Football As a Batlefield of Cosmopolitan and National

CEU eTD Collection

FOOTBALLBATLEFIELD ASA OF NATIONAL AND COSMOPOLITAN The formation of In fulfilment ofthe partial Advisor: Michael LaurenceAdvisor: Michael Miller Nationalism Studies ProgramNationalism Studies Central European University

English national allegianceEnglish football through Budapest, Hungary D Master ofArts Submitted to Submitted ária Slamová 2015 requirements for thedegreeof By

IDENTITIES:

CEU eTD Collection to rei criticize and blame primarily in tendencies are there that acknowledged competitions, by referring to historical military successes, or fa football international during fans the among hatred and sentiments nationalistic evoke to English to misuse stereotypes in negative connotation. of tendencies the to and team football national English the of successes sportinghistorical identified study this findings major The football. English in Moreover, the study d also and football, study The society. the in operate on local, regional and national levels, and i Englishsociety. placewithin its out find interestingto anstudy reinforc offers it thus football, of home to the be to considered is England nation. used the towards affiliation has English the the means in the influence and football’s identity, of English merit of the development out find to been has aim main The allegiance. between interrelation the with dealt has thesis The Abstract nforce

feelings uses

of of eals eals with the contemporary issue of xenophobia which has appeared also

comparative approach in the analysis of the levels football operate on. operate football levels the of analysis the in approach comparative national allegiance.national implements foreigners

narrative analysis of key historical events in English English in events historical key of analysis narrative

for

the the

English press and among the football fans football the among and press English team’s team’s t is capable to evoke nationalistic sentiments The English fans and the press are prone nls fobl and football English poor performance poor ilures in war.

Football has a unique value tovalue unique a has Football r piaiy tahd o the to attached primarily are ,

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion 4 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER Introduction Abstract Table ofContents 4.3 Foreigners football inEnglish 4.2 4.1 The “Bosman 3.4 The national English footballteamCupof2006 theWorld in 3.3 3.2 The Miracle Bern of 3.1 Germany’s inEnglish negative image society 2.3 2.2 BenedictImagining Anderson: thenation 2.1 Eric Hobsbawm: emergence The football inthe British class of Middle 1. and1.2 Militarism Football 1.1 Nationalism andFootball 3 English football inthe global era 4.3.2 Sven 4.3.1 Owen Hargreaves 4.2.1 The Glazer ownership The case Manchester study of United The Cupof1966 World Michael flagging Billig:

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30 26 26 24 22 20 16 12 60 57 53 52 51 48 46 42 41 36 33 .

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CEU eTD Collection way we view football but also global politics as a whole, England occurred in the international arena in the post that changes to due Secondly, identities. regional and national to relationship their explore bette to studies, case several in presented be will football with affinities English between connection strong This affiliation. national and nationalism regarding debates in role unique considere is England framed English identity. The English provides an ideal case study for two main reasons. Firstly, has football which to depth the further explore to desire my prompted has identity national in nat their frame and shape people way the behind forces driving significant most the of one been has football England, of case the In identities. contemporary and primordial to sustenance providing on impact its as well as level, national l the at operate to ability its through society English of development the to sport on the planet, a battlefield of local clubs and nations on all levels. since its emergence Sports, especially football had played a crucial role in the formation of English/British identity collective since affiliation English theend War ofWorld theSecond Question: Research (Andrei S.Markovits,) identities, ofprimordial battlefield exclusiveandlocalism” nationalism, enhancedhave „Sports Introduction Princeton: Princeton University Press. Page 35 Page Press. University Princeton Princeton: 1

Markovits, A. (2010). A.(2010). Markovits,

in the 19

how has football been serving as an instrument for the formation of of formation the for instrument an as serving been football has how d to be the “homeland” of football, thus football has always played a a played always has football thus football, of “homeland” the be to d 1 Gaming the world : how sports are reshaping global politics and and politics global reshaping howare sports : world the Gaming

the social acceptance of diversity, while at the same time remaining a a remaining time same the at while diversity, acceptanceof social the th

century. Throughout the years, football became the most popular

- Cold Cold War era, which have impacted not only the ional identity and loyalty. This phenomenon This loyalty. and identity ional

plays a unique role in Europe

Football has contributed

ocal, regional and and regional ocal, culture.

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CEU eTD Collection 5 Page 2006. 3 2 maintain strong localthey traditions, gainedsubsequently global acceptance. The dynamics of clubs football successful most the and oldest the that doubt no is there Nevertheless, levels. develop to and emerge very fast started to gain acceptance on people regional, national and slowly local in up the among mainly bases fan strong having century, nineteenth the andcu regional “The secret of football’s success was that it could amalgamate with extraordinarily strong local affiliation the are unity oftheand theretoshow team. supporters thenational national competitions, flags, face pai non and positive a national as symbols and flags of importance the writings his in emphasizes Billig Michael symbols. overall Englanders as well as people local between conversation for ground common a provided and became the most popular sport, it operated on two levels, the local and the national, which and levels, Cup rivalries, notorious games, Saturday derbies. Since football League professionalism, acquired rapidly Football century. nineteenth the in society English Eri identity. po to study case Due to the combination of the above mentioned factors, English football provides a fascinating create have brought have globalization changes the thus continent, European the on league strongest the up built has it as England, influenced particularly also have changes these football, Within era. new this in leader a as Tomlinson, Alan, and Christopher Young. Young. Christopher Alan, and Tomlinson, Hobsbwam, c Hobsbawm has already mentioned football, as an importan an as football, mentioned already has Hobsbawm c 2 . Another crucial element that football brought football that element crucial Another .

Eric. Eric. ltural traditions” Ranger. 1992. 1992. Ranger. ta te fiito within affiliation the rtray

The invention Tradition. invention of The

- 3 violent form of an everyday nationalism. When it comes to comes it When nationalism. everyday an of form violent . Football, developingas predominantly middle German Football: History, Culture, Society Culture, History, Football: German ntings, scarves and all little symbols that identify national d various challenging situations for English football. football. English for situations challenging various d

nls scey n ter opiae national complicated their and society English

New York: Cambridge University Press. University Cambridge New York: to strengthen national affiliation is the is affiliation national strengthen to t part of the development in in development the of part t . London: .

gained acceptance

- class sportin Routledge, Routledge,

per class 2

CEU eTD Collection 4 World Second marke nations, of English in Germany. The English rivalries from the World Cup of 1966 held in England and the World Cup of 2006 held internation in out playthey as rivalries national historical observe will study the Firstly, factors. various to opposition in constructed is identity way the show to used be will studies case depicted, is identity collective English history English the in embedded deeply been had it as example, perfect history shared of construction the in lies identity collective of non s and rivalries, historical and narratives basedonhistorical constructed examinehowEnglishnessThis work to seeks is such clubs where themajor English National Team itself, hence the one level has a huge impact on other, the especially in the as well as nation, the to connection its and United, Manchester as such clubs, football fr derive will study The case. English the in level team, even though, it has to be admitted that there are strong ties between the local and national main focus will be into looking the shared identity on the national level in the English national national. the and civic local the levels: two at identity” shared of forms “deeper of promotion the to contributes clubs football that and identities, Giulianotti Richard clubs s on operate to started football in relationships various

Giulianotti, Richard. Richard. Giulianotti, - Engl ,

and level. also national on ish individuals into English football. A key aspect in imagining a nation and its sense War that War d by their long war history. It is precisely the military history, especially the the especially militaryhistory, preciselythe It is history. war long bytheir d Football: A Sociology of the Global Game Global the of Sociology A Football:

argues that football has a specific place in the formation of national national of formation the in place specific a has football that argues

ubsequently also on the ways the on also ubsequently is very often the main theme during their football games. Secondly, Secondly, games. football their during theme main the often very is –

ity theconstitute well. National oftheas players Team German rivalry is notoriously known as one of the biggest clashes biggest clashes the one of as rivalry known German isnotoriously

al sporting events, using the case study of the German the of studycase the using events, sporting al om the specific ties between strong local local strong between ties specific the om

. Cambridge [u.a.: Polity Press, 2007. Press, Polity Cambridge[u.a.: . English society dealt with the influx ofinflux the with dealt society English 4

everal levels, such as players, teams, teams, players, as such levels, everal Regarding the topic of this thes this of topic the Regarding –

for which football presents a a presents football which for . In order to see how see to order In .

is, theis, 3 -

CEU eTD Collection be should problem solved. it inEngland, and ofracism and xenophobia serious a is there that him, criticized who those and public, English the upon call to Wenger “foreig completely a fielding of choice his for responsible held was Wenger Arsene 2006. in Madrid Real and Arsenal non a fielding for Wenger Arsene will deal with the diverse composition time someone got full ownership rights over the club of Manchester United. Thirdly, the study the club by Glazer family caused an outrage among fans as well as the media, as it was the first America an by owned be to team first the as United, Manchester of example the on portrayed be also will teams English the of ownership foreign The United. Manchester clubs, football English successful most the of one of case the on it illustrating “ the vs “local” the meaning “them” vs. “us” of dichotomy the examine will study the n” team, and thus was blamed for Arsenal’s loss. This event led event This loss. Arsenal’s for blamed was thus and team, n”

- British team in the Champions League game between between game League Champions the in team British

of clubs, with an example of criticism addressed towards n family. The ownership of of ownership The family. n

global” 4

CEU eTD Collection analysed be will data collected the of results The regard. this in football of importance the and identity already on mai based the on focus the with research studies, completed the conduct will study The identities. national shapes sports way the examine to periodicals and journals sports from derive will study the Furthermore, ofvictories withthememories war, presents fo theobjective football historical as such memories collective perceive people way the fusing Furthermore, well. as clashes football their affected which countries, two these of history military long li choice this behind reason The on. built is analysis narrative the events core the be English collective memory. Germany’s victory in 1954 and the victory of English in 1966 will 1954 of Cup English. of lives the in influence football’s of merit the see to and picture wider a gain to order in references, way the for the understanding of English society thought football. The aim of this an This study will adopt Narrative analysis, focusing on precise events which have been important decidedwith the perception toworka society of through sym have I perspectives, various from perceived be can identities collective of consisting society psychologists and sociologists among issue evidence considerable been has There society. the on impact football’s acknowledged measure. empirically Collective Methodology:

