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1 P. Keith, P. Gerbeaux, D. Boseto, B.C. Ebner and G. Marquet 30 July French Ichthyological Society (SFI) FILLING GAPS AND IMPROVING KNOWLEDGE OF FRESHWATER FAUNA: A WAY FORWARD FOR IMPROVING MANAGEMENT OF RIVERS OF THE SOLOMON AND VANUATU ISLANDS Sicyopterus stiphodonoides (regional endemic) FINAL REPORT OF THE FIELD TRIPS IN CHOISEUL (SOLOMON) P. Keith, P. Gerbeaux, D. Boseto, B.C. Ebner and G. Marquet 30 July 2015 1 FRESHWATER FISH & CRUSTACEANS OF KOLOBANGARA WATERSHED PRIORITY SITE: DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION (CHOISEUL, SOLOMON) P. Keith (1), P. Gerbeaux (2), D. Boseto (3), B.C. Ebner (4) and G. Marquet (1) (1) French ichtyological society (SFI) and Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. (2) Department of Conservation Aquatic and Reporting Unit, Science and Capability Group 70 Moorhouse Avenue Addington Private Bag 4715 Christchurch Mail Centre Christchurch 8140 New Zealand (3) Ecological Solutions, Solomon Islands, P.O.Box 180, Gizo, Western Province Solomon Islands. (4) Tropical Landscapes Joint Venture CSIRO Land & Water Flagship and TropWATER, James Cook University PO Box 780, 47 Maunds Road, Atherton QLD 4883. Abstract Fish and crustaceans of Kolobangara watershed, Choiseul island’s priority site (including the Sirebe Rainforest and Biodiversity Conservation Area (SRBCA) and Vuri Rainforest and Biodiversity Conservation Area (VRBCA) were surveyed over a 3 weeks period in october 2014). Our study shows that the freshwater fauna of Kolobangara watershed is rich and consists of 80 species (52 fishes and 28 decapod crustaceans). Among these species, several are endemic to Solomon Islands, and Choiseul is one of the main Solomon Islands for their conservation. As nothing was known of freshwater crustaceans in the Solomon Islands before this trip, all the species caught are new occurrences for this country and for Choiseul Island, specifically. One new species of freshwater crab was collected, as 3 new species of shrimps. In terms of freshwater fishes we noted 12 new occurrences with two likely undescribed species. As all species collected were diadromous and specifically amphidromous in their life history, it is important to recognise the potential for human impacts on freshwater habitats and particularly on the migrational pathways between estuarine and freshwater habitats. These species have to undertake two migrations between freshwater and the sea. The success of such a life cycle - i.e. production of larvae for downstream migration after hatching and return to rivers with post-larvae and juveniles during the upstream migration – depends on maintaining the mountain/forest-river-ocean corridor to enable movements between both habitats. 2 I. INTRODUCTION 1- Freshwater fishes of Solomon Islands Previous collections of freshwater organisms in the Solomon Islands have been very limited. The earliest mention of ichthyofaunal surveys of Solomon Islands is by Macleay (1879) followed by Herre (1931) but their primary taxonomic emphasis was on marine ichthyofauna. Since that time there is rare sporadic mention from a scientific perspective of freshwater fishes in the Solomon Islands and this is confined mostly within the taxonomic literature. Gray (1974), published a relatively superficial account treating 36 mainly brackish water fish species. Although this author provided a section on the methods that were used to catch the fishes, there was no mention of where the specimens were deposited, or even if they were actually preserved. The Fisheries Department in Honiara did maintain a collection of marine fishes through the 1990s, but this was destroyed during the social unrest of the early 2000s. Over the last few years, a few field trips in the Solomon Islands were conducted by Boseto et al. (2007), Jenkins & Boseto (2007), Polhemus et al. (2008), Boseto & Sirikolo (2010) and Boseto et al. (2010). In 2004 and March 2005, Polhemus et al. (2008) prospected the main islands of the Solomon Islands, including Choiseul Island. In 2005, Boseto et al. (Boseto et al. 2007) conducted a biodiversity project for freshwater fish in the same sites on Choiseul that had been attended by Polhemus et al. (2008) to: (a) complement the fish survey done in March 2005 and (b) provide biological information for a conservation management plan for terrestrial taxa on Choiseul Island. The specific aims of that study were to: (i) produce a more complete freshwater fish species checklist for Choiseul Island and (ii) determine the conservation significance of these taxa. Then, in 2009, Boseto and Sirikolo (2010) conducted another study in Choiseul as part of a baseline freshwater biodiversity inventory within the Kolobangara watershed. This work also included basic training in field collection and fish identification for local guides. This survey served to make an initial list of the vertebrates of Kolobangara watershed (where the Sirebe Rainforest and Biodiversity Conservation Area (SRBCA) and Vuri Rainforest and Biodiversity Conservation Area (VRBCA) are located). Nevertheless, the Solomon Islands remain to be comprehensively surveyed for freshwater organisms and especially for crustaceans, and there remain many relevant taxonomic challenges. 