DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study on the Scythian Buckle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study on the Scythian Buckle Journal of Fashion Business Vol. 10, No. 6, pp.38~51(2006) A Study on the Scythian Buckle Kim, Moon-Ja Professor, Dept. of Clothing & Textiles, Suwon University Abstract In Scythian art the multitude of animal representations well illustrates the preoccupation of this nomadic people with animals in their environment. Usually only wildanimalsare represented. The purpose and meaning of the animal motifs used in Scythian ornaments appears that in some cases the work was intended to be purely ornamental, while many timesthe motifs had symbolic meaning (such as the successful dominance of the aggressor over the victim portrayed in the attack scenes). Following earlier Scythian migrations, Sarmatian animal-style art is distinguished by complex compositions in which stylized animals are depicted twisted or turned back upon themselves or in combat with other animals. Without copying nature, they accurately conveyed the essence of every beast depicted. Scythian bound the leather belts that was hanged a hook that shaped of different kinds at the end on the upper garment. Through the antique records and tombs bequests the styles of Scythian Buckles was divided into six groups, animal-shaped, animal's head shaped, animal fight-shaped, rectangle-shaped, rectangle openwork-shaped, genre scene shaped Buckle. In Korea, through the antique records and tombs bequests the styles of Buckles was horse-shaped and tiger-shaped Buckles that were influenced by scythe style. Key Words : Scythian, animal fight-shaped buckle, rectangle-shaped buckle, horse-shaped buckle, tiger-shaped buckle I. Introduction -were described by the Greek historian Herodotus in his Histories. But we also know During the first millennium B. C., many about them from their burial mounds, which horse-riding nomadic tribes controlled the contained sumptuous golden objects made in vast Eurasian steppes to the north of the a variety of styles that reflect contacts with Black and Caspian seas. Some of the Greece, Persia, and China. Scythian bound nomadic groups— particularly Scythian tribes the leather belts that was hanged a hook that that lived in the plains north of the Black Sea shaped of different kinds at the end on the 38 Kim, Moon-Ja / A Study on the Scythian Buckle upper garment. Buckles from the burial mounds of Scythian In a nomadic society where wealth must be chiefs. easily portable the craftsman's efforts were The method of this research is through the put into small items such as gold jewelry, belt antique records and tombs bequests hereby buckle. With a magnificent understanding of deals with the characteristics of Scythian composition and the essential nature of the Buckles was divided into the types according material, craftsmen fashioned utilitarian objects to the shapes. in animal form: weaponry, horse trappings, clothes, ornaments and jewellery and other everyday objects were all decorated with II. Buried Treasures of zoomorphic motifs. In Scythian art the Scythian Buckles multitude of animal representations well illustrates the preoccupation of this nomadic The Scythians and their elaborately people with animals in their environment. ornamented gold objects also reveal a tale of Usually only wild animals are represented. The interaction with the Greek world, which occasional exception to the wild animal rule is purchased grain, fur, and amber from the domesticated horses - important because the ferocious warriors. Profits from this trade Scythians were horse breeders and their brought the Scythians the wealth to indulge whole culture revolved around their dependence their taste for elaborate objects ranging from on the horse. Animal-shaped style reflected exquisite jewelry for themselves to elaborate the mythology, the ethical and aesthetic ideals ornamentation for their horses. of the warrior-nomad. Animals were considered This prosperity may well have been what to have magical power and to provide caused the Scythians to abandon their protection against evil or disaster and nomadic existence and to allow another representations of them thus occupied an hardier, nomadic tribe known as the important place in life. Samatians to take control of the vast territory Following earlier Scythian migrations, that the Scythians had dominated. The Sarmatian animal-style art is distinguished by exhibition will also include several superb complex compositions in which stylized Sarmatian gold objects. animals are depicted twisted or turned back Modern knowledge