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Database Administrator's Reference Oracle® Database Database Administrator's Reference 19c for Linux and UNIX System-Based Operating Systems E96356-04 January 2020 Oracle Database Database Administrator's Reference, 19c for Linux and UNIX System-Based Operating Systems E96356-04 Copyright © 2006, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Primary Author: Bharathi Jayathirtha Contributing Authors: Subhash Chandra, Prakash Jashnani Contributors: Kevin Flood, Pat Huey, Clara Jaeckel, Emily Murphy, Terri Winters, Subhranshu Banerjee, Mark Bauer, Robert Chang, Jonathan Creighton, Sudip Datta, Thirumaleshwara Hasandka, Joel Kallman, George Kotsovolos, Richard Long, Rolly Lv, Padmanabhan Manavazhi, Matthew Mckerley, Krishna Mohan, Rajendra Pingte, Hanlin Qian, Janelle Simmons, Roy Swonger, Michael Coulter, Robert Achacoso, Malai Stalin, Ramesh Chakravarthula, David Price, Douglas Williams, Joseph Therrattil Koonen, Binoy Sukumaran, and Sumanta Chatterjee. This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, then the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, delivered to U.S. Government end users are "commercial computer software" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency- specific supplemental regulations. As such, use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation of the programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, shall be subject to license terms and license restrictions applicable to the programs. No other rights are granted to the U.S. Government. This software or hardware is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications. It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, including applications that may create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software or hardware in dangerous applications, then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure its safe use. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software or hardware in dangerous applications. Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Intel and Intel Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. AMD, Opteron, the AMD logo, and the AMD Opteron logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. This software or hardware and documentation may provide access to or information about content, products, and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services unless otherwise set forth in an applicable agreement between you and Oracle. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services, except as set forth in an applicable agreement between you and Oracle. Contents Preface Audience x Documentation Accessibility x Set Up Java Access Bridge to Implement Java Accessibility x Related Documentation xi Conventions xi Command Syntax xi Terminology xii Accessing Documentation xii 1 Administering Oracle Database 1.1 Overview 1-1 1.2 Environment Variables 1-1 1.2.1 Oracle Database Environment Variables 1-2 1.2.2 Linux and UNIX Environment Variables 1-5 1.2.3 Setting a Common Environment 1-6 1.2.4 Setting the System Time Zone 1-7 1.3 Initialization Parameters 1-8 1.3.1 ASM_DISKSTRING Initialization Parameter 1-8 1.3.2 DISK_ASYNCH_IO Initialization Parameter (HP-UX) 1-8 1.3.3 PROCESSOR_GROUP_NAME Initialization Parameter 1-9 1.3.4 Managing Diagnostic Data 1-9 2 Stopping and Starting Oracle Software 2.1 Stopping and Starting Oracle Processes 2-1 2.1.1 Stopping and Starting Oracle Database and Oracle Automatic Storage Management Instances 2-1 2.1.1.1 Stopping an Oracle Database or Oracle Automatic Storage Management Instance 2-2 2.1.1.2 Restarting an Oracle Database or Oracle Automatic Storage Management Instance 2-3 2.1.2 Stopping and Starting Oracle Restart 2-3 iii 2.2 About Automating Database Shutdown and Startup 2-3 2.2.1 Automating Database Startup and Shutdown 2-4 3 Configuring Oracle Database 3.1 Using Configuration Assistants 3-1 3.1.1 Using Oracle Net Configuration Assistant 3-1 3.1.2 Using Oracle Database Upgrade Assistant 3-1 3.1.3 