English society have created ties to ties created have society English by identities, such as football supporter cultures are widely recognized as difficult to difficult as recognized widely are cultures supporter football as such identities,

comparative analysis.comparative and of 1966, which significantly affected the development of the German and and German the of development the affected significantly which 1966, of and

This study study This However, several studies within the field of social sciences has has sciences social of field the within studies several However, will derive from two crucial historical sporting events, the World World the events, sporting historical crucial two from derive will

, which provided strong basis to basis strong provided which ,

football through historical military and sporting sporting and military historical through football n driving forces behind construction of national of construction behind forces driving n r the first half of thefirst thesis. r thehalf bolic activities. bolic activities. alysis is to examine

work with. with. work

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Since Since 5

CEU eTD Collection team squad ledby a non non when football English in era the lastly, and United, Manchester over took family Glazer the time the secondly, United, Manchester of success time, this at press the of contribution multicultural leagues in Europe. The study will compare the sin emerged has which sentiments xenophobic raising to contribute they extent what to and nationality, of concepts misuse press the and fans way the illustrate to example an provides United Manchester of study case The England. operates press sh to sources key as used be also will journals academic and Newspapers non and officials footbal researching analysis, comparative implement further will study The

ih itrcl eeecs wie eln with dealing while references, historical with - officials as well, in order to see how fans react to various situations. situations. various to react fans how see to order in well, as officials - English manager.

three

major periods: firstly, at the time of the biggest biggest the of time the at firstly, periods: major ce the Premier League became one of the most most the of one became League Premier the ce - English players joined the national the joined players English behaviour the contemporary football in in football contemporary the

of English fans, and the ow the means the the means the ow cu forums, club l 6

CEU eTD Collection 2000. a Equality Gender 5 case its work, build aswill it studiesaboutfootball onthenationalistic English sentiments. ke the us provide will these of All symbols. and of flags national importance the about elucidation Billig’s and communities imagined the about vision perception Hobsb of nationalism: the regarding areas major three at look to going thus in thesis the of part This are ofaand a world sportingevent participatingnotin battle views. in they that clear make to be should level national or league on either compete who players the that can end up as a contest of a test of national inferiority or superiority. Therefore, the politics with sport fuse wronglycould media and politicians claims, Dixon As teams. football pr or nation, another outrageous in resultcan which politics, and sports between connection the avoid cannot we sometimes Unfortunately, the country country in sports events, and that the victories of the national the of success the to contributing are they feels fans the and country a on well reflects teams national the of success the that Dixon Nicholas by claimed is It songs. chanting and carryin symbols flags, into themselves wrapping are who groups known notoriously the became fans football the planet, the in sport popular most the became football since nevertheless, populariza emergence inthe nineteenth thereasons offootball and century, subsequent ofits andimpacts national ways the with deals part This CHAPTER 1

Dixon, Nicholas. "A Justification of Moderate Patriotism in Sport." In Sport." in Patriotism ofModerate Justification "A Dixon,Nicholas.

tion. Nationalistic sentiments in sport generally can be expressed in many ways, ways, many in expressed be can generally sport in sentiments Nationalistic tion. 5

nd the Scientific Manufacture of Winners of the Manufacture Scientific nd

–

Theoretical background

vn te oiac o oe ain hog sces f hi national their of success through nation one of dominance the oving behaviour

of the fans. Some like to portray their nation as opposed to opposed as nation portray their to like Some fans. the of m’s explanation ofm’s explanation theemergence Anderson’s offootball, ism and patriotism appear in appear patriotism and ism , 74 ,

- 87. London: T. Tännsjö and C.Tamburrini, and Tännsjö London: T. 87. Values in Sport: Elitism, in Nationalism, Sport: Values teams are increasing the worth of y theoretical elements for this this for elements theoretical y

English society since the the since society English

emergence and and emergence role of

g 7

CEU eTD Collection 1991. London: Verso, ed. Extended and 7 6 national unity. for the nation is to have a sense of collective identity and symbols that embodies the nation and factors essential Another community. imagined as nation a of features essential the are future The a of notion people. history, shared narratives, of historical imaginary, unity metaphoric a as nation the of sense making of capable are people imagination through that out points he Nevertheless, them. knowing and them meeting members, fellow all know ever would nation each of members the that possibility no is there that is communities imagined about idea his for gives he explanation The importance. utmost an has to see the dev Anderson in his explanation of the emergence of nation relies on its historical importance, thus usually relations theUnited influenced within by the Kingdom. Un the either prefers, fans English the flag the of choice The support. show to wants who fans, the for role essential an playcolours national and Flags country. the of victory a as team football national be colours, national into dress to impetus an gives still and reasons given has football Moreover, today.present arestill characteristicsthat institutional the of most the acquired football century, nineteenth the of end the by and cult, classes. and groups of formation a thus class, middle of formation and powerBritish its together of of the and bringing thepopulation Eric Hobsbawm and Football 1.1 Nationalism

Anderson, Benedict R. O. R.O. Benedict Anderson, Hobsb aw m, Eric Ranger. m,Ranger. Eric ion Jack or the flag of the St. George has been changing throughout the history, the throughout changing been has George St. the of flag the or Jack ion elopment phase of the emergence of a nation. For his vision, the term “imagined” 7

in his book “The invention of Tradition” mentions football as the core element

The invention Tradition. of invention The Imagined Communities: Reflections on the on Reflections Communities: Imagined

Football became identification for a ma a for identification became Football proud for country and celebrate the victories of a a of victories the celebrate and country for proud

New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992 Press, University New Cambridge York:

Origin and Spread Nationalism Spread of and Origin

common present and present common ss proletarian ss

of their their of . Rev. . 8

CEU eTD Collection 8 sacri of images identity: national shaping of ways significant most the of one is war of memory “The was disastrous. rivalries” “historical of outcome usual the and faded has wars of legacy the towards respect to proved competitions sporting into war of over fade Nevertheless, virtue. the and power national of symbols asare the portrayed heroeswho most powerful creators of national identity and national belonging, by celebrating war and sport legitimate a The victories. by nation demonstrate powerful a of image Both an sustaining while patriotism, common. in much have militarism and sport However, best. the of victory glorious and fair of battlefield a as but nations, the between wars bloody battlefield a as not course of battlefield, a as to referred often very is field football The Football and 1.2 Militarism as one’s or apointing belonginga sense totheclub. nation out of is it regard this In nationalism. banal of part a as perceives still is it banal, than rather nationalism “hot” might rather football represent that true is it though Even symbols. these maintain to culture popular the reminders” an like reminders, unnoticed flag little is important for these the citizens, since “national that identity embraces all these is forgotten study his in makes Billig point essential The ways. The citizens of the countries are daily reminded of their nationess by various little unnotic means a constant reminding of the established nation about its nationhood by various symbols. boo Billig’s of aspect The

Billig, Michael.Billig, fice, heroism, mourning and loss provide symbols of unity in suffering, in sadness, in sadness, in suffering, in unity of symbols provide loss and mourning heroism, fice, 8 . In football, flags and symbols represent an u an represent symbols and flags football, In . Banal Nationalism Banal

k about banal nationalism lies in his explanation of flagging, which which flagging, of explanation his in lies nationalism banal about k

. London: Sage, 1995. 8 P. 1995. Sage, London: .

also crucial to mention the differentiation of “us” and “them” “them” and “us” of differentiation the mention to crucial also be rather dangerous in the past years, as the as years, past the in dangerous rather be

tmost importance, and it is a part of of part a is it and importance, tmost

y are one of the the of one are y eable of 9 -

CEU eTD Collection 11 10 9 it toomit tool remind theGerman ofthe Second World TheWar. they War, tryand toforget use footballs as English the as notorious, so became England and Germany between clashes the Therefore, identity. German building and understanding in war legacies. Presenting football as opposing example to the war had been a significant change bu could Germans pillar the of one was it thus war, the by caused the case of Germany. It succeeded to fill the gap that has been left after the symbolic devastation Football, football thepower exemplifies re of Nevertheless, symbols. its and country your for affiliation feel to proud than shameful rather dur committed atrocities the for blamed were people whose nation, as mainly destroyed other all among was Germany War, World Second of end the After 1954. in Bern in team National German the crucial parts was football. driving forces formation behind ofthe national the post Germanamong identity, which one of main the out point to essential is it England, and Germany between rivalry to understand To nations have richfootball history,an militaryand German of example the on elaborate will It chapter. this of issue the be will way negativea in competitions football national affects history military how way The amongdisrespectfulandthe actions outrageous to wartragedies,contributes the and national hooliganism feelings.as and Sadly,factorsfootball such disappearing respect for valediction”

Mangan, J.A. 2006. "Sport and War: Combative Societies and Combative Sports." Sports." Combative and CombativeSocieties and War: "Sport 2006. J.A. Mangan,

Ibid. Young. Christopher Alan, and Tomlinson,

2006.

as a tool of re of tool a as

9 . 11

This is the way war supposes to be remembered, the way it should shape society ing the war and who were judged based on collective guilt. At that time, it was it time, that At guilt. collective on based judged were who and war the ing

- creation of the identity after the war, proved to play a specific role in in role specific a play to proved war, the after identity the of creation The very first event to mention in this regard is the victory of the

- construction of nationalconstruction identity German Football: History, Culture, Society Culture, History, Football: German

fans take advantage of all the possibilities to possibilities the all of advantage take fans d their clashes known. are notoriously ild on in opposition to the to opposition in on ild 10 - English rivalry, as both as rivalry, English SGI Quarterly SGI

. London: Routledge, London: . Routledge,

football fans. fans. football , July. ,

CEU eTD Collection Sport abo Narratives 13 german “ Chanting 12 through w football, identity national English of strength the show to way a was it Also, time. this at generation” gold new “a called was which team, English the towards expectations high the with it fuse remind to Englinarratives attempt were an identity, reminding the players as well as the fans of “your country needs you” St. spirit, heart Lion’s o heroes war former on newspaper focused The predominantly well. were as narratives respect this in role important an played has media English The Germany holding upinflatable inarmy Spitfires helmets, w songs war chanting and Hitler imitating goose salutes, Nazi from refrain to Germany to arriving fans English the towards the before Association Football Brit the of fear biggest the already been has Germany, about anything mentioning the comes it when War World Second the with obsession English The attempt. this undermine to opportunity the took fans English visiting the However, nation. friendly friends” make to time memories was somehow still present. One of such an example is the title of this world cup: ne a present to Germans the for opportunity another was it so Germany, in place took FIFA 2006 The

