DOCSLIB.ORG

Manual on Case Management and Surveillance of the Leishmaniases in the Who European Region

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Manual on Case Management and Surveillance of the Leishmaniases in the Who European Region MANUAL ON CASE MANAGEMENT AND SURVEILLANCE OF THE LEISHMANIASES IN THE WHO EUROPEAN REGION ABSTRACT This manual makes recommendations on a standardized approach to the case management and epi- demiological surveillance of the leishmaniases across the WHO European Region. It was conceived as a practical guide for health workers dealing with the difficult task of diagnosing and treating different clinical forms of leishmaniasis, and for public health workers involved in surveillance systems for infectious diseases. Stepwise decision algorithms are presented for clinical and laboratory diagnosis, as well as for the treatment of various leishmaniasis entities endemic or frequently imported in the Region. The manual provides case and treatment outcome definitions for epidemiological surveillance. Particular attention is given to establishing monitoring and evaluation systems that provide sets of indicators allowing the performance of leishmaniasis control strategies to be properly assessed. Annexes include epidemiological information, antileishmanial drug information, and detailed standard operating procedures for diagnosis and treatment. KEYWORDS Leishmaniasis - diagnosis Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous - prevention and control Leishmaniasis - epidemiology Leishmaniasis, Visceral - diagnosis Leishmaniasis - parasitology Leishmaniasis, Visceral - epidemiology Leishmaniasis - prevention and control Leishmaniasis, Visceral - parasitology Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous - diagnosis Leishmaniasis, Visceral - prevention and control Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous - epidemiology Europe Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous - parasitology ISBN 978 92 89052 51 1 Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe UN City, Marmorvej 51 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office website (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). © World Health Organization 2017 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The views expressed by authors, editors, or expert groups do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization. Contents Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................ iv Contributors ....................................................................................................................................... v Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 2. The leishmaniases in the WHO European Region .................................................................. 2 2.1 Epidemiology and geographical distribution ........................................................................ 2 2.2 VL burden.............................................................................................................................. 2 2.3 CL burden .............................................................................................................................. 5 3. Case management of the leishmaniases in the WHO European Region ............................... 7 3.1 Case management of VL ....................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Case management of VL in HIV-coinfected patients ......................................................... 15 3.3 Case management of VL in other special categories of patients ......................................... 21 3.4 Case management of CL ..................................................................................................... 23 3.5 Case management of CL in special categories of patients .................................................. 31 3.6 Imported cases of CL and MCL .......................................................................................... 32 4. Surveillance............................................................................................................................... 33 4.1 General purpose and components........................................................................................ 33 4.2 Recommended case and treatment outcome definitions for epidemiological surveillance . 34 4.3 Leishmaniasis case detection strategies .............................................................................. 35 4.4 Strategies for the detection of leishmaniasis in the canine reservoir .................................. 36 4.5 Recommended types of surveillance ................................................................................... 37 5. Monitoring and evaluation of leishmaniasis control ............................................................. 40 5.1 Leishmaniasis control strategies .......................................................................................... 40 5.2 Indicators for monitoring and evaluation of leishmaniasis control ..................................... 42 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 45 Annex 1. Country information and annual VL incidence ....................................................... 48 Annex 2. Information on drugs used for treating VL .............................................................. 51 Annex 3. Standard operating procedure for conventional parasitological diagnosis ........... 55 Annex 4. Standard operating procedure for cryotherapy and intralesional injection of antimony..................................................................................................................57 Annex 5. Standard operating procedure for thermotherapy .................................................. 