3 2- Freshwater crustaceans of the Solomon Islands No detailed studies of freshwater crustaceans have been reported for the Solomon Islands. In contrast, nearby Papua New Guinea (Nobili, 1899; Bott, 1974; Holthuis, 1949, 1950, 1968, 1982, 1984; Karge et al., 2010; Lukhaup & Pekny, 2006; Lukhaup & Herbert, 2008; De Man, 1915; Roux, 1911, 1917, 1921, 1927, 1934), the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago (Roux, 1934; Holthuis, 1978) and Vanuatu (Keith et al., 2010) have been surveyed repeatedly and this provides an appreciation of what likely exists in parts of the Solomon Islands and especially the most northerly province of Choiseul. The objectives of our study in the context of the CEPF ‘Melanesia Hotspot’ were to: a) provide an inventory of fish and crustaceans in the Kolobangara watershed (a priority site on Choiseul Island), and b) to collect presence/absence data on the species, c) to validate taxonomic identifications, and d) develop a preliminary understanding of relative species rarity and /or endemicity. II. METHODS The first field trip was organised on Choiseul Island priority site (the Kolobangara watershed, including the Sirebe Rainforest and Biodiversity Conservation Area (SRBCA) and Vuri Rainforest and Biodiversity Conservation Area (VRBCA), during 3 weeks in October, 2014 (8/10/2014 to 24/10/2014). In order to meet our social assessment plan objectives, this expedition started long before October and needed several months of preparation (nearly 6), over which consultation with the tribes (see Fig. 1 for more details) that were to be associated with this project, took place. A MOU was sign with all of them and additional meetings in their land and in Honiara were organised to communicate the project. This was done by one of our team member, D. Boseto (a native of Choiseul), with the NGO ESSI. When in the field, at each site prospected, meetings were organized with the local members of the community (tribes, villages) before work started and a restitution was also done before departure. During the field trip we trained local staff (from NGOs, protected area agencies and tribes in taxonomy and ecology of freshwater fauna (fishes, crustaceans). A report concerning the Social assessment plan has been written separately (see Part 3). 4 Figure 1: Tribe territories of the Kolobangara watershed Streams The streams of Choiseul can be divided into three zones defined according to the slope, the average current velocity and the size of the substrate: higher course, middle course, and lower course. These three zones are specific habitats for different fish and crustacean species. Specific criteria define these three zones (Keith et al., 2010): *The higher course is characterised by a steep slope (generally more than 10%); thus current speed is high. The substrate is usually composed of large boulders and cobbles directly coming from the parent-rock. The delimitation with the middle course often corresponds to a topographical discontinuity, such as a cascade. The distance between this reach and the river mouth is highly variable; it largely depends on the catchment areas geological characteristics. *The middle course has an average slope generally of less than 10%. The riverbed is covered in pebbles and rocks. Sometimes, sandy bottoms can be found in slow current reaches. The length of this zone depends on the geological origins of the catchment area. * The lower course is the part of the stream located in the coastal plain (or the floodplain for tributaries of large rivers); its length is thus generally reduced. For coastal streams, two areas can be distinguished in this zone: the estuary, immediately under marine influence, and the upstream part, where the water’s conductivity is very low. 5 Some estuaries can be very broad, and the intrusion of salt water can go relatively far upstream. The slope and the current speed are low to nil; it is a high accumulation zone. In estuaries, the sediments are composed of sand and silt, but higher upstream the grain size is coarser (gravel, pebbles and boulders). This zone is not present in all streams. For some streams, it is related to the influence of the middle course and the average and peak current speed and sediment grain size. The marine tidal influence is often minimal. There is a relationship between the stream flow and the species found within each zone. The majority of species occupy
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