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CEU eTD Collection united 2005." 16 in World Loathing Football and Fear 15 is it and disappointing very is experience an such claimed He football. English in xenophobia completely non man fellow by criticized harshly was Wenger Arsene when 2006, in Madrid Real against defeat League Champions Arsenal’s was football in xenophobia and racism of issue the with deal to forces driving the of One market. labour The issue of xenophobia in football has increased since the openi disastrous had economicclub impact onthe which club, the purchase could family Glazer the that caused regulations “forei a by owned fully club English first the became U Man when years few in intensified U Man the affected Thirdly, successa as global a perceiving scale, global a on successful becomes that team the towards prejudices of full people chauvinism, British class middle a of emergence an certain a witness can we fans loyal to the English league, “global” the vs. “local” the between line a draw which globalization, of impact the to leads argument second The U. Man of institutions sporting the a was there Firstly, clubs. League Premier other from club U Man of alienation the to contributed that factors significant two express White and Davies well. as team national English the into transferred slowly that “othering” of expressions in whic clubs, fanLeague Premier other among hugeoutrage caused it that eminent so

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and the others, who became open towards Europe. In this case - - 21. Oxford: Gary Armstrong and Richard Giulianotti, 2001. Giulianotti, Richard and Armstrong Oxford: Gary 21. 1.1809663.

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agers, media and supporters for setting up a a up setting for supporters and media agers, – 15

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CEU eTD Collection viewers. billion two over had match Cup in 2006 World world. The the in programs watched 22 Culture and 21 and century, nineteenth late the in football of emergence the since hand one the on While bel levels: two on operates football that argues Markovits canaffiliationto them. alwaysfeel acertain andbelonging spreading of news about the players and teams keep the fans and population updated, thus they can natio positive fansnegativeand where communicateand where clubs, fan and sites fan various of spread the to contributes which media social and broadcasting TV press, the mainly been has it Ultimately, people. of lives the into national industries. All of these factors are essential contributors in bringing sports and international other several and business marketing, broadcasting, television t In the English team. national football towards society English of relations the with dealing while with, operate to terms central the international relations. For both reasons, national affiliation and national consciousness will be As much as it has affecting people’s everyday life, it does have an impact o but also, internationally and politically sports has gained an utmost importance and influence. throug feature a become slowly has it Thus, growing. constantly popularityis its and form, active or passive a in whether decades, past the in lives people’s of part major the of one become have sports through football CHAPTER 2 “Sports shape and stabilize social and social stabilize and shape “Sports

Sport has become an integral part of press coverage, it appears in films and the sporting events are the most the are events sporting the in and films it appears coverage, press of part integral has becomean Sport Rensmann. Lars and S., Andrei Markovits, e at er, prs ae vle it a itga pr o vros nutis sc as such industries, various of part integral an into evolved have sports years, past he . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010. Page3 2010. Press, University Princeton: Princeton . h which people could identify, it promoted socialization, leisure time activities, time leisure socialization, promoted it identify, could people which h

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CEU eTD Collection Culture and 25 level. theon national and scheme, patriotic in the different emergence a see wecan a structure, regularity, lacked time that at competition This clashed. players Scottish and English where ofthe the best in 1872, Scotland and 24 inrounds. the qualification participate to let are manyclubs how has limits league national whileeach qualify, to eligible are leagues national the teams best of The clubs. thefor European competition football prestigious was re know nowadays it people wayEuropean but the in 1955, founded 23 cultural strong have symbols national nationali waving and flags the raising anthem, national limits. its also has it nevertheless, element, positive a as seen be actually to comes it when role sometimes an unusual way of expressing one’s feelings towards the team or club plays a crucial and fans by players the of supporting emotive The inclusiveness. ethnic on based Europe, in football. especially sports, the of most the shaping on influence the specific have and to claimed is team, latter The team. local national the of the nationalism of patriotism the to comes it when difference a also is there but wh existed alwayshave sentiments nationalistic that doubt no is There widespread ofCup,EuroCuporthe theWorld league. Champions thepopularization before preferences Such city. or town own demonstrates nationalistic and patriotic sentiments on the club and league their level, and was more from players the have to preferred fans and clubs local the era, club the of beginning the In years. the over changed also has which team, the past years. In this League Champions European UEFA the as in such football, appeared contests transnational century, twentieth the of nineties the in era a within team where focus, local more a with level national the on only operated primarilycentury,football twentieth throughoutthe

Markovits, Andrei S., and Lars Rensmann. Rensmann. Lars and S., Andrei Markovits, betweengame England first international in the seen be can scale international the on first example such The originally Association, Football European of (Union theby UEFA League,organized Champions The stic roots and it’s contributed to the notion of “we”, the ones who embodies the nation. . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010., p.71 2010., Press, University Princeton: Princeton .

regard, we can talk about a certain local patriotism towards one’s football

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Gaming the World: How Sports Are Reshaping Are Sports How World: the Gaming

country or a region met. However, entering the global the entering However, met. region a or country 24

Football nationalism Football 23 , which are enjoying growing popularity in popularity growing enjoying are which ,

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collective despair collective Based on the FIFA rankings, there is a high gap between the English national team and the Scottish, England Scottish,England the team and national English the between gap high istherea therankings, on FIFA Based internationa inA an loss Alan. Bairner, The image of the English in this regard was the ones who have been arrogant, with a with arrogant, been have who ones the regardwas this in English the of imageThe h portrayed the English before the upcoming football clash was the „Auld Enemy“. „Auld the was clash football upcoming the beforeEnglishportrayed h the Sport, Nationalism, and Globalization European and North American Perspectives American North and European Globalization and Nationalism, Sport, 27 -

world . However, all of the previosuly mentioned feelings were present on the on present were feelings mentioned previosuly the of all However, . l tournament is often perceived very negatively by the fans, and quite often also by also often quite fans,and the by negatively very perceived often is l tournament

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ame a 28 From From the experience and memories of Brainer, how , as it was just one of the weaker teams, and they and teams, weaker the of one just was it as , iar case of these two teams are primarily driven driven primarily are teams two these of case iar commonly seen. The way the fans behave shows how shows behave wayfans the The seen. commonly

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CEU eTD Collection 31 13 30 nation wholethe football participating in people fansand with the together teams, thenational 29 m been has study a such of deconstruction of the English national identity can be perfectly portrayed through football. One and construction the Moreover, England. undoubtedly is it game, this in pioneers the of one football regarding debate the to comes it When functions andpopularity onallthelevels, thatits constantlygrows. still football globalization, to led that decade past the throughout changes the of despite that i on effect an had factors such as change to started has football integration and cooperation international of processes emerging and views world changing in changes significant international sphere, such as to the end of the cold war, rising importance of Due the European Union, real. in operates football levels many how on see can we therefore paragraphs, mentioned above the in cases by presented was features mentioned they levels all at operate relationships dyadic “Football’s indeed fusedand withidentity political questions. a English, at least not that specific as for the Scottish. The power and identity relations p a meant never team football Scottish the over victory English the Thus, Scot consdier not did they a theyEnglishmaintain show Scottish versa. vice or football, influence the how see can we Bairner, from example this On

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Football: A Sociology the of Sociology A Football:

land as a as land ade from the sociological perspective by Richard Giulianotti, who Giulianotti, Richard by perspective sociological the from ade

separate identity. While the English, as one of the superpowers,the of one asEnglish, the While separate identity. he English” is very commonly used is sports journalism as a reference to to reference as a journalism is sports used verycommonly ishe English”

threat on the football field, due to their low performance. low their to due field, football the on threat 29

Global Game Global

used football, and especially cases of victory, to victory, of cases especially and football, used ’s em ’s

ergence and the question which nation is is nation which question the and ergence -

player, team, club and nation, and that and nation, and club team, player, . Cambridge, UK: Polity Press ;, 1999. Page 1999. ;, Press Polity UK: Cambridge, . oiia ad utrl oe relations power cultural and political 30 t. It is still interesting to see, see, to interesting still is It t. Te motne f l the all of importance The . –

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CEU eTD Collection to protection. rise order in stadiums football the rules in ninetiesstrict in the later implemented associations 34 etc. cards ofreceived number fouls, goals, gained and ofscored number possession, the ball suchas factors by also important and victories, theof number 33 28 32 claims the emergence of football was very rapid among thethe proletarians, and that by the 1880s, and football between line British interesting the in class of interpretation and unusual very a draws Hobsbawm Eric class Middle British inthe offootball The emergence 2.1 EricHobsbawm: “home” international toEnglandfrom tournaments. th bring to team football national English the encouraging are they home return to football for calling by thus football, of master only the was team English the when times, when th 1966 of team the football, English of generation golden the to referring memories and myth tournaments by calling for the return of the football home. There are several chants and songs, t on dwelling was football of masters the again once become to attempt their thus team, national English the for success more like a era was marked rather by the notorious English hoolig War, with only one remarkable victory on the home soil in the World Cup in 1966. The modern decline Neverthe they. than longergame the knew one no as it, of masters the remain to and played, have they football of level high the keep to society English from expectation“ popu class working huge by characterized was football English in period „traditional“ emerging building. identity their in factors crucial the as history English in events key the traced

Due to this terrible image of the English football during the seventies and the eighties, the English football football English the the eighties, seventiesand theduring football English ofthe image terrible this Dueto b measured team is football of the decline national The Richard. Giulianotti,

ain cas ofit, n ioains plc abroad policy isolationist and conflicts, class lation, 33 e English team won the World Cup on the home soil. The fans like to remember these torememberthese fans Thehome soil. like Cuponthe theWorld team English e won

appeared in the interwar period, and subsequently continued after the Second WorldSecond the after continued subsequently and period, interwar the appearedin

battlefields battlefields than sporting competitions. Football: A Sociology of the Global Game Global the of Sociology A Football:

aiin. hs a dn truh ige o te international the on jingles through done was This raditions.

society in the second half of the nineteenth century. He He century. nineteenth the of half second the in society ased on its performance on the international level, by level, international the on itson performance ased 34

The post anism, when the football stadiums looked . Cambridge, UK: Polity Press ;, 1999. Page 1999. ;, Press Polity UK: Cambridge, . 32 - modern modern era did not bring bigger Tee a a was There .

