Essential Oil Flavours and Fragrances
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Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils
Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils V. I. Babushok,a) P. J. Linstrom, and I. G. Zenkevichb) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA (Received 1 August 2011; accepted 27 September 2011; published online 29 November 2011) Gas chromatographic retention indices were evaluated for 505 frequently reported plant essential oil components using a large retention index database. Retention data are presented for three types of commonly used stationary phases: dimethyl silicone (nonpolar), dimethyl sili- cone with 5% phenyl groups (slightly polar), and polyethylene glycol (polar) stationary phases. The evaluations are based on the treatment of multiple measurements with the number of data records ranging from about 5 to 800 per compound. Data analysis was limited to temperature programmed conditions. The data reported include the average and median values of retention index with standard deviations and confidence intervals. VC 2011 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. [doi:10.1063/1.3653552] Key words: essential oils; gas chromatography; Kova´ts indices; linear indices; retention indices; identification; flavor; olfaction. CONTENTS 1. Introduction The practical applications of plant essential oils are very 1. Introduction................................ 1 diverse. They are used for the production of food, drugs, per- fumes, aromatherapy, and many other applications.1–4 The 2. Retention Indices ........................... 2 need for identification of essential oil components ranges 3. Retention Data Presentation and Discussion . 2 from product quality control to basic research. The identifi- 4. Summary.................................. 45 cation of unknown compounds remains a complex problem, in spite of great progress made in analytical techniques over 5. -
Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Linalool Against Shewanella Putrefaciens
molecules Article Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Linalool against Shewanella putrefaciens Fengyu Guo 1,2,3, Qiong Liang 1, Ming Zhang 1, Wenxue Chen 1,2,3, Haiming Chen 1,2,3 , Yonghuan Yun 1,2,3 , Qiuping Zhong 1,2,3,* and Weijun Chen 1,2,3,* 1 College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; [email protected] (F.G.); [email protected] (Q.L.); [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (W.C.); [email protected] (H.C.); [email protected] (Y.Y.) 2 Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China 3 Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in the South China Sea, Haikou 570228, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Q.Z.); [email protected] (W.C.) Abstract: The demand for reduced chemical preservative usage is currently growing, and natural preservatives are being developed to protect seafood. With its excellent antibacterial properties, linalool has been utilized widely in industries. However, its antibacterial mechanisms remain poorly studied. Here, untargeted metabolomics was applied to explore the mechanism of Shewanella putrefaciens cells treated with linalool. Results showed that linalool exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against S. putrefaciens, with 1.5 µL/mL minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The growth of S. putrefaciens was suppressed completely at 1/2 MIC and 1 MIC levels. Linalool treatment reduced the membrane potential (MP); caused the leakage of alkaline phosphatase (AKP); and released the DNA, RNA, and proteins of S. putrefaciens, thus destroying the cell structure and expelling the cytoplasmic content. -
Understanding and Managing the Transition Using Essential Oils Vs
MENOPAUSE: UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING THE TRANSITION USING ESSENTIAL OILS VS. TRADITIONAL ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE by Melissa A. Clanton A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Diploma of Aromatherapy 401 Australasian College of Health Sciences Instructors: Dorene Petersen, Erica Petersen, E. Joy Bowles, Marcangelo Puccio, Janet Bennion, Judika Illes, and Julie Gatti TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures............................................................................ iv Acknowledgments........................................................................................ v Introduction.................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 – Female Reproduction 1a – The Female Reproductive System............................................. 4 1b - The Female Hormones.............................................................. 9 1c – The Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy....................................... 12 Chapter 2 – Physiology of Menopause 2a – What is Menopause? .............................................................. 16 2b - Physiological Changes of Menopause ..................................... 20 2c – Symptoms of Menopause ....................................................... 23 Chapter 3 – Allopathic Approaches To Menopausal Symptoms 3a –Diagnosis and Common Medical Treatments........................... 27 3b – Side Effects and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy ...... 32 3c – Retail Cost of Common Hormone Replacement -
Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium
Open Chem., 2019; 17: 564–570 Research Article Tuğba Erkoç, Lutfullah M. Sevgili*, Selva Çavuş* Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0067 received January 22, 2018; accepted January 9, 2019. present such as membrane separation [3], pervaporation [3] and extraction [4]. Because of the significant Abstract: The liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for advantages of ionic liquids, they have a great potential a ternary system {methyl eugenol + linalool +1-ethyl-3- to be investigated for extraction and other separation methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [EMIM][HSO4]} processes [5, 6]. Detailed economic analysis of hydrogen (Meu-Lin-IL) were measured at 298.2 K and atmospheric sulfate based ILs was performed [7]. It was reported that pressure. The Othmer–Tobias correlation was used to large volume-IL based applications may be commercially verify the reliability of the experimental tie-line data. The feasible and also, ILs can be as inexpensive as typical solubility curves were obtained using the cloud point organic solvents [7]. Studies on the liquid-liquid titration indicating the liquid-liquid equilibrium of the extraction with ionic liquids showed that ionic liquid ternary system was in Type II class where two immiscible is an efficient solvent for the separation process. [8-14]. curve pairs were attained. Distribution coefficients, ILs can easily be synthesized with a conceivable cost separation factors and selectivity were calculated for [9] and ILs also have advantages in terms of economy the immiscibility regions. The calculated results were such as decrease in purification steps and reduced compared with the experimental data. -
Mechanistic Insights on Skin Sensitization to Linalool
Mechanistic insights on skin sensitization to linalool hydroperoxides: EPR evidence on radical intermediates formation in reconstructed human epidermis and 13 C-NMR reactivity studies with thiol residues Salen Kuresepi, Bertrand Vileno, Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin, Corresponding Author, Elena Giménez-Arnau To cite this version: Salen Kuresepi, Bertrand Vileno, Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin, Corresponding Author, Elena Giménez- Arnau. Mechanistic insights on skin sensitization to linalool hydroperoxides: EPR evidence on radical intermediates formation in reconstructed human epidermis and 13 C-NMR reactivity stud- ies with thiol residues. Chemical Research in Toxicology, American Chemical Society, 2020, 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00125. hal-02624525 HAL Id: hal-02624525 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02624525 Submitted on 26 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Mechanistic insights on skin sensitization to linalool hydroperoxides: EPR evidence on radical intermediates formation in reconstructed human epidermis and 13C-NMR reactivity studies -
Essential Oil Composition of Thymus Vulgaris L. and Their Uses
Journal of Research & Development, Vol. 11 (2011) ISSN 0972-5407 Essential Oil Composition of Thymus Vulgaris L. and their Uses Shazia Shabnum1,2 and Muzafar G. Wagay1,*2 1,2. Department of Bio-technology, Rayalaseema University, Kurnool (A.P) India, 1,*2. Bio-technoogy Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar (J&K) ABSTRACT The composition of the essential oil from the Thymus vulgaris L. type growing wild in northern Italy were identified by GC/MS . Identified were thirty components, the main essential oils are as follows:- thymol, γ- terpinene, ρ-cymene, linalool, myrcene, α-pinene, eugenol, carvacrol and α -thujene. Among these twelve aroma constituents of thyme were examined for their antioxidant activities using the aldehyde/carboxylic assay. Eugenol, thymol, carvacrol and 4-allylphenol showed stronger antioxidant activities than did other components tested in the assay. Twenty one essential oils were tested for insecticidal activity against spodoptera litura. Carvacrol has shown mutagenecity. ρ -cymene, linalool, terpinene -4-ol and thymol exhibited antifungal activity against Botrytis Cinerea and Rhizopus Stolonifer, two common storage pathogens of strawberries (Fragaria ananassa). Effects of thymol on the spontaneous contractile activity have been found in in-vitro experiments with circular smooth muscle strips from guinea pig stomach and vena portae. Thymol was found to possess an agonistic effect on α1-α2 and β-adrenergic receptors. Thymol has shown analgesic effect through its action on the α2 adrenergic receptors of the nerve cells. Key words: Thymus vulgaris L., essential oil, composition, smooth muscle fibres, α1-α2 and -adrenergic receptors, natural anti oxidants, Fragaria ananassa, Rosaceae, volatile components, antifungal, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifer, Spodoptera litura 83 Journal of Research & Development, Vol. -