of the Scythians is upon themselves or in combat with other based on archaeological excavations of their animals. Without copying nature, they accurately elaborately equipped burial mounds known as conveyed the essence of every beast kurhans. Ongoing explorations continue to depicted. The highly stylized modelling uses recover an astonishing wealth of gold and bold accentuated planes, while distinctive silver objects, including horse trappings, features associated with particular species are armor, weaponry, jewelry, and ceremonial emphasized and exaggerated. adornment with which powerful members of The purpose of this study is reviewing and these ancient peoples were entombed, along researching the symbolic meaning and with retinues of attendants.1) classifying the types of the art style of the The tombs of the Scythian kings and chiefs 39 Journal of Fashion Business Vol.10, No.6 have long been famous in archaeology. In and paste locket but even the less important construction they have much in common with burials provide an abundance of jewellery and the far older barrows of the Kuban, while in precious materials.5) contents they show an analogous mixture of If we disregard the elements and motifs in northern and Near Eastern objects and styles. Scythian art that are obvious borrowings from This continuity in idea cannot be traced on West Asia and in part from Greek art, the steppes, and should probably be sought adapted to scythian tradition, we shall still in Western Asia, which now provides a new see a huge number of other elements peculiar impulse. In Kelermes barrow 4, there was a to that people alone, and the product of their gold buckle runner shaped as cylindrical rod own creativity. Despite differences in local with depressions for inlay of light blue enamel features, the existence of which was natural and amber.2) in view of the extensive area inhabited by the The most notable groups of tombs are in Scythians, the common features were the Kuban basin, often in the same places as obviously predominant. These stemmed from the first great barrows, in the Taman thefactthattheirartwasadaptedtothe Peninsula, in the Crimea, and on the Dnieper ornamentation of various articles of everyday where they extend to the neighbourhood of use, and was stylized in a way all its own.6) Kiev. Other burials occur in the Danubian A large complex of gold ornaments was plain, and outlying single graves even in North unearthed by S. Chernikov while excavating Germany; there are more on the Don and wealthy kurgans of the seventh-sixth centuries Donetz and farther east by the Volga to the B.C. in the Chiliktinskaya Valley (Eastern Urals.3) Kazakhstan). The complex consists, in the Following earlier Scythian migrations, main of clothing and weapon ornaments'. The Sarmatian tribes moved in the fourth century Chilikta finds are mostly gold applique work B.C. from the area north of the Caspian Sea skillfully cut out of foil (boars "on points" and into the Caucasus and Europe. Sarmatian diamond-shaped buckles). They had been animal-style art is distinguished by complex glued on to cloth or wood. The boars are of compositions in which stylized animals are different sizes but treated in the same depicted twisted or turned back upon manner. The outlines are extremely austere. themselves or in combat with other animals. These designs resemble certain speci- mens Plaques, clasps, and weapons were frequently of rock drawings and even Palaeolithic made of precious metals and embellished with paintings. The drop-shaped eye and triangular polychrome inlays of stone and glass, many tusk have been cut out. The Chilikta finds of which find stylistic parallels in the East.4) prove the existance of established and highly The most magnificent pieces naturally come expressive images and ornamental motifs in from the Scythian royal tombs, where the that early period. The buckles in the form of skeletons were invariably bedecked with a recumbent stag are most remarkable. They golden diadems, head-dresses, necklaces, were also glued on to cloth or leather, as belts, bracelets, ear and finger-rings, torques, they are not pierced for sewing. It should be pendants,amulets,beads,buttons,buckles noted that the stags' ears were made 40 Kim, Moon-Ja / A Study on the Scythian Buckle separately and filled in with stones and paste ritual attire. He wore a thin, evidently silk encrustation. A tendency to use different shirt, a short coat (kamzol), narrow breeches colours is already evident in the Chilikta of red suede and high boots without heels. artefacts. In the treatment of antlers, the His heavy belt was composed