59 Annex 6. Systemic treatment of CL with pentavalent antimonials ........................................ 60 Annex 7. Drug options for imported CL and MCL cases ........................................................ 62 iii Acknowledgements The World Health Organization would like to thank all the experts who provided input to this manual through participation in the Expert Group Meeting on Finalization of the WHO Regional Manual on Surveillance and Case Management of Leishmaniasis, which was held on 19– 21 September 2016 in Tirana, Albania. The WHO Regional Office for Europe also thanks all country representatives and experts who provided input to the manual through their participation at the regional meeting on surveillance and control of leishmaniasis in the WHO European Region, held in Sofia, Bulgaria, on 10–12 April 2017. All figures and photographs in this manual are used with the kind permission of Dr Luigi Gradoni of Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Professor Rogelio López-Vélez of Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid; Professor Mourad Mokni of La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, and of Tunis El Manar University; and the Oxford University Press/on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. iv Contributors Authors Luigi Gradoni, Research Director, Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy Rogelio López-Vélez, Associate Professor, National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain Mourad Mokni, Professor, Faculty of Medicine, El Manar University, Tunis, and Head of Department of Dermatology and Research Unit, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia External peer reviewers Johannes Blum, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Pierre Buffet, National Institute for Blood Transfusion, Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France Charles L. Jaffe, National Center for Leishmaniasis, Kuvin Center for Study of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel Nora Kokaia, Institute of Medical Parasitology
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Multifaceted Approach to Combating Leishmaniasis, a Neglected Tropical Disease
    OLD TARGETS AND NEW BEGINNINGS: A MULTIFACETED APPROACH TO COMBATING LEISHMANIASIS, A NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy from the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Adam Joseph Yakovich, B.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Karl A Werbovetz, Ph.D., Advisor Approved by Pui-Kai Li, Ph.D. Werner Tjarks, Ph.D. ___________________ Ching-Shih Chen, Ph.D Advisor Graduate Program In Pharmacy ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis, a broad spectrum of disease which is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania , currently affects 12 million people in 88 countries worldwide. There are over 2 million of new cases of leishmaniasis occurring annually. Clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis range from potentially disfiguring cutaneous leishmaniasis to the most severe manifestation, visceral leishmaniasis, which attacks the reticuloendothelial system and has a fatality rate near 100% if left untreated. All currently available therapies all suffer from drawbacks including expense, route of administration and developing resistance. In the laboratory of Dr. Karl Werbovetz our primary goal is the identification and development of an inexpensive, orally available antileishmanial chemotherapeutic agent. Previous efforts in the lab have identified a series of dinitroaniline compounds which have promising in vitro activity in inhibiting the growth of Leishmania parasites. It has since been discovered that these compounds exert their antileishmanial effects by binding to tubulin and inhibiting polymerization. Remarkably, although mammalian and Leishmania tubulins are ~84 % identical, the dinitroaniline compounds show no effect on mammalian tubulin at concentrations greater than 10-fold the IC 50 value determined for inhibiting Leishmania tubulin ii polymerization.
    [Show full text]
  • Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging Issues in a Region of Low Endemicity
    microorganisms Review Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging Issues in a Region of Low Endemicity John M. Curtin 1,2,* and Naomi E. Aronson 2 1 Infectious Diseases Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA 2 Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-011-301-295-6400 Abstract: Leishmaniasis, a chronic and persistent intracellular protozoal infection caused by many different species within the genus Leishmania, is an unfamiliar disease to most North American providers. Clinical presentations may include asymptomatic and symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis (so-called Kala-azar), as well as cutaneous or mucosal disease. Although cutaneous leishmaniasis (caused by Leishmania mexicana in the United States) is endemic in some southwest states, other causes for concern include reactivation of imported visceral leishmaniasis remotely in time from the initial infection, and the possible long-term complications of chronic inflammation from asymptomatic infection. Climate change, the identification of competent vectors and reservoirs, a highly mobile populace, significant population groups with proven exposure history, HIV, and widespread use of immunosuppressive medications and organ transplant all create the potential for increased frequency of leishmaniasis in the U.S. Together, these factors could contribute to leishmaniasis emerging as a health threat in the U.S., including the possibility of sustained autochthonous spread of newly introduced visceral disease. We summarize recent data examining the epidemiology and major risk factors for acquisition of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, with a special focus on Citation: Curtin, J.M.; Aronson, N.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Leishmania Major Is Not Altered by in Vitro Exposure to 2,3,7,8‑Tetrachlorodibenzo‑P‑Dioxin Vera Sazhnev and Gregory K