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CEU eTD Collection holidays national are Classic examples Europe. century 19th in especially building, nation phasesof with coincide often traditions invented These ritual. ancient 37 36 288 P. 1992. Ranger, Terance Hobsbawm, Eric UK: Cambridge, 35 tradition: invented the of elements two It can be concluded based on the arguments of Hobsbawm, that the middle class sport combined who had nochances before. tomeet in social of kind new a provided sport Lastly, style. life class middle emerging the to style whichlife class upper the public, of assimilation the in to contributed showed and noticed become and have sports new institutionalization, to of thanks invention old, the international of even and national the on spread sports most of institutionalization the “in transformations huge by marked keeping in mind three crucial points. Firstly, the last thirty years of the nineteenth century were that the social history of the upper and middle class sport is very well documented, neverthele Hobsbawm sees in sport as one of the newest social practices of our period, while proclaiming workers, less itis skilled the from drawn be to tended players football the of most the that observed is it While the local businessmen, whose main expectation was to become famous as a leaders of the clubs. professionaliz quickly so got it reasons major the of One 1885. by professionalized therefore and proletarianized, quickly very was it schools, public of students class middle the among sport amateur an as emerging originally Football, gaveand local a level, commona topicworkers for which from male cities. Since football has had a local andregionalproletarian base, operated it onbothnational as the such nowadays, until know we that characteristics institutional significant the all had football

T 298 Page Ibid. Produc "Mass Hobsbawm,Eric. he heightening of rather recent phenomena to traditions, giving them the impression of a ofa the impression giving them traditions, to phenomena recent he heighteningofrather

League, the Cup, regular attendances of Sunday games, ritual rivalries between industrial

clear how the developmentclear how supporters’cultureemerged. ofthe has

ing Traditions: Europe, 1870 Europe, ingTraditions:

the political and the social. On the one ha one the On social. the and political the ed is that football got financial support from from support financial got football that is ed teraction among people of the same class, same the of people among teraction - 1914." In 1914." - 89

The Invention of Tradition of Invention The ll over theregion. over ll

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CEU eTD Collection 1991. London: Verso, ed. Extended and 39 38 issue an addressed also Anderson mind. one’s in community of image an creating country, a and nation a sharing another, one of idea communion their of image the eachlives of minds the in that, of smallest nations will never know their fellow citizens, meet them or the even of members the because imagined was nation the that proclaimed he and time”, our of life political the in universallyvalue legitimate most the “is nation Anderson, Accordingto nation the Imagining Anderson: 2.2 Benedict to compete British Isles, against each other, and later on also the nations of the British Empire were invited the within teams national the of competition a International1914 beforemeant contest internationalBritish 1914. t instance for before as nations, the this of unity the like underline to there primarily not were competitions was which ones, national the supplemented together, state national reg the of inhabitants the bounded It sport. through identification to middle class sports. The national identification became very important, especially when it came tradi invented social and political of combination The mention. to factor important more one is there question, identity the Regarding masses. the against lines draw spontaneously to attempting schools, public the and upper class. On the other hand it strongly relied depending on the local situation, cooperating with liberals and conservatives within the middle while model, aristocratic old the replace to elite”, “ruling new a form to attempted sport class

Anderson, Benedict R. O. R.O. Benedict Anderson, 301 Ibid. rls o ter oa oiis Te ai sra o te nentoa competitions international the of spread rapid The origins. local their of ardless

38 .

Imagined Communities: Reflections on the on Reflections Communities: Imagined in poie a eim o ntoa ietfcto fr as and mass for identification national for medium a provided tions

of how the media can promote and contribute to this this to contribute and promote can media the how of

and built on its amateurism emerging from

Origin and Spread Nationalism Spread of and Origin 39 . It is a socially constructed socially a Itis .

hear from them, but despite . Rev. . he 22

CEU eTD Collection Sport Cup World the 2006 in Team Football English the about Narratives 41 Sport Cup World the 2006 in Team Football English the about Narratives E Expects: "England Hill. S. J. A. and Kuntz, M. Kian,P. Pedersen, M. E. J., Vincent, in: See ofconnectedness. an image creating once, at millionsofpeople followedby that are broadcast, or TV be can connectedness of consciousness or & Soccer Society "Eng Tom. in:See Gibbons, varies. ofEnglishness conceptions which their by itsimage own northern)creates or (southern, region each claiming withinEngland, division showregional to the term borrows Gibbons Tom culture. journalis sports and academics usedamong very commonly is hisconcept 40 the nation,case inthis throughfootball. image thatpeople have intheir minds” construct “socially a is respect this in media the by created community imagined national players, they create a particular tie between the English people and the players. In fact, of creation com imagined the to contributors key the of one is media the that claimed be can it respect, this In victories. of celebrations and losses of disappointment the sharing in resulted which pl their on pressure certain a creating this by and team, national their towards expectations high showed often media the English, the of case the in Particularly events. sporting international after and during, before, played grew,and rapidly TV andnewspapers the of influence the how showed years past The bases. fan the for designed sites funzine various and media social the nowadays especially together, them bringing in element significant a is media the However, bases fan of community imagined Europe, includingFIFA world the cups Cupsas fans andwell. Football theEuro belong toan awarecollective ofthe existenceofnever despite ofeach fellow other citizens. meeting its thus are who newspaper reading population of number high the as other”, each of “awareness This particular r

Vincent, J., E. M. Kian, P. M. Pedersen, A. Kuntz, and J. S. Hill. "England Expects: English Newspapers' English Expects: "England Hill. S. J. A. and Kuntz, M.Kian,P. Pedersen, M. E. J., Vincent, however, sportsall, at or football ofany role mention not does communities ofimagined theory Anderson’s , 2010, 199 2010, , 199 2010, , lish National Identity and the National Football Team: The View of Contemporary English Fans." Fans." English ofContemporary View Team: The Football National the and Identity National lish - - : 865 munities among the fans, but by supporting and demanding results from their their from results demanding and supporting by but fans, the among munities 223. P. 205 223. P. 223. ole of the mediaole of iscrucialthe biggest the theworld during in and events sporting

- 79. In sports journalism, the term imagined community is referred to as a as a to isreferred community imagined journalism,the term In sports 79.

40 developed , as there is just a little possibility that all of all that possibility little a just is there as , ayers and also the fans, who identified with the players, the with identified who fans, the also and ayers 41

, a way imagine fans their and affiliation belonging to

through the mass consumption of mediated reports mediated of consumption mass throughthe ." International Review for the Sociology of of Sociology Review the for International ." of Sociology Review the for International ." ts in order to understand sports understand sports to order tsin what important role have they they have role important what nglish Newspapers' Newspapers' nglish national sense sense national

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CEU eTD Collection 43 Patrio Pride? 42 positive a people aro symbols the all practically that them remind and show term, the of connotation to order in important was nationalism daily of presentation His eve on view different a represents nationalism” “Banal called Billig Michal by written piece A flagging Billig: 2.3 Michael the nation as community an imagined co strong national sentiments. It has to be admitted, that people can display emotional involvement be to have necessarily not does there and football, to comes it when nation the with identify research community. the Nevertheless, imagined the of part a being thus and it, to attachment sentimental a having associated with far right political groups perceived football as a way to identify nationally while 200 in sociologists and psychologists by conducted sentiment and pride national English the of study a In sentiments. patriotic express openly to acceptable is it where areas few the of one remained football that conclusion a to came nation another against match a in country their representing players eleven for cheer to has one when identity national confirm and nation a for support show to way easy very a is it that claims Crolley and Duke fans. a well as team the of side the on acts such by precisely community imagined of notion capturesFootball practicedfans.alsoflags, the oftenbywraps the which intonationalis itself One team. national the with identification show to also and support show can fans how ways various are There

Ibid. AllAte the "Who Stevenson. Clifford and Lowe,Gibson, D. Stephen Robert Condor, Susan Abell,Jackie, ncerning the English national team, while not necessarily be concerned about being a part of ryday nationalism, differentiating it from the xenophobic and extreme forms of nationalism.

tic Sentiment and English National Football Support." Support." Football National English Sentimenttic and

of such instances how the team embodies the “modern nation” is that it that is nation” “modern the embodies team the how instances such of

also showed that there are groups of people who do not need to need not do who people of groups are there that showed also

42 . Another group of sociologist, of group Another . 43 .

7, they came to a conclusion that people people that conclusion a to came they 7, Nations and Nationalism Nations and

Bouchard and Constant and Bouchard : 97 part a are us und - 116.

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CEU eTD Collection 44 are they determ and passion, fighting their express soldiers the or players the as well as People, chanting. Moreover, many similarities could be found between football events and war events. wi return have would team football a if as people the with greeted were they war, the from returning were troops English the When game. football a as war the portray to used cartoonists war, Falklands the During certa a is It England. and Falklands the between matches football of case the is warfare even with fused be could football where examples the of One nationalism. peaceful of idea real the with coincides always not does “invitations” flags” wave to readers us inviting in pages, sports “The mediators. key the are politicians and media the nationalism, banal of expressing connection in sport to comes it When section. sports the be must it then basis, regular wi waved are flags the where newspaper the in section a is there if that claims Billing symbolsanthems. and thenational national flags, are known most the which of nationalism, everyday of symbols by supported and solidarity national of sense imagined an since the symbols are the key figures to identify with a team or a club. The term itself refers to nationalism, of part this to belong events sporting that wonder no is it Thus, nationalism. of

Billig, Michael. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage, 1995. Sage, London: Nationalism. Banal Michael.Billig, ined to goined tovictory, for the referring tothe football often pitch as tothewarfield.

th a trophy, while the people greeted them with waving flags and flags waving with them greeted people the while trophy, a th

44 . Nevertheless, the way the Nevertheless, .