of cast plaques stags are reminiscent of "rein- deer stones". in the shape of a fantastic stag and elks' The image of the noble stag is known from heads. On his head, the chieftain wore a high Neolithic remains of the peoples of conical three-sided hat (kulakh). It is exactly Kazakhstan, Siberia, Central and Near Asia in such hats that the noble Saks-tigrakhaudy (since the 2nd mil- lennium B.C.). (literally-"in hats with pointed tops") are In this connection it can be said that in the depicted in relief on the staircase in Saks art the local tradition has been Persepolis. Round his neck he had a gold organically combined with Near-Eastern tofque with three loops, its ends fashioned in borrowings in the treatment of the stag. On the form of tigers' heads. On the right, the whole, in the Scytho-Saks world the gold fastened to a belt, in the red wooden sheath stag was the symbol of the sun, of the birth was a sword of the type used by warriors and death cycle in nature, and its antlers fighting on horseback; on the left, was an were shoots of the Tree of Life.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MCJROTC UNIFORM STANDARDS A
    GROOMING & UNIFORM STANDARDS Cadets are expected to maintain high standards of appearance and conduct on and off campus. CADETS ARE REQUIRED TO COMPLY with MCJROTC grooming and personal appearance standards as stipulated in NOMMA regulations and Marine Corps Order 1533.6E. Personal appearance and wearing the uniform is a significant part of a cadet's MCJROTC grade. The grooming regulations apply to military, NOMMA and civilian attire when worn in conjunction with Academy functions. Grooming and personal appearance standards are required to be followed daily and at all NOMMA events (i.e. graduation, prom, dances, sporting events, summer camps and extracurricular activities). Cadets who refuse or repeatedly fail to adhere to the prescribed grooming and personal appearance standards will receive disciplinary action according to NOMMA discipline policy. 1. Common Standards: All haircuts/hairstyles, for both male and female cadets will be checked every day, during inspection, and will contribute toward exam grades. a. Haircuts and hair styles are not permitted to be faddish or eccentric. Mohawks, derivations of Mohawks and cuts or styles with shaved or designed portions of the scalp are not permitted. Braids and/or derivations of braids, including locks and twists, may be permitted for females only if hair is firmly secured according to the LONG HAIR regulations noted below (and per MARADMIN 622/15). b. No designs are allowed to the hair; only one straight part in the hair is authorized. c. Hair must be a natural color (blonde, brown, black) and be consistent over the entire head (no multi-colored braids or spots). d. Shaving/slashing of eyebrows is NOT authorized.
    [Show full text]
  • Mark Standifer's Electrical Safety Briefing
    E3948 Mark Standifer’s Electrical Safety Briefing Leader’s Guide © ERI Safety Videos MARK STANDIFER’S ELECTRICAL SAFETY BRIEFING This easy-to-use Leader’s Guide is provided to assist in conducting a successful presentation. Featured are: INTRODUCTION: A brief description of the program and the subject that it addresses. PROGRAM OUTLINE: Summarizes the program content. If the program outline is discussed before the video is presented, the entire program will be more meaningful and successful. PREPARING FOR AND CONDUCTING THE PRESENTATION: These sections will help you set up the training environment, help you relate the program to site-specific incidents, and provide program objectives for focusing your presentation. REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: Questions may be copied and given to participants to document how well they understood the information that was presented. Answers to the review questions are provided separately. INTRODUCTION With nearly 40 years of experience as an electrician, Mark Standifer delivers powerful seminars on the shock and burn hazards associated with electrical work. As a survivor of an arc flash incident, Mark knows the pain and suffering associated with electrical and arc flash injuries. In this live presentation, he stresses the importance of thinking about what we are doing and being aware of all shock and burn hazards when performing electrical job tasks. Mark also makes the point that we must always wear the PPE and FR rated clothing required by the NFPA 70E to protect ourselves from any mistakes that we may make. Viewers will also learn unforgettable lessons about electrical safety from stories about Mark’s incident and his friend’s electrocution.