    Sazhnev and DeKrey BMC Res Notes (2018) 11:642 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3759-x BMC Research Notes RESEARCH NOTE Open Access The growth and infectivity of Leishmania major is not altered by in vitro exposure to 2,3,7,8‑tetrachlorodibenzo‑p‑dioxin Vera Sazhnev and Gregory K. DeKrey* Abstract Objective: The numbers of Leishmania major parasites in foot lesions of C57Bl/6, BALB/c or SCID mice can be signif- cantly reduced by pre-exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). One potential mechanism to explain this enhanced resistance to infection is that TCDD is directly toxic to L. major. This potential mechanism was addressed by exposing L. major promastigotes and amastigotes to TCDD in vitro and examining their subsequent proliferation and infectivity. Results: We found no signifcant change in the rate of in vitro L. major proliferation (promastigotes or amastigotes) after TCDD exposure at concentrations up to 100 nM. Moreover, in vitro TCDD exposure did not signifcantly alter the ability of L. major to infect mice, trigger lesion formation, or survive in those lesions. Keywords: Leishmania major, Dioxin, TCDD, Proliferation, Infectivity Introduction Previous studies in this laboratory have found that the Approximately one million new cases of leishmaniasis numbers of L. major parasites in foot lesions of C57Bl/6, occur each year worldwide [1, 2]. Of the various forms, BALB/c or SCID mice can be signifcantly reduced by cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common, and vis- exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) ceral leishmaniasis is the most deadly.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Characterization of Leishmania RNA Virus 2 in Leishmania Major from Uzbekistan
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Molecular Characterization of Leishmania RNA virus 2 in Leishmania major from Uzbekistan 1, 2,3, 1,4 2 Yuliya Kleschenko y, Danyil Grybchuk y, Nadezhda S. Matveeva , Diego H. Macedo , Evgeny N. Ponirovsky 1, Alexander N. Lukashev 1 and Vyacheslav Yurchenko 1,2,* 1 Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (N.S.M.); [email protected] (E.N.P.); [email protected] (A.N.L.) 2 Life Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic; [email protected] (D.G.); [email protected] (D.H.M.) 3 CEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic 4 Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-597092326 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 19 September 2019; Accepted: 18 October 2019; Published: 21 October 2019 Abstract: Here we report sequence and phylogenetic analysis of two new isolates of Leishmania RNA virus 2 (LRV2) found in Leishmania major isolated from human patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in south Uzbekistan. These new virus-infected flagellates were isolated in the same region of Uzbekistan and the viral sequences differed by only nineteen SNPs, all except one being silent mutations. Therefore, we concluded that they belong to a single LRV2 species. New viruses are closely related to the LRV2-Lmj-ASKH documented in Turkmenistan in 1995, which is congruent with their shared host (L.
    [Show full text]
  • Manual for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Leishmaniasis
    Republic of the Sudan Federal Ministry of Health Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases Control Directorate MANUAL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF LEISHMANIASIS November 2017 Acknowledgements The Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases Control Directorate (CNCDCD), Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan, would like to acknowledge all the efforts spent on studying, controlling and reducing morbidity and mortality of leishmaniasis in Sudan, which culminated in the formulation of this manual in April 2004, updated in October 2014 and again in November 2017. We would like to express our thanks to all National institutions, organizations, research groups and individuals for their support, and the international organization with special thanks to WHO, MSF and UK- DFID (KalaCORE). I Preface Leishmaniasis is a major health problem in Sudan. Visceral, cutaneous and mucosal forms of leishmaniasis are endemic in various parts of the country, with serious outbreaks occurring periodically. Sudanese scientists have published many papers on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of these complex diseases. This has resulted in a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the various forms of leishmaniasis and has led to more accurate and specific diagnostic methods and better therapy. Unfortunately, many practitioners are unaware of these developments and still rely on outdated diagnostic procedures and therapy. This document is intended to help those engaged in the diagnosis, treatment and nutrition of patients with various forms of leishmaniasis. The guidelines are based on publications and experience of Sudanese researchers and are therefore evidence based. The guidelines were agreed upon by top researchers and clinicians in workshops organized by the Leishmaniasis Control response at the Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases Control Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan.