national belonging, which are enforced and and enforced are which belonging, national in symbolic model of the war in this regard. this in war the of model symbolic in

the media present such present media the

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CEU eTD Collection Journal 45 society, and the “British opinion has remained fixed in the stereotypes established in two world ste German negative The themselves. Germans as well as German society, and the legacy of the Third Reich has etched itself into the minds of foreigners ima There is no doubt that the Germans have been struggling with negative stereotypes and negative 3.1 Germany. to comes it when memories war predominantly maintain people English the why reasons l to is chapter this of task the and Germany, and England between relationship Fritz”. Blitz “Lets comm very is it Germany, and England between meetings football international to comes it When meet. nations two these when pitch the on clashes the during appearing constantly ones the o legacy the case, our In history. European throughout powers hegemonic been have historyand rich have countries between England and Germany. The reason behind this choice lies in the fact that both of these r this In team. national English the of clashes within processes identi with together politics, and sport of fusion the portray to seeks chapter this Football central is identity English to the and onemeans of illustrateitis to by references CHAPTER 3

Low, Cassel, and Laura Stevens. "No Love Lost Here: England Meets Germany Yet Again." Again." Yet Germany Meets England Love Here: Lost "No LauraStevens. and Cassel, Low,

ges especially since the end of the First World War. The war has left deep scars in the in scars deep left has war The War. World First the of end the since especially ges Germany’s negative image in negative Germany’s on to spot in several English tabloid press referring to Germans as the “Old Enemies”, “Old the as Germans to referring press tabloid English several in spot to on

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- English society, clarified on the historical football successes and notorious and successes football historical the on clarified society, English

Nation 45

f the world wars plays the most important role, as the war memories are memories war the as role, important most the playswars world the f The previously mentioned examples are the outcomes of the historical the of outcomes the are examples mentioned previously The –

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English 26

CEU eTD Collection withGermany." Relations 48 fa thus are theWar, children World Second and focusedthe era on Nazi are schools the British in curriculums 47 373 ofCon Journal Germany." on Reporting ofStereotypical Analysis 46 English, building their hegemo negativepromotingstereotypes. factor leadinga be also couldEurope powerin dominant a as attempt to dominate Europe. The hegemonic decline of Britain and the fear of being overtaken th that claiming Europe, in dominance German of afraid rather are Britons that argues Beck partners. European their ultimately are German the English seem to fail to move from the historical references of the war, to the current era, where warp” time a in about stuck thinking seems often “British Germany that 1995 in proclaimed office Commonwealth and Foreign the at state of minister Baldry, Tony prejudice. and history by extent some to determined always The way people interpret other nations can hardly be called objective, the visions of related war to time documentariesand films of amount significant devoting by instance for well, as stereotypes and print The history. German the in wars, rise of Nazism and the holocaust, while leaving little space to discuss the post war period world the on focus to designed predominantly are classes history The stereotypes. negative of age early the from contributes schools in curriculum history factors contributing to the negative image of German, other starting already in nonetheless schools. The areone sided there regard, this in factor significant a plays press the though Even before tournaments. internationalfootball wars”

miliarized with the atrocities committed during this time in an earlyage. in time this during committed withthe atrocities miliarized Beck, Peter J. "The Relevance of the 'Irrelevant': Football as a Missing Dimension in the Study of British British Study the of in Dimension Missing as a Football 'Irrelevant': ofthe Relevance "The J. Peter Beck, history that class the in proved the UK ambassador byGerman the supported and Aconducted research AnEmpirical Press: the British in Image Germany's "Constructing Lacroix. Chantal and Jonathan, Grix,

46 . One of the major areas where such stereotypes often appear is the British press, usually

International Affairs Int Affairs Int Affairs International 47

nic power upon their strength from the colonial times, on myths

television have their fair proportion in promoting the the promoting in proportion fair their have television

48 Oe a lo fr several for look may One . : 389 ey use the European Union as a tool for tool a as Union European the use ey - 411. Pa 411. temporary European Studies: 373 Studies: European temporary ge396

the students to believe in the the in believe to students the

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CEU eTD Collection countries. European eyes ofother in the newimage a grant them could football of significance political the also and growing, insp part taking and bycontributing newimage a build can they believed well.Germans as in England countries, inEuropean other established been 51 50 49 countries. both in people young of knowledge the shows which now data, survey us more consider Let Germans. considering when category negative main the as football mention conduc survey a when wrong, be salvation, tearing Germans out from the Nazi stereotypes. However, this assumption proved to Germans. as themselves perceiving of way new a A vision appeared in the 1990’s, seeing football as canis, how tobea forrivalry. football such turned solution in this case football provides a lens through which the rivalries can be examined. The question coherence,c itsfootball however,to contributes it press. There is no need to stress the importance of sport in the society, how it shapes it and how tabloid the by primarily stereotypes negative of promotion the on based are conclusions the between Germany, peculiar relationship studies conductedthis w and England on between society and sport can be. As many scholars have dealt with this issue, there are several simple necessarily not is history political and football between mapping the that argues Markovits UK comes the education of post war era, which has been addressed by German ambassadors in t it when side British the from ignorance certain a is there Undoubtedly, Germans. towards far is who Hitler, of society the reminding constant War, World Second the of devastation the through living while nation, a of decline a such Admitting 1930’s. the since faded has images, and

Germans perceived themselves for a long time as the perpetrators of the war crimes, and this image has long long has image this and warcrimes, ofthe perpetrators longas the a time for themselves perceived Germans England?" for Card Red "A Andrei. Markovits, Ibid. 49 .

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CEU eTD Collection & Issues Sport Social 55 Angloin Relationship 54 of Cup World FIFA the is which history, sporting Germany, it is essential to get an insight into one of the most important moments in the German In order to fully understand the role of the football and war in the rivalry between England and 3.2 TheMi measured means. by such are power and prestige national that common very is it while importance, international more gained has football when decades past the in especially undermined, be to seems football of militari being without strength their show and nation their medium where footballcompeteanother, a proves identify can with withonethesociety tobe to need a is there as long as and society, contemporary the in role a plays still nation the of sports can for offermilitarism, an substitution andwhether adequate necessary. isit If t whether is this from emerges that question The media. English in predominantly warriors, we as football The celebration masculinity, ofand war battlethenation for are thatare thefeatures central to nation. the for die to ready is who individual, masculine strong a of image an man gave war fighting Empire, British of times the from to the sport and warfare, such as fair play, playing field, discipline and teamwork essential are that values the is It nation. a for fighting and game the of idea the in connection the that shows metaphors sporting the and soldier colonial British the of Mangan, his analysis shows linkages between sport and militarism. Similarities in the language and th

Garland, J., and M. Rowe. "War Minus Rowe.t M. and "War J., Garland, Asymmetric the Traumaand Humour, Cup: OneWorld Wars and World "Two Christopher. Young, e proof of one system’s legitimacy over the other”. racle of Bern racle of ll. We can witness often such an image of the football players, compared to to compared players, football the of image an such often witness can We ll. , 1999, 80 1999, , - German Football." Football." German

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1954. This part will demonstrate the the demonstrate will part This 1954. 54 ly involved. The political influence political The involved. ly Based on a study conducted by J.A.

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CEU eTD Collection Germany East and 59 2006. Routledge, 58 http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/matches/worl site: FIFA from official Retrieved the in Europe. recognition gained war ofthe the end since time first the and Germans, h which moments 57 56 proved to be a cornerstone in their history on which they could build on. war Tomlinson and Young the of end the after years nine triumph this and war, the of end the since Germans the world wars. The need to overcome the memories of the war era has been one the objec twothe of culprits the ratherwinnersthan Cup World the as themselves identify beingto able certainly broug re was Germany actually that state they identity. national power how shows Bern in triumph The FIFA CupFinal”. World 1954 the as attached stories and legends many so with match football another been there has and most surprising in the World Cup history, creating life time heroes for the Germans. “ who ultimately became the winners of this World Cup. This victory has been one of the g finals, the in team German West the see to surprise ratherawas it hand,other the on While 3. Oly the winning games, consecutive 32 in unbeaten remaining while title, this win to them from expected was 4 Hungaryon and Bern” von Wunder “Das as known is it and Switzerland in held was 1954 in Cup World FIFA The Germany. nation and identity the in cup world the of importance

Germany was re Germany eds. Young, Christopher Alan, and Tomlinson, special ofthe one was this and ones, than the better expected be remembered to tend usually Surprisingresults ofBern Miracle The 56 , which was the fifth FIFA W

as long been debated. From international perspective, it provided an opening gatefor an opening it provided From perspective, international debated. been as long ht Germany back into the international sphere, gaining while acceptance, theinternational sphere, into more ht Germany back . -

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century, when the fragmented little German cities tried to unify and create a state. The anthem, and anthem,and The state. a unifycreate and to tried cities littleGerman fragmented whencentury, the one of the key symbols in the 1848 revolution. Later on, during the Nazi rule, the Nazis the Nazis rule, Nazi theduring on, revolution. Later 1848 in the symbols key the of one nal symbols once again. This phenomenon can be seen for instance in the in instance for seen be can phenomenon This again. once symbols nal

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Contributors in 1954 in from “Fussball und Politik”, “Grosse deutsche Siege“, „Begesterung“ Siege“, deutsche “Grosse Politik”, und “Fussball in from 1954 in Contributors eds. Young, Christopher Alan, and Tomlinson, again how one foragain sporting misuse can political purposes. how events bearing in mind the negative attitudes towards the Germans, condemning the the condemning Germans, the towards attitudes negative the mind in bearing port of the masses and its power to capture one’s attention was once again again once was attention one’s capture to power its and masses the of port ar, which the Nazi Germany ultimately lost with extremely high losses on both sides. sides. both on highlosses withextremely lost ultimately which ar, the Germany Nazi

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CEU eTD Collection 67 2006. Press, York ofNew the Football World Cup and Olympics the in Spectacle and Politics Culture, 66 Retri Wembley. insoil home theon Germans the defeat chanceto a had whenEnglish the history English moment the in a was football. 65 high notably a been has there and raising surprisingly was which viewers, women of number of number the television show to able being by also and games, the broadcasting by regard this in English” the of memory collective the 19 of Finals Cup World “The innovation for theaudience. engineers BBC managed to show the slow Moreover, standard. high a Cup World the professiona gave it highly games, the of with interpretations audience the accompanying by and day, programs such the “Match of the day”. Group of football experts were available at each match British. special and the commentators qualified highly had also it television, for on game every broadcasting experience national a it made thus and football of spread the to bringing football close to the people. The BBC played a major role that successfully contributed were which innovations manyfortechnical also finals, controversial its knownbesides is Cup World This reasons becameinseparable why it an English of part the identity. of success incredible this besides but team, football every of dream a is soil home on trophy Cup World bygoal a controversial on extra time, in their home the in soil Wembley stadium. “old enemies”, the West German team i

