion of fully vaccinated 2 year olds (85.0%) followed by Mount Druitt (85.2%) and Auburn (86.2%). The SA3 with the highest proportion of fully vaccinated 2 year olds was Camden (93.7%) ahead of Wollondilly (93.1%) and Penrith (92.7%).

Table 23: Immunisation rates for children 1 & 2 years of age, GWS SA3s, 2016/17

Proportion of immunised 1 & 2 year old children, SA3s of GWS, 2016-2017 Number of registered* Percent fully immunised % SA3 name children 1 year 2 years 1 year 2 years Lithgow - Mudgee 573 611 94.9 90.2 Baulkham Hills 1,659 1,789 93.5 90.9 Dural - Wisemans Ferry 295 265 94.9 88.7 Hawkesbury 315 316 95.6 90.5 Rouse Hill - McGraths Hill 479 471 95.4 92.4 Blacktown 2,177 2,200 93.8 90.3 Blacktown - North 1,493 1,507 95.2 92.8 Mount Druitt 1,962 2,034 92.2 85.2 Bankstown 2,803 2,788 92.1 86.3 Canterbury 2,149 2,152 91.9 85.0 Camden 1,030 1,027 96.5 93.7 Campbelltown 2,534 2,605 93.8 89.9 Wollondilly 611 648 95.1 93.1 Blue Mountains 802 838 92.1 90.1 Penrith 2,277 2,211 95.6 92.7 Richmond - Windsor 531 484 94.5 92.6 St Marys 1,011 1,068 93.3 90.4 Auburn 1,490 1,517 89.8 86.2 Carlingford 916 941 93.3 89.8 Merrylands - Guildford 2,786 2,780 90.6 86.4 Parramatta 2,333 2,438 91.6 88.1 Pennant Hills - Epping 451 508 92.5 89.2 Bringelly - Green Valley 1,626 1,568 95.0 91.1 Fairfield 2,466 2,588 91.0 87.7 Liverpool 2,033 1,993 93.0 89.5 *registered with the Australian Immunisation Register (AIR) Source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017

Map 3 shows the proportion of fully vaccinated 2 year old children in Greater Sydney. The lowest rate of immunisation is indicated in light yellow. This shows GWS to have some large areas in Cumberland, Burwood, Canterbury-Bankstown , Fairfield and Blacktown with low rates of vaccination but there were also large areas in the Eastern Suburbs and on the Northern Beaches where immunisation rates were low. Areas with the highest rates of fully immunised 2 year old children were Camden, Sutherland and Inner West. There were no areas where the rate exceeded 95.0%.

Map 3: Proportion of fully immunised 2-year-old children, 2016/17

Source: AIHW, 2018 39

Conclusion The average child in GWS, who was aged 0-3 years in 2016, was born in Australia, spoke English at home, was affiliated with a Christian religion, was the natural or adopted child in a family with two parents and a total of three or four people. They had been fully immunised and were not in need of assistance for core activities due to disability. Their family home was a separate dwelling that was owned with a mortgage, they had a family income of between $1,500 and $2,499 per week, and had not moved house in the previous year. However, this is only an average and not really a fair or accurate picture of how and where the 0-3 year old children of GWS live.

Almost all children aged 0-3 years were born in Australia but 58.3% of these children had at least one parent who was born overseas. Although English was the most common language spoken at home for 56.4% of children in GWS, almost 40% spoke a language other than English. Christianity was the most common religious affiliation, but one fifth of all 0-3-year olds did not have any religious affiliation and almost a quarter followed either Islam, Hinduism or Buddhism. In addition to the many differences in birthplace and language, 2.9% of children aged 0-3 years living in GWS identified as Indigenous.

The most common family income for children aged 0-3 years was $1,500 - $2,499 per week but one quarter of children aged 0-3 years lived in families with an income of $999 or less and if a child lived in a lone parent family their family income was more likely to be $500-$649 per week. Even though most children had not moved address in the year prior to the Census, those who did move tended to live in a rented dwelling. The most common tenure type in GWS was a dwelling owned with a mortgage but in some LGAs the most common tenure type was a rented dwelling. Having a low family income and moving to a new house regularly have both been shown to have a detrimental effect on a child’s development.