    [Show full text]
  • Belts and Pins As Gendered Elements of Clothing in Third and Second Millennia Mesopotamia Cécile Michel
    Belts and Pins as Gendered Elements of Clothing in Third and Second millennia Mesopotamia Cécile Michel To cite this version: Cécile Michel. Belts and Pins as Gendered Elements of Clothing in Third and Second millennia Mesopotamia. Harlow, Mary; Michel, Cécile; Quillien, Louise. Textiles and Gender in Antiquity from the Orient to the Mediterranean, Bloomsbury, pp.179-192, 2020, 9781350141490. hal-03088839 HAL Id: hal-03088839 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03088839 Submitted on 4 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. CHAPTER 13 BELTS AND PINS AS GENDERED ELEMENTS OF CLOTHING IN THIRD AND SECOND MILLENNIA MESOPOTAMIA Cécile Michel Cuneiform texts include many words linked to textile terminology which highlight varieties of materials, weaving techniques and regional peculiarities. During the third millennium and the first half of the second millennia BCE, forms of clothing were rather simple in the Near East, including tunics and wrap around garments for both men and women. Texts from this period do not make clear gender distinctions, presumably because tailored garments are still rare and reserved to the elite. The iconography, often subject to conventions in representations, gives an idea of the shape of clothing at different times.
    [Show full text]
  • Ebook Download Greek Art 1St Edition
    GREEK ART 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Nigel Spivey | 9780714833682 | | | | | Greek Art 1st edition PDF Book No Date pp. Fresco of an ancient Macedonian soldier thorakitai wearing chainmail armor and bearing a thureos shield, 3rd century BC. This work is a splendid survey of all the significant artistic monuments of the Greek world that have come down to us. They sometimes had a second story, but very rarely basements. Inscription to ffep, else clean and bright, inside and out. The Erechtheum , next to the Parthenon, however, is Ionic. Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece dominated the art of the western world. The Moschophoros or calf-bearer, c. Red-figure vases slowly replaced the black-figure style. Some of the best surviving Hellenistic buildings, such as the Library of Celsus , can be seen in Turkey , at cities such as Ephesus and Pergamum. The Distaff Side: Representing…. Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World. The Greeks were quick to challenge Publishers, New York He and other potters around his time began to introduce very stylised silhouette figures of humans and animals, especially horses. Add to Basket Used Hardcover Condition: g to vg. The paint was frequently limited to parts depicting clothing, hair, and so on, with the skin left in the natural color of the stone or bronze, but it could also cover sculptures in their totality; female skin in marble tended to be uncoloured, while male skin might be a light brown. After about BC, figures, such as these, both male and female, wore the so-called archaic smile.
    [Show full text]
  • Mri Exam Questionnaire to Our Patients and Accompaning Family Members
    EL PORTAL IMAGING CENTER Weight: Height: MRI EXAM QUESTIONNAIRE TO OUR PATIENTS AND ACCOMPANING FAMILY MEMBERS... The MR room contains a very strong magnet. Before you are allowed to enter, we must know if you have any metal in your body. Some metal objects can interfere with your scan or may even be dangerous, so PLEASE answer the following questions carefully. If you have a question regarding anything on this form, PLEASE DO NOT HESITATE TO ASK US! Yes No Have you ever had an operation or surgery of any Yes No Eyelid tattoo kind? If so, please list them all with dates. Yes No Penile prosthesis Yes No Shunt Yes No Artificial heart valve Yes No Infusion pump Yes No Pacemaker, wires, or defibrillator Yes No Diabetes Yes No Cochlear implant Yes No Magnetic implant anywhere If you have Diabetes, what medications are Yes No Electrical stimulator for nerves or bone you taking? Yes No Brain aneurysm clip Yes No Are you claustrophobic? Yes No Hypertension Yes No Have you ever been a machinist, welder, or If you have Hypertension, what medications metalworker? are you taking? Yes No Have you ever been hit in the face or eye with a piece of metal (including metal shavings, slivers, The following items may become damaged or cause bullets or BBs? injury to others in a strong magnetic field. THEY Yes No Are you pregnant, possibly pregnant, or breast MUST NOT BE TAKEN INTO THE feeding? SCAN ROOM. Yes No Body piercing Yes No Metal shrapnel or fragments Hearing Aid Purse/pocketbook Yes No Ortho devices (plates/screws/pins /rods/wires) Glasses Pens/pencils