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CEU eTD Collection but Journal 90 54. System Transfer ofthe New 89 player junior as a yearsincluded thehaving two 88 Soccer." Professional 87 86 a wanted to change to When Bosman’s contract with Liege ended, the club asked for a high fee from the club Bosman for, played he Standard de Liege, claiming his team ruined his team career due to high fee transfer req football his against lawsuit a initiated who player, football Belgian Treaty of R the of 39 Article violated players football professional for system transfer used commonly the European ruled of Court that the Justice December 1995, date. in verdict “Inan influential hav that history football in features Jean of name The association of time. was aquestion just co years. 5 forinterruption without Europeancountry particular a of residence the as players, assimilated two on limits included restriction this players foreign three of limit a setting by players, foreign upon imposed limitations controversial to contributed itself whose appearance in particular matches was forbidden. For instance, before 1995, the UEFA decided to change clubs. Secondly, severe restriction to a player’s former club, even when his contract with his former club had expired and a player

contract that Ask, Mathias. "Bosman Still Struggling With Ruling That Rewards Soccer's Free Agents." Agents." Free Soccer's Rewards RulingThat With Struggling Still "Bosman Ask,Mathias. Analysis An Sports: Professional Fees on Impact Transfer of "The Muehlheusser. Gerd and Feess,Eberhard, wh rule, 3+2 isas the known This ``Bosman the Impact of The Mobility: Factor and "Globalization Frick,B. Associations Football UnionofEuropean nflict with the Treaty of Rome, therefore the change of the rules laid down by the football football the by down laid rules the of change the therefore Rome, of Treaty the with nflict

- the - , July 2, 2014. http://www.wsj.com/articles/the , 2014. July2, man - himself ome in that it hampered mobility of professionals”

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Dunkerque, Dunkerque, which means for Bosman staying in his former club without -

struggling for European Football*." Football*." European for being allowed to play in a European competition games. competition European a in play to allowed being

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Scandinavian Journal of Economics Scand J Econ J EconomicsScand of Journal Scandinavian - jean - marc - 88 106. s were stablished on foreign born players,

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CEU eTD Collection 92 Europe." 91 57.6 and season 1998/99 the in 45.8% constituting years, following the in rising was number non the season, 1994/95 A is ruling Europe. Bosman in the league preceding years best the the to comparison as time this at known was which League, Premier the of (41% in 2008: 63% of players registered in the Premier League were not English since the Bosman ruling has undoubtedly risen, which is demonstrated in the survey conducted as a positi this see players the majorityof the though Even football. to diversity brought who foreigners, to opened football European way the is respect this in element crucial another but well, as The Bosman ruling was above all extreme rightsclubs. ofthe the above promoted been had players the of rights the that is regards this in part essential an and football, European the of development further the on importance utmost an had decision imposed by UEFA on the number of foreign players the club within the EU countries without restrictions. Secondly, it eliminated the quota system players who no longer h the for fees transfer removed it firstly, areas: major two in football European on implications crucial had verdict final This clubs. football between transfers player of context the in merely larg a on football affected Bosman of victory The to court, whichultimately of Court Justice. upintheended European European hedeprivedbycitizen, hiscasea decided toput associations, ofhis as football right

Ibid. 108 page Ibid. Teams in Club and National Rulingon Effectsofthe Bosman "The Findlay. John, Murray and Binder, ) or SSRN Journal SSRN Electronic Journal Electronic SSRN Journal SSRN

Italy (36%) ve feature for football, it also had negative implications. The influx of foreign players

92 , this number is significantly higher, which can be a proof of the strength ad ad valid contracts with their football team, thus they could freely leave - English players in the Premier League amounted to 28.9% and this and 28.9% to amounted League Premier the in players English

ly ly beneficial to the football players, and to the market 13 (2012): (2012): 13 107 e scale, and his name is nowadays known known nowadays is name his and scale, e 91 . Ultimately, the implications of thi - 29.

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CEU eTD Collection Europe." 96 95 system. in:See http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11669/2881912/gerrard 2015. Accessed sec. 94 93 the playerspost produced by generation” namely ofEnglish football, Michael “golden the that claiming experts are there hand, other the On young players. of development a be should experts of opinions the noted, be can it As teams. national the helped or harmed it claim solidly cannot one that Nevertheless halted. extent certain a to was league domestic their in succeed to English young the for chance the thus players, foreign top by notably years past the in dominated been has League Premier English harmed its national team since it put a burden on England to players foreign of influx The it. from benefited than rather system quota the of is a good example in this regard, a country whose national team suffered from the abolishment the in suffer to going is team national our if world the in league best the having pointless is “It proclaimed: Gerrard Steven team national English the of captain times the long on example for illustrated, be also can ruling Bosman the of impact negative a Nonetheless, data.this non the of emergence the on impact in the 2003/04 season.

Binder, John, and Murray Findlay. "The Effects of the Bosman Ruling on National and Club Teams in Teams in Club and National Rulingon Effectsofthe Bosman "The Findlay. John, Murray and Binder, System." Backing Quota "Gerrard Peter. Fraser, 108 page Ibid. Sepp Blatter, Blatter, Sepp

SSRN Journal SSRN Electronic Journal Electronic SSRN Journal SSRN - term decline of the national teams. As the thenationalterm Asthe of teams. decline

limit on foreign on limit Current president of the FIFA the Current of president

diverge, while some of the people such as Mr. Blatter Mr. as such people the of some while diverge,

A A clear correla , the situation the Bosman ruling produced is tricky, in the sense the in tricky, is produced ruling Bosman the situation the , - players Bosman rules

, as the rising number of foreigners negatively affects the affects negatively foreigners of number rising the as , - English players in the Premier League can be seen from from seen be can League Premier the in players English

tion tion between the judgement in the Bosman case and its

13 (2012): (2012): 13109 page Sky Sports Sky 96 .

the development of the domestic players. The Owen, Wayne Rooney or Steven Gerrardare WayneOwen, Rooney or , November 14, 2007, Football: Premier League Premier Football: 2007, 14, November , long - time

captain of Liverpool and several Liverpool and captain several of

long run” long 95

argues that there that argues - backing 94 . England. - quota - 45

CEU eTD Collection hateManU” youifup “Stand suchas ofMan United, hatred expressing chants Singing United”. Man Or Me follow“Don’t or hateMan United”, who fansfor “Magazine as the such newspapers establishing 98 in World Loathing Football and Fear 97 Man U supremacy on the British Isles, which created a huge group of anti reasonsbehind main werethe team, football nationalEnglish the represented alsoplayers had constan competitions, European in United Manchester of appearance frequent The fans. club English the of rest the and fans United Manchester the between “othering” constant a in resulted has which society, Brick Carlton by called as globofan, the “them” versus fans local the as “us” embodying confrontation, dichotomy created a tense situation among the fans, and ultimately led to an “us” versus “them” fans.the of behaviour affectedthe which area,global football the identities. local of creation the for Furthermore, with the era of globalization, the ties background of local, regional and national are fused a with provides club football the suggests, Giulianotti as and large very been always has United Manchester for bases fan local The the post foreign the ownership ofUnitedpresent concerning Manchester aperfect ofthe example image of English foo fans the of behaviour resentful the also and global, the and local the affected football developme English within changes the how illustrates example this Secondly, creation of a huge fan bases overall Europe, but also to a relatively high group of Man U haters. t of one is it firstly, factors: United ofManchester study 4.2 Thecase The reason behind the choice to examine the case of Manchester United lies in several crucial

Abusing Manchester United players, even those who played for the English national team. Moreover, team. national thefor English who played those even players, United AbusingManchester Can Them. With Live "Can't Carlton. Brick, - Bosman era. nt of football, in both negative and positive ways. The discrepancies between the the between discrepancies The ways. positive and negative both in football, of nt 97 . This division led us to a to us led division This .

t leading in the Premier League, and the fact that the majority of the of majority the that fact the and League, Premier the in leading t e ot ucsfl em i Erp, hc cnrbtd o the to contributed which Europe, in teams successful most he

, , 9 - 21. Oxford: Gary Armstrong and Richard Giulianotti, 2001. Giulianotti, Richard and Armstrong Oxford: Gary 21. 't Live Without Them: Reflections on Manchester United." In United." Manchester on Reflections Them: LiveWithout 't

very interest very

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CEU eTD Collection 100 Sociology 99 claims thattheMan take Ufansdonot theEnglish national identitywith them abroad, instead clarifies the odd situation that emerged between the Man U fans and “rest” of English fans. He Adams Mike with interview personal A youwho chanted hateas Mangames. song,“Standupif during the such England’s U” hate illustrat team started season thenew before rest get a United could from were who players of majority the that so Cup, World 1998 the from possible as soon as som that far so went attitude unusual This nineties. of end the in only appeared United for support the of because team national English the rejecting and dispute a having however, case, the been have could team national club, English an supporting of idea The before. society the majority of Manchester fans. It is a social phenomenon that has not been present in English late nineties. A widespread rejection of England as a football team and identity appeared among fans of other English clubs and the fans of Manchester United during its biggest success A very interesting phenomenon emerged from situation the above explained between the local anti supporti and U Man hating fans the of majority the who are othered because of their openness. They are othered by the local fans themselves pro contin European the on U Man of success supreme the since follows: as hatred towards the sup of emergence and prejudiced by led chauvinism, British class “middle a this calls

King, Anthony. "Football Fandom and Post Fandom and "Football Anthony. King,

Ibid. 430 page Ibid. - European , 2000, 419 2000, , es a possible critique of English nationalism, created by all the anti the all by created nationalism, English of critique possible a es

and anti - erior club. The portrayal of European European and open towards Europe, and thus called “them” - 42.