This paper shows how varied the circumstances of children in their first few years can be. The main barriers to health and well-being are living in a family with low income and/or unstable housing. The circumstances of a family can also change at any time. This means there should be adequate support for families who need help so they can give their children the best possible start in life.

Appendix 1- Language Spoken at home Top Languages spoken at home, GWS LGAs and selected regions, Children 0-3 years, 2016 Language spoken at Canterbury- Blacktown Blue Mountains Camden Campbelltown Cumberland Fairfield Hawkesbury Lithgow Liverpool Parramatta Penrith The Hills Shire Wingecarribee Wollond-illy home Bankstown English 13,069 2,935 4,342 6,129 8,451 4,994 3,535 2,959 812 6,342 5,573 9,322 4,910 1,633 2,314 Arabic 368 10 52 284 3,064 1,641 735 9 - 1,319 269 120 67 5 19 Non-verbal, so desc. 885 52 100 310 989 723 424 42 11 481 746 285 259 11 25 Mandarin 349 14 46 96 759 890 155 8 - 177 1,514 95 883 4 9 Vietnamese 50 - 9 59 892 98 1,528 8 - 449 28 19 15 3 7 Hindi 547 - 33 129 80 226 51 - - 251 392 46 77 - - Cantonese 117 4 24 31 312 233 174 6 - 71 519 20 187 - 8 Urdu 412 - 14 80 473 334 20 8 - 89 140 58 37 - - Punjabi 844 - 18 76 78 171 7 3 - 50 204 142 46 5 - Bengali 213 - 13 304 600 72 5 - - 56 102 24 15 - - Korean 81 3 8 14 137 241 3 - - 16 607 21 114 - - Gujarati 381 - - 21 20 282 3 - - 16 382 25 38 - - Tamil 260 - - 37 16 299 8 - - 30 297 25 53 - - Nepali 138 - 8 122 148 288 4 - - 45 67 34 12 6 - Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 11 - 28 7 20 4 579 - - 165 9 6 - - - Spanish 80 11 52 64 86 46 119 6 - 145 91 51 42 3 11 Greek 45 4 3 29 363 29 26 3 - 102 31 21 16 - 8 Telugu 127 - 4 15 20 123 - - - 18 226 20 16 3 - Turkish 87 - 9 13 46 238 36 - - 65 22 17 6 - 8 Indonesian 69 7 7 33 225 36 8 - - 40 68 12 47 - - Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 41 - 9 4 5 - 387 - - 89 - 6 - - - Malayalam 103 - 8 62 39 64 6 - - 61 112 49 8 3 - Samoan 127 - 4 118 39 13 83 - - 71 8 33 - - - Dari 123 - 3 13 25 238 9 - - 13 34 21 9 - - Persian (excl. Dari) 79 3 3 3 18 129 19 - - 28 108 20 78 - - Tagalog 209 - 3 24 31 31 23 - - 33 33 29 5 - - Khmer 6 3 7 25 6 3 246 - - 86 6 6 - - - Serbian 20 - 16 20 9 10 82 - - 177 7 12 10 4 5 Italian 15 6 21 6 78 15 30 - - 57 31 17 20 7 3 Tongan 78 - - 36 57 48 34 - - 20 15 14 - - - Marathi 45 - - 34 6 44 8 - - 42 82 4 7 - - Croatian 34 7 14 19 14 34 48 - - 58 17 14 5 - 3 Hazaraghi 40 - - 4 7 183 4 - - 7 6 10 - - - Filipino 120 4 - 14 30 16 7 - - 13 35 13 8 - - Thai 19 6 4 14 55 18 24 4 - 17 18 22 17 - - Sinhalese 77 - 6 15 9 12 - - - 5 36 17 26 - - Macedonian 3 - 4 3 86 3 23 - - 77 3 4 - - - Other languages total 571 94 120 232 611 399 265 37 20 375 424 255 217 54 28 Not stated 1,598 131 265 691 1,944 1,298 858 159 103 1,227 1,017 675 240 108 149 Total 21,441 3,294 5,257 9,190 19,848 13,526 9,576 3,252 946 12,383 13,279 11,584 7,490 1,849 2,597 Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro 41