    [Show full text]
  • Leishmania Major with Resistance in CD40-Deficient Mice Infected CD40
    Interaction of Macrophage Antigen 1 and CD40 Ligand Leads to IL-12 Production and Resistance in CD40-Deficient Mice Infected with Leishmania major This information is current as of September 30, 2021. Ifeoma Okwor, Ping Jia and Jude E. Uzonna J Immunol 2015; 195:3218-3226; Prepublished online 24 August 2015; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500922 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/195/7/3218 Downloaded from Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2015/08/21/jimmunol.150092 Material 2.DCSupplemental http://www.jimmunol.org/ References This article cites 46 articles, 22 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/195/7/3218.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision by guest on September 30, 2021 • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2015 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Interaction of Macrophage Antigen 1 and CD40 Ligand Leads to IL-12 Production and Resistance in CD40-Deficient Mice Infected with Leishmania major Ifeoma Okwor,* Ping Jia,† and Jude E.
    [Show full text]
  • Leishmania (Leishmania) Major HASP and SHERP Genes During Metacyclogenesis in the Sand Fly Vectors, Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) Papatasi and Ph
    Investigating the role of the Leishmania (Leishmania) major HASP and SHERP genes during metacyclogenesis in the sand fly vectors, Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi and Ph. (Ph.) duboscqi Johannes Doehl PhD University of York Department of Biology Centre for Immunology and Infection September 2013 1 I’d like to dedicate this thesis to my parents, Osbert and Ulrike, without whom I would never have been here. 2 Abstract Leishmania parasites are the causative agents of a diverse spectrum of infectious diseases termed the leishmaniases. These digenetic parasites exist as intracellular, aflagellate amastigotes in a mammalian host and as extracellular flagellated promastigotes within phlebotomine sand fly vectors of the family Phlebotominae. Within the sand fly vector’s midgut, Leishmania has to undergo a complex differentiation process, termed metacyclogenesis, to transform from non-infective procyclic promastigotes into mammalian-infective metacyclics. Members of our research group have shown previously that parasites deleted for the L. (L.) major cDNA16 locus (a region of chromosome 23 that codes for the stage-regulated HASP and SHERP proteins) do not complete metacyclogenesis in the sand fly midgut, although metacyclic-like stages can be generated in in vitro culture (Sádlová et al. Cell. Micro.2010, 12, 1765-79). To determine the contribution of individual genes in the locus to this phenotype, I have generated a range of 17 mutants in which target HASP and SHERP genes are reintroduced either individually or in combination into their original genomic locations within the L. (L.) major cDNA16 double deletion mutant. All replacement strains have been characterized in vitro with respect to their gene copy number, correct gene integration and stage-regulated protein expression, prior to phenotypic analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2016/033635 Al 10 March 2016 (10.03.2016) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization I International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2016/033635 Al 10 March 2016 (10.03.2016) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: AN, Martine; Epichem Pty Ltd, Murdoch University Cam Λ 61Κ 31/155 (2006.01) C07D 249/14 (2006.01) pus, 70 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150 A61K 31/4045 (2006.01) C07D 407/12 (2006.01) (AU). ABRAHAM, Rebecca; School of Animal and A61K 31/4192 (2006.01) C07D 403/12 (2006.01) Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, A61K 31/341 (2006.01) C07D 409/12 (2006.01) South Australia 5005 (AU). A61K 31/381 (2006.01) C07D 401/12 (2006.01) (74) Agent: WRAYS; Groud Floor, 56 Ord Street, West Perth, A61K 31/498 (2006.01) C07D 241/20 (2006.01) Western Australia 6005 (AU). A61K 31/44 (2006.01) C07C 211/27 (2006.01) A61K 31/137 (2006.01) C07C 275/68 (2006.01) (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C07C 279/02 (2006.01) C07C 251/24 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, C07C 241/04 (2006.01) A61P 33/02 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, C07C 281/08 (2006.01) A61P 33/04 (2006.01) BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, C07C 337/08 (2006.01) A61P 33/06 (2006.01) DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, C07C 281/18 (2006.01) HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, (21) International Application Number: MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PCT/AU20 15/000527 PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, (22) International Filing Date: SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, 28 August 2015 (28.08.2015) TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW.