- United. United.

e of the United fans wished for England to be sent home home sent be to England for wished fans United the of e - national Ident national 100

, a former professional football player in Eng in player football professional former a , English English society on this example could be presented ity in the New Europe." Europe." New in ity the ng other English clubs, the “us”, the local, local, the “us”, the clubs, English other ng 99 . Such a rejection of England’s national England’s rejection of . Such a but feeling indifferent towards the the towards indifferent feeling but British Journal of of BritishJournal –

n, t fn call fans its ent, they are the ones –

who constitute - United fans, fans, United

in the land, 47

CEU eTD Collection 102 time. this at the talents biggest ofone was that he fact ofthe regardless ofMan U, player a was he because way,just any himin abuse hissand theanti August, Leaguein the Premier to return Cup.After his World 1998 the in Argentina against game final quarter the during off sent was who Beckham, David player, U timeMan rest. geta fanscan the that Cup so World earlyin lose the would 101 a well as fans, the of behaviour outrageous and attitudes hostile face to had he 2005, in United 4.2.1 The Glazer ownership United abroadas well. pos dominant the ensure to wanted fans the league English the outside team their supporting by and well, as fans for horizons expanding competition, global more a for grounds new provided EU the within Integration globally. recognized be to team their wa they since Europe to belonging of notion the was address to seek United Manchester identity, the national and state identity have stayed significant as well. The message the fans of c common a share still they Englishness, of denial temporary their Despite Englishness. or Britishness toward Mancunian unique the of creating rat a us shows example this though Even groups,thesereached Cupof1998. two which peak its inthe World between hatred escalationof the to contributed situation this also and fans, English the of rest ar These extent. certain a to fans English European By the pure fact itself that they travel abroad for away games they became more open and they take the club identity, while showing proudly the outst When the American millionaire Malcolm Glazer took over the Football Club of Manchester Manchester of Club Football the over took Glazer Malcolm millionaire American the When s of s

Manchester united fandom identity fandom united Manchester that England wished fansU Man thus the United, were Manchester from squad English majority ofthe The

some parts of parts some , which made them more hospitable and they lost the bad hooligan image of the the of image hooligan bad the lost they and hospitable more them made which ,

ulture. While this case proves the importance and strength of the local local the of strength and importance the proves case this While ulture. English society. The Glazer family was one of the first American owners owners American first the of one was family Glazer The society. English

102

identity, this does not mean this group lost its affiliation its lost group this mean not does this identity, e the major reasons they ended up “othered” by the the by “othered” up ended they reasons major the e her fragile relationship between two groups, by the the by groups, two between relationship fragile her

Another peculiar situation occurred with this at occurred situation Anotherpeculiar anding achievements of their team. - United fans took any chan fans took United 101

ition of Manchester of ition ce to boo, boo, to ce nted nted pro 48 -

CEU eTD Collection Fore and Influences 106 United." ofManchester Takeover 105 104 League." the Premier in Foreign Ownership and Influences 103 it, illustrate To hospitality. “Manchester Uniteda total hadof8000corporate seats out corporate showed primarily and prices ticket rising rapidly innovations created based on the American model, such as newly built stadiums, luxury boxes, owners foreign by led 2005, since rules introduced newly the of implications communities fanthe of destruction be undemocraticcaused andto fair laissez claimed laiss The orGermany thewayforregulations, hadSpain instance law, hasspecific as never England British the in regulations of lack the to due possible mainly was occurred that situation This class basketba or hockey ice as such sports, professional that us shows experience American the hand, other the On matches. football professional attend to afford could families whole including anyone, where weekends, the England In competitions. sporting live watch to afford could who people of groups the by portrayed is situation This normal. was person single a individua of ownership professional a sport was for long inthehands time ofmillionaires, and ownership of a club by private a in was club the of percentage small a and commercialization only high and class, working by supported primarilywere clubs football English regard,the this in the to due mainly experience English and American the Comparing League. Premier was the of internationalization it and England relative a in was clubs innovation football the of ownership foreign Having ever. club English the of

Nauright, John, and John Ramfjord. "Who Owns England's Game? American Professional Sporting Professional American Game? Owns England's "Who Ramfjord. John and John, Nauright, Fo Adam."‘Not Brown, more50% inthan person a by clubsbeing owned football forbids law Inthe Germany Ramfjord John and John, Nauright, 103 .

ez fair attitude in this regard proved to be against the will of the English fans, who who fans, English the of will the against be to proved regard this in attitude fair ez ign Ownership in the Premier League." League." the Premier in ignOwnership

r Sale’? The Destruction and Reformation of Football Communities in the Glazer Glazer inthe Communities Football of Reformation and Destruction Sale’? The r Soccer & Soccer Society

. "Who Owns England's Game? American Professional Sporting Professional American Game? Owns England's "Who . l s eey netimn fr h mdl ad upper and middle the for entertainment merely is ll , 2007, 614 2007, , Soccer & Soccer Society & Soccer Society - 35. , football had a certain connection with connection certain a had football ,

of its76000capacity” , 2010, 428 2010, , 428 2010, , - - 41. 41.

s I te USA, the In ls. meant several meant 106 . Thisled 105 . The. 104 49 .

CEU eTD Collection United." ofManchester Takeover 109 traditional time, the long are here fanscontributing the majority of 108 107 the became United Manchester years, following the During justified. be to proved fans the of fea the while 2005, May in club the of ownership full took Glazer efforts, the of all Despite banner“Not saying for Sale”,during live streaminggame ofthe a with flag American an burn to try and United of team reserve the by only played game a disagreementwas the pitch toinvade attempt toindicate addressesA rather etc. drastic Glazer, by various using forms of abuses suchas unwanted phone calls, their spamming email Educational Manchester the also and often, quite held were demonstrations Public close. to had shops the so work, their do to shops the allowing not Nike and Vodafone of shops the into run U Man in 2005, for instance by asking th There were several ways to express disagreement before Glazer took full ownership of the club the fans of the their were corporate club. criticaltowards development protest ‘Not for Sale’ the named who articles, fanzine the primarilyvia were protests The Glazer. especiallyagainst ownership, foreign any against protests to leading ultimately were that capitalism”, sports ownership of the club in 2005. The basis in the conflict was lai addressed their disagreement with the Glazer ownership foregoing the events when he took full game” ‘their’ infiltrating now owners foreign of spate Engla in supporters soccer between relationship uneasy an is there that clear is “It loved teams hadtoface debts. tremendous their moreover, passion, affordable less a became football as fans, the among outburst an to

Brown, Adam. "‘Not For Sale’? The Destruction and Reformation of Football Communities in the Glazer Glazer inthe Communities Football of Reformation and Destruction Sale’? The For Adam."‘Not Brown, News. They Red Stand, We Issue, United Red The fanzines: United Manchester major three are There 437 page Ibid.

Committee (MEC) took decisive steps towards companies doing business with with business doing companies towards steps decisive took (MEC) Committee

108 . The reason b Soccer & Soccer Society

e main sponsors to boycott the club ehind anti , 2007, 614 2007, ,

- Glazer Glazer and anti - 35.

fans 107

Te as f acetr United Manchester of fans The . d down by the “forces of global - 109 American campaigns was that .

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a case when the fans of nd and the the and nd during during 50 rs

CEU eTD Collection 112 Wrong’." Go ‘things When Blamed Get Foreigners’ Why ‘bloody Or, Football: 111 110 behind reason the understand to order in crucial is number countri 31 the among number highest second the is which foreigners, CIES by conducted survey A mattershould over the country origin. ofone’s had been fought by FIFA and UEFA in the 111 “fielding a completely non b criticized was Wenger, Arsene London, Arsenal of in coaches and England. One of the most notorious cases in this regard is the moment media in 2006, when manager fans, the among debates passionate created reality This England. has player foreign of influx the force, into came ruling Bosman the Since football English in 4.3 Foreigners to a supporter football English of brand particular a of defeat a up “summed situation The intervene. to had police the that so way, Glazer’s block to attempted they as dangerous more the singing while stadium, the at barricades fans at this time risked criminal convictions by fighting with the security of Glazer and building and the unwelcome, than Glazer wasmore as hard possible. hislife would make andhim they th him to clear made fans the deal, final the make to England arrivedin Glazer When club. the on debt £500m to up placing Glazer England, in club indebted most

Centre International d’Etude du Sport du d’Etude CentreInternational ofN Acceptance Notional Cosmopolitanismor "True Peter. Millward, 615 page Ibid. which football, in racism about debate a evoke to Wenger led responses xenophobic The .

rapidly grew and this corporate sport

s capitalism thatnowdominates eliteEnglishs capitalism football“

has - British team” forLeague the Champion game against Real Madrid created created a situation

112

niae, ht 04 o te rme Lau paes are players League Premier the of % 60.4 that indicated,

past decades. Football is a sport where one’s quality

most loved chants of their team. The riots grew riots The team. their of chants loved most

, which was not see y fellow managers, media and fans for for fans and media managers, fellow y on the - National Players in English in English Players National xenophobic attitude towards attitude xenophobic Sport in Society in Sport n

positively by everyone in s es examined. This high This examined. es

ey would never accept accept never would ey to the Premier League Premier the to 110 .

: 601 - 22.

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CEU eTD Collection TOSSER OF CANADIAN THIS POINT IS THE [bleep] THE WHAT goals. score tackle, can'tHe ... pass, youstart? that." like withhaircut a taken seriously be 116 Sport Cup." World the 2006 in Team Football English the about Narratives 115 Cosmopolitanism." Conditional and 114 because http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/10945530/England Coach." SaysGermany 113 once met team national English the for nomination his off, kick Cup World 2006 the Before to due Bayern. gotHargreaves mocked and assaulted fans Despite his high pe his senior career, appeared he of inthe squad 42times eligible to play was he origin, English father’s his to Due 2000. in Munich Bayern for play to Germany to H Owen player football born Canadian a was talent resounding his of despite fans, English behaviour xenophobic the of taste bitter the experience to pioneers the of One 4.3.1 Owen Hargreaves leagues values, of‘traditional inthespirit regionalornational identity’ th regulate to attempt atmade which foreigner of English national team, since several experts and co the of criticism a such been has there why proves also it Moreover, England. in foreigners argreaves. Born in Canada, in Born argreaves.

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113 International Review for the Sociology of of Sociology Review the for International ages on his address, suchas: address, his on ages

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fluent German and played for for played and German fluent wont "Owen Hargreaves. Where do do Where Hargreaves. "Owen - win 114 - World .