Appendix 2 - Religion

Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Appendix 3 – Relationship in Household Relationship of children 0-3 years in household, GWS LGAs & Comparative Regions, 2016 Natural or adopted Step-child under Foster child under Grandchild under Otherwise related Unrelated child Other/Not Region child under 15 15 15 15 child under 15 under 15 Applicable* Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Blacktown 19,477 90.8% 277 1.3% 78 0.4% 216 1.0% 88 0.4% 45 0.2% 1,268 5.9% 21,449 Blue Mountains 3,026 91.9% 31 0.9% 9 0.3% 22 0.7% 3 0.1% 3 0.1% 197 6.0% 3,291 Camden 4,858 92.4% 39 0.7% 22 0.4% 32 0.6% 8 0.2% 3 0.1% 293 5.6% 5,255 Campbelltown 8,296 90.2% 108 1.2% 43 0.5% 113 1.2% 35 0.4% 26 0.3% 572 6.2% 9,193 Canterbury-Bankstown 18,103 91.2% 222 1.1% 17 0.1% 108 0.5% 53 0.3% 68 0.3% 1,288 6.5% 19,859 Cumberland 12,397 91.7% 160 1.2% 9 0.1% 66 0.5% 44 0.3% 46 0.3% 803 5.9% 13,525 Fairfield 8,656 90.5% 135 1.4% 18 0.2% 88 0.9% 66 0.7% 53 0.6% 550 5.7% 9,566 Hawkesbury 2,921 89.6% 40 1.2% 37 1.1% 31 1.0% 7 0.2% 3 0.1% 222 6.8% 3,261 Lithgow 777 82.2% 13 1.4% 16 1.7% 13 1.4% 6 0.6% - 0.0% 120 12.7% 945 Liverpool 11,109 89.7% 151 1.2% 34 0.3% 83 0.7% 43 0.3% 24 0.2% 934 7.5% 12,378 Parramatta 12,192 91.8% 137 1.0% 11 0.1% 53 0.4% 18 0.1% 23 0.2% 841 6.3% 13,275 Penrith 10,493 90.5% 129 1.1% 76 0.7% 98 0.8% 36 0.3% 23 0.2% 735 6.3% 11,590 The Hills Shire 7,088 94.7% 84 1.1% 18 0.2% 32 0.4% 8 0.1% 3 0.0% 254 3.4% 7,487 Wingecarribee 1,647 89.2% 28 1.5% 11 0.6% 14 0.8% 5 0.3% 3 0.2% 139 7.5% 1,847 Wollondilly 2,339 90.3% 22 0.8% 23 0.9% 19 0.7% 8 0.3% 3 0.1% 175 6.8% 2,589 GWS - 13 LGAs 120,943 91.1% 1,532 1.2% 406 0.3% 967 0.7% 412 0.3% 319 0.2% 8,141 6.1% 132,720 FACS WS District 68,371 91.4% 871 1.2% 254 0.3% 531 0.7% 210 0.3% 146 0.2% 4,440 5.9% 74,823 FACS SWS District 55,008 90.6% 705 1.2% 168 0.3% 457 0.8% 218 0.4% 180 0.3% 3,951 6.5% 60,687 Greater Sydney 225,464 91.3% 2,740 1.1% 591 0.2% 1,411 0.6% 527 0.2% 478 0.2% 15,838 6.4% 247,049 Rest of NSW 108,230 88.5% 1,410 1.2% 645 0.5% 1,261 1.0% 312 0.3% 187 0.2% 10,235 8.4% 122,280 New South Wales 333,694 90.4% 4,150 1.1% 1,236 0.3% 2,672 0.7% 839 0.2% 665 0.2% 26,073 7.1% 369,329 *Includes Visitor from within Australia, Other non-classifiable households & Not Applicable (Persons in non-private dwellings, Migratory, offshore or Shipping) Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Appendix 4 – Family Blending Family Blending, 0-3 years olds, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Intact family with Step family with