Using Oracle Database Configuration Assistant 3-2 3.2 Relinking Executables 3-2 4 Administering SQL*Plus 4.1 Administering Command-Line SQL*Plus 4-1 4.1.1 Using Setup Files 4-1 4.1.2 Using Oracle Database Sample Schemas 4-2 4.1.3 Installing and Removing SQL*Plus Command-Line Help 4-2 4.1.3.1 Installing SQL*Plus Command-Line Help 4-2 4.1.3.2 Removing SQL*Plus Command-Line Help 4-3 4.2 Using Command-Line SQL*Plus 4-3 4.2.1 Using a System Editor from SQL*Plus 4-3 4.2.2 Running Operating System Commands from SQL*Plus 4-4 4.2.3 Interrupting SQL*Plus 4-4 4.2.4 Using the SPOOL Command 4-4 4.3 SQL*Plus Restrictions 4-5 4.3.1 Resizing Windows 4-5 4.3.2 Return Codes 4-5 4.3.3 Hiding the Password 4-5 5 Configuring Oracle Net Services 5.1 Locating Oracle Net Services Configuration Files 5-1 5.2 Using Adapters Utility 5-2 5.3 Using Oracle Protocol Support 5-2 5.3.1 IPC Protocol Support 5-3 5.3.2 TCP/IP Protocol Support 5-3 5.3.3 TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer Protocol Support 5-3 5.4 Setting Up the Listener for TCP/IP or TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer 5-4 6 Using Oracle Precompilers and the Oracle Call Interface 6.1 Overview of Oracle Precompilers 6-1 iv 6.1.1 Precompiler Configuration Files 6-2 6.1.2 Relinking Precompiler Executables 6-2 6.1.3 Issues Common to All Precompilers 6-3 6.1.4 Static and Dynamic Linking 6-3 6.1.5 Client Shared and Static Libraries 6-4 6.1.6 Generating the Client Static Library 6-5 6.2 Bit-Length Support for Client Applications 6-5 6.3 Pro*C/C++ Precompiler 6-6 6.3.1 Pro*C/C++ Demonstration Programs 6-6 6.3.2 Pro*C/C++ User Programs 6-8 6.4 Pro*COBOL Precompiler 6-9 6.4.1 Pro*COBOL Environment Variables 6-9 6.4.1.1 Micro Focus Server Express COBOL Compiler 6-9 6.4.1.2 Acucorp ACUCOBOL-GT COBOL Compiler 6-10 6.4.2 Pro*COBOL Oracle Runtime System 6-11 6.4.3 Pro*COBOL Demonstration Programs 6-12 6.4.4 Pro*COBOL User Programs 6-13 6.4.5 FORMAT Precompiler Option 6-13 6.5 Pro*FORTRAN Precompiler 6-14 6.5.1 Pro*FORTRAN Demonstration Programs 6-14 6.5.2 Pro*FORTRAN User Programs 6-15 6.6 SQL*Module for ADA 6-16 6.6.1 SQL*Module for Ada Demonstration Programs 6-16 6.6.2 SQL*Module for Ada User Programs 6-17 6.7 OCI and OCCI 6-17 6.7.1 OCI and OCCI Demonstration Programs 6-18 6.7.2 OCI and OCCI User Programs 6-18 6.8 Running Oracle JDBC/OCI Programs with a 64-Bit Driver 6-19 6.9 Custom Make Files 6-20 6.10 Correcting Undefined Symbols 6-20 6.11 Multithreaded Applications 6-21 6.12 Using Signal Handlers 6-21 6.13 XA Functionality 6-23 7 SQL*Loader and PL/SQL Demonstrations 7.1 SQL*Loader Demonstrations 7-1 7.2 PL/SQL Demonstrations 7-1 7.3 Calling 32-Bit External Procedures from 64-Bit Oracle Database PL/SQL 7-4 v 8 Tuning Oracle Database 8.1 Importance of Tuning 8-1 8.2 Operating System Tools 8-1 8.2.1 vmstat 8-2 8.2.2 sar 8-3 8.2.3 iostat 8-4 8.2.4 swap, swapinfo, swapon, or lsps 8-4 8.2.5 Oracle Solaris Tools 8-4 8.2.6 Linux Tools 8-5 8.2.7 IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) Tools 8-5 8.2.7.1 Base Operation System Tools 8-5 8.2.7.2 Performance Toolbox 8-6 8.2.7.3 System Management Interface Tool 8-7 8.2.8 HP-UX Tools 8-7 8.3 Tuning Memory Management 8-8 8.3.1 Allocating Sufficient Swap Space 8-8 8.3.2 Monitoring Paging 8-10 8.3.3 Adjusting Oracle Block Size 8-11 8.3.4 Allocating Memory Resource 8-11 8.4 Tuning Disk Input-Output 8-12 8.4.1 Using Automatic Storage Management 8-12 8.4.2 Choosing the Appropriate File System Type 8-12 8.5 Monitoring Disk Performance 8-13 8.5.1 Monitoring Disk Performance on Operating Systems 8-13 8.5.2 Using Disk Resync to Monitor Automatic Storage Management Disk Group 8-13 8.6 System Global Area 8-14 8.6.1 Determining the Size of the SGA 8-15 8.6.2 System Resource Verifier Utility 8-15 8.6.2.1 Purpose of the sysresv Utility 8-15 8.6.2.2 Preconditions for Using sysresv 8-15 8.6.2.3 Syntax for sysresv 8-15 8.6.2.4 Examples of Using sysresv 8-16 8.6.3 Guidelines for Setting Semaphore Parameters 8-16 8.6.4 Shared Memory on IBM AIX
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