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CEU eTD Collection Cosmopolitanism." Conditional and 118 Sport Cup." World the 2006 in Team Football English the about Narratives 117 of symbols the that claims Skey Furthermore, the country is that m second the that cliché common a is it circles, football English “Within 4.3.2 Sven of hisabilities. in see to predominantly a native born player, and want they openly disgraced fans English the that is regards this in assertion The England’s dignity in the penalties, the reason he was unwanted the as treated is player a and again important becomes origin ethnic the team a of performance poor during hand other the on and omitted, is player a of origin ethnic on contingent is fans the of accent and the pure fact German, speak to ability his to due player, international English an as career enviro hostile the us shows Hargreaves of case The according to the him brought which penalties, P this team mates. Ultimately, when he came on the pitch in the second half when England played always was pitch the on appearance criticism with again rua i te ure fnl, agevs a te ny lyr o cr fr nln i th in England for score to player only the was Hargreaves finals, quarter the in ortugal

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case of Hargreaves shows us that he was accepted by the press when he practically saved practically he when press the by accepted was he that us shows Hargreaves of case , 2010, 199 2010, , -

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CEU eTD Collection http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/article 119 and racist Swedes: stereotypes about flowed criticism blame Eri to was media and fans was of majority the by who generation”, golden “England’s man the and finals, quarter the in Portugal against lost support in the official England fan organization before the 2006 World Cup. However, England Despite towards were the national team 2006 football team manager. As it was mentioned in the previous chapter, the England squad for the 2006 inGermany following Cupin World quarterfinals during th his Under 10. lost and 40 won they which of matches 67 during team the led he team, English the of manager the as years 5 his During 2001. in team Sven appointingmanagercompetentforteam a thenational of importance the Thus, team. football national English the by represented primarily is which of wave new the hand other the on and importance,

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CEU eTD Collection Sport t in Team Football English the about Narratives 120 hardship sa a was it hand one the on While abolished quotas on foreign players and the transfer fees paid by the former clubs of the players. for player within the European society has Football has become a part of the global arena in the past decades, and its influence as a global nation, which reinforces national affil their demonstrating England’s preferences to have and Eriksson. Both of them booing of the foreign player or the in resulting often very media, and fans the among culminated team the of performance country his about teamnational the this case as well. The British press together with the fans proved how high expectat less is team a when times has media and fans English racist rather and xenophobic the from experienced Eriksson criticism harsh and farewell unpleasant The country he that and alive, England leave to glad be would he that was say to managed Eriksson words farewell only The Swedes. cold emotionless boring the to nature his and appeasement, of politics Churchill’s to skills managerial his comparing say to Needless

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s never been a been never C . The frustration during frustration The . ourt of ourt J f f the crucial milestones rld Cup for Hargreave ustice in 1995, which 1995, in ustice ccused in any other other any in ccused - English passports, ournalists w ournalists ions towards

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CEU eTD Collection national team Eriksson. Sven of examples xenophobic and racist attitudes among the English fans and media, which was pres to due decreased rapidly players t that Europe grewleagueEnglish the rapidly to his success has success his

at the turn of the twenty first century first twenty the of turn the at the non

- been English player Hargreaves and the first foreign manager of the English English the of manager foreign first the and Hargreaves player English

at the expense of the English national team, since the home grown grown home the since team, national English the of expense the at

from the ih ubr f oeges Ti stain increased situation This foreigners. of number high

1995 and ultimately it became the strongest league in strongestleague the becameultimately and it 1995 . However, several experts and managers claim claim managers and experts several However, . ented ented by the 56

CEU eTD Collection class middle society. acknowledgment Hobsbawm’s of we as contributor a as significance its out pointed nationalism of analyses narrative the level national and regional local, on operate to ability unique Football’s society. of stabilization and development the affects that tool a as football to background theoretical support theargument concerning therole inEnglish of society. football Firstly, provide it thesis The comparing approach memories the on primarily driving Germans, comparative The and English, the of consciousness well are which rivalries historical and narratives historical of strength the The research dr building peo of millions for grounds creating thus spectators, as play press the whichexperience peoplecollective emotions andfeelingsaffiliation. Medi of society English in embedded be to proved essential The aim ofthe thesis Conclusion . in

i s also implemented in the analysis of the case study of Manchester United, United, Manchester of study case the of analysis the in implemented also s the levels of

i identity building and building identity dvdd no he mjr hpes ec daig ih dfeet prah to approach different a with dealing each chapters, major three into divided s

has a key role in this process by providing people a chance to passively participate participate passively to chance a people providing by process this in role key a aws approach provided an impetus for dealing with football as a part of the society. society. the of part a as football with dealing for impetus an provided

on historical narrativ has been hostile attitudes which has appearedhostile

cases. Furthermore, the role of football within the literature of of literature the within football of role the Furthermore, cases. from football of study the has

to elaborateof onthe which football role as an instrument elucidated the historical rivalries between the English and the the and English the between rivalries historical the elucidated the the are used as an encouragement during football tournaments. football during encouragement an as used creation of belonging within English society. Football Football society. English within belonging of creation es es and football as a substantial part of England’s emerging

since the end of the nineteenth century nineteenth the of end the since uses uses a of

the Second World War. The comparative comparative The War. World Second the

comparative approach, in order show to s a

ha ple to take part in part take to ple sociological perspective, illustrating illustrating perspective, sociological s been subsequently proved durin proved subsequently been s

in English football. in English l s cneprr pr of part contemporary a as ll

coll - rsre i the in preserved a bro ective identity identity ective

adcasts and adcasts and , through through , is s the an 57 g

CEU eTD Collection racism manager of the national team; a non appointed time first the and team, national English the of squad the in player of appearance time first the club, English an of ownership foreign studies: case examined the on Based football. English of scope wider the within club United Manchester on relies research newspa The managers. and players born foreign towards hostile be to rather proved who press, the and fans the among emerged has that perspective it the influx of foreigners and worker migration has been a hotly debated topic in English society, of emergence the by caused predominantly decade, past deals thesis the Lastly, by“othering”. such English the provided and Nazis” “the of fa or press dra often English the victories, Germans the hand one the on While Eng for background a provide to essential goal, was it In tofulfilthis order Germans. theEnglish, the rival of with the oldtime The second part deals maintained l nationalism indispensable banal of importance the of explanation Billig’s identity. wi dealing to came it when with, operate to framework a offered community imagined of phrase used often Anderson’s is essential to look at look to essential is es a wl a sres c surveys as well as pers, a been has n sites. This sites. n inkage society. toEnglish , in order to highlight symbols and values of football and its established and and established its and football of values and symbols highlight to order in ,

icvrd mn te nls fans English the among discovered

with

has has

with a contemporary issue that issue contemporarya with the role of of role the the caused th the fans and English society as a whole concept of collective of concept whole a as society English and fans the th analysis of historical narratives and their subsequent comparison w on the harsh military past of the Germans, primarily via the the via primarily Germans, the of past military harsh the on w s

an an expressly high level of inclination towards xenophobia and ih n emnhsoia mltr adsotn rivalries. sporting and military historical German and lish the foreigners in English football. It has offered an interesting interesting an offered has It football. English in foreigners nutd n h ps yas n the and years past the in onducted have tried have partial inability for the Germans to overcome the stamp stamp the overcome to Germans the forinability partial

means to build to means to overcome their Nazi past through f through past Nazi their overcome to ad lo i also and , has

affiliation towards the English nation nation English the towards affiliation the appeared in English football in the in football English in appeared global era. As the case regarding regarding case the As era. global the n nls pes Often, press. English

special role of of role special

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CEU eTD Collection servedan theformation instrument in as of national English allegiance. football the there ofevidences isconsiderable number Ifurther footballresearch. should believe for essential are managers born English and foreign of role the clubs, football regional and several tensions with severe consequences. Thorough analysis of the relations between the loc history, football and identities not should of nationalism formations with dealing while football and sports researching Therefore, memory. collective of formation the and worldviews people’s affects play football Certainly, press national andthewhile defending toblame arethe prone fans players. “others” their own criticism of targets first the are foreigners formation of

also might provide a solution in c in solution a provide might also our society namely

s be

English hooliganism. It is a notoriously known period which created created which period known notoriously a is It hooliganism. English

an essenti an ignored .

Despite

. This thesis lacks one very important part within English within part important very one lacks thesis This . al role role al

the fact that it is often percei be be acknowledging the ombating xenophobia and racism, and xenophobia ombating for the for in treated as

the construction of people’s experience and it it and experience people’s of construction the

team’s a full poor - fledged part of our society fledged part

impact of sports andimpact football on ofsports performance, showing that the the that showing performance, ved as a creator of problems,

the moreover, emergence of of emergence , since since ,

it has it 59 al al

CEU eTD Collection FIFA. n.d. Nicholas. 2000."ADixon, justification ofIn moderatepatriotism insport." Crossland, David. 2006.""ThereGerman Bombers Were 10 intheAir": GermanFans Trying Bryan The Destruction forBrown, Sale'? and ReformationFootball 2007."'Not Adam. of Brick, them:Reflections live 2001."Can'twithout on with Carlton. them.Can't live Bishop, Jaworski. Hywel,Adam and and MurrayBinder,Effects J., "The Findlay. Bosman onNational John 2012. ofthe Ruling Billig, Michael.1995. Beck, 2003."The relevance football J. as inthedimension a irrelevant: Peter missing ofthe Bairner, Alan. 2001. Benedict.Anderson, 1991. Abell,Lowe, Susan Jackie, Condor, Robert D. Stevenson. Gibson,and Clifford Stephen Bibliography - Low,LoveLaura Cassell,Lost and"No meets Stevens. Here:Germany 2010.England http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/matches/world TamburriniTorbjörnClaudio Tännsjö, and 74 gende nationalism, elitism, german ht Englishto Rival Chanting." http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704569204575329031021023448. yetagain." 635. inthe GlazerCommunities Takeover Manchester of U and Richard 9 Giulianotti, InManchesterUnited." 2000." homogenity press inthe British reportageGermany of England during versus Euro and Teams Club Europe." in studyBritishwith Germany." relations of Perspectives. nationalism. support." 2007. "Who sentiment atePatriotic and all Engli thepride? tp://www.spiegel.de/international/there Classic Football. Classic

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