    [Show full text]
  • The Absence of C-5 DNA Methylation in Leishmania Donovani Allows DNA Enrichment from Complex Samples
    microorganisms Article The Absence of C-5 DNA Methylation in Leishmania donovani Allows DNA Enrichment from Complex Samples 1,2, 1, , 2 2 Bart Cuypers y, Franck Dumetz y z , Pieter Meysman , Kris Laukens , Géraldine De Muylder 1, Jean-Claude Dujardin 1,3 and Malgorzata Anna Domagalska 1,* 1 Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; [email protected] (B.C.); [email protected] (F.D.); [email protected] (J.-C.D.) 2 ADReM Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; [email protected] (P.M.); [email protected] (K.L.) 3 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Present address: Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK. z Received: 11 July 2020; Accepted: 12 August 2020; Published: 18 August 2020 Abstract: Cytosine C5 methylation is an important epigenetic control mechanism in a wide array of eukaryotic organisms and generally carried out by proteins of the C-5 DNA methyltransferase family (DNMTs). In several protozoans, the status of this mechanism remains elusive, such as in Leishmania, the causative agent of the disease leishmaniasis in humans and a wide array of vertebrate animals. In this work, we showed that the Leishmania donovani genome contains a C-5 DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) from the DNMT6 subfamily, whose function is still unclear, and verified its expression at the RNA level. We created viable overexpressor and knock-out lines of this enzyme and characterized their genome-wide methylation patterns using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, together with promastigote and amastigote control lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Biological Laboratory) Data Are All from EST Analyses
    TABLE S1. Data characterized for this study. rDNA 3 - - Culture 3 - etK sp70cyt rc5 f1a f2 ps22a ps23a Lineage Taxon accession # Lab sec61 SSU 14 40S Actin Atub Btub E E G H Hsp90 M R R T SUM Cercomonadida Heteromita globosa 50780 Katz 1 1 Cercomonadida Bodomorpha minima 50339 Katz 1 1 Euglyphida Capsellina sp. 50039 Katz 1 1 1 1 4 Gymnophrea Gymnophrys sp. 50923 Katz 1 1 2 Cercomonadida Massisteria marina 50266 Katz 1 1 1 1 4 Foraminifera Ammonia sp. T7 Katz 1 1 2 Foraminifera Ovammina opaca Katz 1 1 1 1 4 Gromia Gromia sp. Antarctica Katz 1 1 Proleptomonas Proleptomonas faecicola 50735 Katz 1 1 1 1 4 Theratromyxa Theratromyxa weberi 50200 Katz 1 1 Ministeria Ministeria vibrans 50519 Katz 1 1 Fornicata Trepomonas agilis 50286 Katz 1 1 Soginia “Soginia anisocystis” 50646 Katz 1 1 1 1 1 5 Stephanopogon Stephanopogon apogon 50096 Katz 1 1 Carolina Tubulinea Arcella hemisphaerica 13-1310 Katz 1 1 2 Cercomonadida Heteromita sp. PRA-74 MBL 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Rhizaria Corallomyxa tenera 50975 MBL 1 1 1 3 Euglenozoa Diplonema papillatum 50162 MBL 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Euglenozoa Bodo saltans CCAP1907 MBL 1 1 1 1 1 5 Alveolates Chilodonella uncinata 50194 MBL 1 1 1 1 4 Amoebozoa Arachnula sp. 50593 MBL 1 1 2 Katz lab work based on genomic PCRs and MBL (Marine Biological Laboratory) data are all from EST analyses. Culture accession number is ATTC unless noted. GenBank accession numbers for new sequences (including paralogs) are GQ377645-GQ377715 and HM244866-HM244878.