Dietary Compounds for Targeting Prostate Cancer
Review Dietary Compounds for Targeting Prostate Cancer Seungjin Noh 1, Eunseok Choi 1, Cho-Hyun Hwang 1, Ji Hoon Jung 2, Sung-Hoon Kim 2 and Bonglee Kim 1,2,* 1 College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea; [email protected] (S.N.); [email protected] (E.C.); [email protected] (C.-H.H.) 2 Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea; [email protected] (J.H.J.); [email protected] (S.-H.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-961-9217 Received: 10 August 2019; Accepted: 17 September 2019; Published: 8 October 2019 Abstract: Prostate cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, and the burden of the disease is increased. Although several chemotherapies have been used, concerns about the side effects have been raised, and development of alternative therapy is inevitable. The purpose of this study is to prove the efficacy of dietary substances as a source of anti-tumor drugs by identifying their carcinostatic activities in specific pathological mechanisms. According to numerous studies, dietary substances were effective through following five mechanisms; apoptosis, anti-angiogenesis, anti- metastasis, microRNA (miRNA) regulation, and anti-multi-drug-resistance (MDR). About seventy dietary substances showed the anti-prostate cancer activities. Most of the substances induced the apoptosis, especially acting on the mechanism of caspase and poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. These findings support that dietary compounds have potential to be used as anticancer agents as both food supplements and direct clinical drugs. -
Transient Receptor Potential Channels and Metabolism
Molecules and Cells Minireview Transient Receptor Potential Channels and Metabolism Subash Dhakal and Youngseok Lee* Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, BK21 PLUS Project, Seoul 02707, Korea *Correspondence: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2019.0007 www.molcells.org Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are nonselective Montell, 2007). These cationic channels were first charac- cationic channels, conserved among flies to humans. Most terized in the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster. While TRP channels have well known functions in chemosensation, a visual mechanism using forward genetic screening was thermosensation, and mechanosensation. In addition to being studied, a mutant fly showed a transient response to being sensing environmental changes, many TRP channels constant light instead of the continuous electroretinogram are also internal sensors that help maintain homeostasis. response recorded in the wild type (Cosens and Manning, Recent improvements to analytical methods for genomics 1969). Therefore, the mutant was named as transient recep- and metabolomics allow us to investigate these channels tor potential (trp). In the beginning, researchers had spent in both mutant animals and humans. In this review, we two decades discovering the trp locus with the germ-line discuss three aspects of TRP channels, which are their role transformation of the genomic region (Montell and Rubin, in metabolism, their functional characteristics, and their 1989). Using a detailed structural permeation property anal- role in metabolic syndrome. First, we introduce each TRP ysis in light-induced current, the TRP channel was confirmed channel superfamily and their particular roles in metabolism. as a six transmembrane domain protein, bearing a structural Second, we provide evidence for which metabolites TRP resemblance to a calcium-permeable cation channel (Mon- channels affect, such as lipids or glucose. -
Linalool Cas No
SUMMARY OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL SELECTION LINALOOL CAS NO. 78-70-6 BASIS OF NOMINATION TO THE CSWG The nomination of linalool to the CSWG is based on high production volume, widespread human exposure, and an unknown potential for adverse health effects from long-term administration. Linalool came to the attention of the CSPG because of information supplied by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from a review of “GRAS” substances used as spices and food additives. According to the FDA data, linalool is found in 63 different spices. It is also a common flavoring in beverages and foods and has widespread use in cosmetics. North American consumption in the flavor and fragrance industry alone has been estimated to be 2.2 million lbs. Occupational exposure