Blended family Intact family with Step family with Blended family Other couple no other children no other children with no other other children other children with other family with other Not applicable* Region present present children present present present children present children only Total 0-3 No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % years Blacktown 15,711 73.4% 238 1.1% 756 3.5% 357 1.7% 17 0.1% 20 0.1% 46 0.2% 4,248 19.9% 21,393 Blue Mountains 2,491 76.0% 27 0.8% 195 6.0% 28 0.9% 4 0.1% - 0.0% 3 0.1% 529 16.1% 3,277 Camden 4,117 79.0% 28 0.5% 278 5.3% 38 0.7% 3 0.1% 4 0.1% 14 0.3% 730 14.0% 5,212 Campbelltown 6,079 66.0% 89 1.0% 443 4.8% 152 1.7% 11 0.1% 22 0.2% 28 0.3% 2,381 25.9% 9,205 Canterbury-Bankstown 15,324 77.0% 192 1.0% 559 2.8% 258 1.3% 11 0.1% 9 0.0% 42 0.2% 3,496 17.6% 19,891 Cumberland 10,769 79.6% 130 1.0% 309 2.3% 189 1.4% 12 0.1% 9 0.1% 30 0.2% 2,079 15.4% 13,527 Fairfield 6,632 68.9% 115 1.2% 310 3.2% 178 1.8% 14 0.1% 9 0.1% 31 0.3% 2,337 24.3% 9,626 Hawkesbury 2,286 70.4% 34 1.0% 233 7.2% 48 1.5% 7 0.2% - 0.0% 12 0.4% 625 19.3% 3,245 Lithgow 529 57.4% 6 0.7% 76 8.2% 14 1.5% - 0.0% - 0.0% 11 1.2% 286 31.0% 922 Liverpool 9,084 73.2% 122 1.0% 432 3.5% 177 1.4% 9 0.1% 11 0.1% 17 0.1% 2,556 20.6% 12,408 Parramatta 11,159 82.7% 123 0.9% 221 1.6% 90 0.7% 3 0.0% 5 0.0% 24 0.2% 1,875 13.9% 13,500 Penrith 7,991 68.7% 106 0.9% 654 5.6% 146 1.3% 16 0.1% 11 0.1% 42 0.4% 2,661 22.9% 11,627 The Hills Shire 6,514 86.1% 76 1.0% 231 3.1% 66 0.9% 9 0.1% 4 0.1% 11 0.1% 653 8.6% 7,564 Wingecarribee 1,331 71.6% 25 1.3% 107 5.8% 17 0.9% - 0.0% 6 0.3% 6 0.3% 366 19.7% 1,858 Wollondilly 1,902 73.7% 20 0.8% 163 6.3% 44 1.7% 3 0.1% 3 0.1% 11 0.4% 434 16.8% 2,580 GWS (13 LGAs) 100,074 75.2% 1,312 1.0% 4,774 3.6% 1,770 1.3% 113 0.1% 110 0.1% 311 0.2% 24,617 18.5% 133,081 FACS WS District 57,453 76.5% 753 1.0% 2,667 3.6% 935 1.2% 64 0.1% 52 0.1% 176 0.2% 12,967 17.3% 75,067 FACS SWS District 44,473 73.2% 592 1.0% 2,289 3.8% 861 1.4% 50 0.1% 67 0.1% 150 0.2% 12,305 20.2% 60,787 Greater Sydney 193,505 78.1% 2,420 1.0% 7,748 3.1% 2,405 1.0% 151 0.1% 152 0.1% 504 0.2% 40,761 16.5% 247,646 Rest of NSW 80,497 65.5% 1,103 0.9% 7,321 6.0% 1,062 0.9% 130 0.1% 149 0.1% 498 0.4% 32,108 26.1% 122,868 New South Wales 274,002 74.0% 3,523 1.0% 15,069 4.1% 3,467 0.9% 281 0.1% 301 0.1% 1,002 0.3% 72,869 19.7% 370,514 *Includes One parent families, couple families with no children, other families, Non-family/non-classifiable households, unoccupoied private dwellings, non-private dwellings, mirgratory, offshore & shipping SA1s.

Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro

Appendix 5 – Tenure Type Tenure type, 0-3 year olds, GWS LGAs and comparative regions, 2016 Being purchased Being occupied Owned with a Being occupied Other tenure Not stated/Not Owned outright under a shared Rented under a life Region mortgage rent-free type applicable equity scheme tenure scheme Total 0-3 No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % years Blacktown 1,068 5.0% 10,834 50.7% 16 0.1% 8,078 37.8% 104 0.5% 25 0.1% 36 0.2% 1,226 5.7% 21,387 Blue Mountains 270 8.2% 2,100 63.7% 4 0.1% 759 23.0% 31 0.9% - 0.0% 9 0.3% 123 3.7% 3,296 Camden 294 5.6% 3,502 67.0% - 0.0% 1,153 22.1% 16 0.3% - 0.0% 15 0.3% 249 4.8% 5,229 Campbelltown 512 5.6% 4,331 47.1% 6 0.1% 3,730 40.6% 40 0.4% 15 0.2% 28 0.3% 533 5.8% 9,195 Canterbury-Bankstown 1,769 8.9% 7,486 37.6% 23 0.1% 9,084 45.7% 155 0.8% 33 0.2% 60 0.3% 1,276 6.4% 19,886 Cumberland 1,093 8.1% 5,016 37.1% 10 0.1% 6,387 47.2% 117 0.9% 9 0.1% 45 0.3% 850 6.3% 13,527 Fairfield 1,229 12.8% 3,549 36.9% 12 0.1% 4,094 42.5% 107 1.1% 5 0.1% 47 0.5% 581 6.0% 9,624 Hawkesbury 256 7.9% 1,832 56.4% - 0.0% 932 28.7% 34 1.0% 4 0.1% 11 0.3% 180 5.5% 3,249 Lithgow 67 7.2% 431 46.5% - 0.0% 304 32.8% 19 2.0% - 0.0% 7 0.8% 99 10.7% 927 Liverpool 855 6.9% 6,050 48.8% 12 0.1% 4,394 35.4% 100 0.8% 7 0.1% 39 0.3% 951 7.7% 12,408 Parramatta 778 5.8% 5,268 39.0% 12 0.1% 6,332 46.9% 89 0.7% 14 0.1% 28 0.2% 987 7.3% 13,508 Penrith 686 5.9% 6,041 51.9% - 0.0% 4,134 35.5% 63 0.5% 15 0.1% 31 0.3% 659 5.7% 11,629 The Hills Shire 805 10.6% 4,902 64.7% 5 0.1% 1,562 20.6% 53 0.7% - 0.0% 30 0.4% 215 2.8% 7,572 Wingecarribee 176 9.5% 989 53.5% - 0.0% 550 29.7% 22 1.2% - 0.0% 10 0.5% 103 5.6% 1,850 Wollondilly 210 8.1% 1,722 66.8% - 0.0% 456 17.7% 20 0.8% - 0.0% 4 0.2% 166 6.4% 2,578 GWS (13 LGAs) 9,819 7.4% 62,645 47.1% 103 0.1% 51,094 38.4% 928 0.7% 123 0.1% 382 0.3% 7,986 6.0% 133,080 FACS WS District 5,019 6.7% 36,429 48.5% 50 0.1% 28,490 37.9% 505 0.7% 64 0.1% 186 0.2% 4,334 5.8% 75,077 FACS SWS District 5,042 8.3% 27,637 45.5% 51 0.1% 23,465 38.6% 464 0.8% 59 0.1% 206 0.3% 3,860 6.4% 60,784 Greater Sydney 19,989 8.1% 118,860 48.0% 186 0.1% 91,131 36.8% 1,862 0.8% 189 0.1% 648 0.3% 14,783 6.0% 247,648 Rest of NSW 9,247 7.5% 56,509 46.0% 56 0.0% 46,026 37.5% 2,031 1.7% 102 0.1% 558 0.5% 8,344 6.8% 122,873 NSW 29,236 7.9% 175,369 47.3% 242 0.1% 137,157 37.0% 3,893 1.1% 291 0.1% 1,206 0.3% 23,127 6.2% 370,521 Not applicable/Not stated incl. Unoccupied dwellings, Non-private dwellings and migratory/offshore SA1s. Source: ABS Census 2016, Tablebuilder Pro