    [Show full text]
  • An Essential Role for the Leishmania Major Metacaspase in Cell Cycle Progression
    Cell Death and Differentiation (2008) 15, 113–122 & 2008 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1350-9047/08 $30.00 www.nature.com/cdd An essential role for the Leishmania major metacaspase in cell cycle progression A Ambit1, N Fasel3, GH Coombs1,2,4 and JC Mottram*,1,2 Metacaspases (MCAs) are distant orthologues of caspases and have been proposed to play a role in programmed cell death in yeast and plants, but little is known about their function in parasitic protozoa. The MCA gene of Leishmania major (LmjMCA)is expressed in actively replicating amastigotes and procyclic promastigotes, but at a lower level in metacyclic promastigotes. LmjMCA has a punctate distribution throughout the cell in interphase cells, but becomes concentrated in the kinetoplast (mitochondrial DNA) at the time of the organelle’s segregation. LmjMCA also translocates to the nucleus during mitosis, where it associates with the mitotic spindle. Overexpression of LmjMCA in promastigotes leads to a severe growth retardation and changes in ploidy, due to defects in kinetoplast segregation and nuclear division and an impairment of cytokinesis. LmjMCA null mutants could not be generated and following genetic manipulation to express LmjMCA from an episome, the only mutants that were viable were those expressing LmjMCA at physiological levels. Together these data suggest that in L. major active LmjMCA is essential for the correct segregation of the nucleus and kinetoplast, functions that could be independent of programmed cell death, and that the amount of LmjMCA is crucial. The absence of MCAs from mammals makes the enzyme a potential drug target against protozoan parasites.
    [Show full text]
  • Insights Into Leishmania Molecules and Their Potential Contribution to the Virulence of the Parasite
    veterinary sciences Review Insights into Leishmania Molecules and Their Potential Contribution to the Virulence of the Parasite Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy 1,* and Abdulsalam A. M. Alkhaldi 2,* 1 Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt 2 Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.K.E.); [email protected] (A.A.M.A.) Abstract: Neglected parasitic diseases affect millions of people worldwide, resulting in high mor- bidity and mortality. Among other parasitic diseases, leishmaniasis remains an important public health problem caused by the protozoa of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by the bite of the female sand fly. The disease has also been linked to tropical and subtropical regions, in addition to being an endemic disease in many areas around the world, including the Mediterranean basin and South America. Although recent years have witnessed marked advances in Leishmania-related research in various directions, many issues have yet to be elucidated. The intention of the present review is to give an overview of the major virulence factors contributing to the pathogenicity of the parasite. We aimed to provide a concise picture of the factors influencing the reaction of the parasite in its host that might help to develop novel chemotherapeutic and vaccine strategies. Keywords: Leishmania; parasite; virulence; factors Citation: Elmahallawy, E.K.; Alkhaldi, A.A.M. Insights into 1. Introduction Leishmania Molecules and Their Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected tropical diseases caused by an opportunistic Potential Contribution to the intracellular protozoan organism of the genus Leishmania that affects people, domestic Virulence of the Parasite.
    [Show full text]