to linalool in the United States is significant, estimated to be nearly 250,000 workers in 106 industries. Linalool is found in herbs, other plants, and in household and pet products, helping to account for its widespread occurrence in the environment. Although virtually every person in the United States has some degree of exposure to linalool, no studies in humans or experimental animals were found that address or identify the chronic effects of linalool. SELECTION STATUS ACTION BY CSWG : 7/16/97 Studies requested : - Metabolism studies - Mechanistic studies to include examination of the role of _2u -globulin in transport - Carcinogenicity - In vitro cytogenetic analysis - In vivo micronucleus assay Priority : High Rationale/Remarks : - High production levels Widespread exposure as an ingredient in natural products and as an environmental pollutant - Lack of chronic toxicity data - Test in parallel with citronellol INPUT FROM GOVERNMENT AGENCIES/INDUSTRY Dr. -
Generated by SRI International Pathway Tools Version 25.0, Authors S
Authors: Pallavi Subhraveti Ron Caspi Quang Ong Peter D Karp An online version of this diagram is available at BioCyc.org. Biosynthetic pathways are positioned in the left of the cytoplasm, degradative pathways on the right, and reactions not assigned to any pathway are in the far right of the cytoplasm. Transporters and membrane proteins are shown on the membrane. Ingrid Keseler Periplasmic (where appropriate) and extracellular reactions and proteins may also be shown. Pathways are colored according to their cellular function. Gcf_000725805Cyc: Streptomyces xanthophaeus Cellular Overview Connections between pathways are omitted for legibility. -
Lavender Essential Oil: a Review
Australian Infection Control Lavender essential oil: a review Heather MA Cavanagh BSc(Hons) Microbiology Jenny M Wilkinson BSc(Hons)(Qld),GradDip FET(SQld), (University of Glasgow), PhD(Macq) PhD Molecular Virology (University of Glasgow), School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, NSW PGCE (Strathclyde University) School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, NSW Abstract Lavender essential oil is popular as a complementary medicine in its own right and as an additive to many over the counter complementary medicine and cosmetic products ' \ Indeed, products derived from the popular garden herb Lavender (Lavandula spp.) have been used for centuries as a therapeutic agent, with the more 'recent ' addition, the essential oils derived from these plants, being widely used as an antibacterial in World War I],! The oil is traditionally believed to have sedative, carminative, anti-depressive and anti- inflammatory properties, in addition to its recognised antimicrobial effects. Many of the activities attributed to lavender oil have not, however, been substantiated in the scientific literature. This is further complicated by the fact that the majority of research into lavender essential oils has been based on oil derived from English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), with little or no differentiation being made between this and other lavender essential oils. The therapeutic potential of essential oils produced from other varieties, such as L. x intermedia (lavandin), L. stoechas (French lavender) and L. x allardii, have -
RSC Advances
RSC Advances View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue One-pot synthesis at room temperature of epoxides and linalool derivative pyrans in Cite this: RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 7691 monolacunary Na7PW11O39-catalyzed oxidation reactions by hydrogen peroxide† a b b Castelo B. Vilanculo, * Marcio´ J. Da Silva, Milena Galdino Teixeira and Jesus Avendano Villarrealc In this work, we describe a new one-pot synthesis route of valuable linalool oxidation derivatives (i.e., 2-(5- methyl-5-vinyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl propan-2-ol) (1a)), 2,2,6-trimethyl-6-vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ol (1b) and diepoxide (1c), using a green oxidant (i.e., hydrogen peroxide) under mild conditions (i.e., room temperature). Lacunar Keggin heteropolyacid salts were the catalysts investigated in this reaction. Among Received 2nd January 2020 them, Na PW O was the most active and selective toward oxidation products. All the catalysts were Accepted 25th January 2020 7 11 39 characterized by FT-IR, TG/DSC, BET, XRD analyses and potentiometric titration. The main reaction Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00047g parameters were assessed. Special attention was dedicated to correlating the composition and rsc.li/rsc-advances properties of the catalysts and their activity. 1. Introduction In this regard, to develop oxidative routes of linalool based on hydrogen peroxide, an inexpensive, atom-efficient and green The oxidation of terpenic alcohols, which are an abundant, oxidant that generates only water as a by-product is a challenge