    [Show full text]
  • Belt Grinders and Everyday Work
    Volume 13: Issue 2 Belt Grinders and Everyday Work By Doug Workman, APF, CJF A belt grinder is one tool that I, and most of the farriers I know who use them, will not live without. When you consider the tasks that you can perform with a grinder, only your hammer, anvil and forge are more important. My goal is to give you ideas for what you can do with a belt grinder in your everyday work if you are unfamiliar with them; or maybe give you a new idea you can use with your own. I use expander wheels everyday so I will start by covering their use and safety. Most of this information can be applied with any style belt grinder you may use. The expander wheels come in two sizes - 10" and 6" models. The 10" wheel turns the fastest and is the most aggressive at removing material. The 6" wheel gives a smaller radius that is great for dressing tools or precise grinding. First, expander wheels must turn in the proper direction or the belt will not stay on. They come with an indication arrow showing the proper direction of rotation they must turn. Secondly, you must have the safety guard on and in the proper position (refer to photo). Having the guard in this position keeps the sparks from burning you and anything Above: else that may be nearby, as well as making sure you are using Baldor the proper section of the wheel while grinding. I can’t stress Grinder enough the importance of always wearing safety glasses, and with expander when grinding aluminum always wear a good safety mask.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on the Scythian Torque
    IJCC, Vol, 6, No. 2, 69〜82(2003) A Study on the Scythian Torque Moon-Ja Kim Professor, Dept, of Clothing & Textiles, Suwon University (Received May 2, 2003) Abstract The Scythians had a veritable passion for adornment, delighting in decorating themselves no less than their horses and belongings. Their love of jewellery was expressed at every turn. The most magnificent pieces naturally come from the royal tombs. In the area of the neck and chest the Scythian had a massive gold Torques, a symbol of power, made of gold, turquoise, cornelian coral and even amber. The entire surface of the torque, like that of many of the other artefacts, is decorated with depictions of animals. Scythian Torques are worn with the decorative terminals to the front. It was put a Torque on, grasped both terminals and placed the opening at the back of the neck. It is possible the Torque signified its wearer's religious leadership responsibilities. Scythian Torques were divided into several types according to the shape, Torque with Terminal style, Spiral style, Layers style, Crown style, Crescent-shaped pectoral style. Key words : Crescent-shaped pectoral style, Layers style, Scythian Torque, Spiral style, Terminal style role in the Scythian kingdom belonged to no­ I • Introduction mads and it conformed to nomadic life. A vivid description of the burial of the Scythian kings The Scythians originated in the central Asian and of ordinary members of the Scythian co­ steppes sometime in the early first millennium, mmunity is contained in Herodotus' History. The BC. After migrating into what is present-day basic characteristics of the Scythian funeral Ukraine, they flourished, from the seventh to the ritual (burials beneath Kurgans according to a third centuries, BC, over a vast expanse of the rite for lating body in its grave) remained un­ steppe that stretched from the Danube, east changed throughout the entire Scythian period.^ across what is modem Ukraine and east of the No less remarkable are the articles from the Black Sea into Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • Encounter with a Tiger Traveling West
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 231 October, 2012 Encounter with a Tiger Traveling West by Heleanor Feltham Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Results of the Application of a Complex Approach to the Research of the Late Bronze Age Muradymovo Settlement in the Volgo-Ural Region
    Volume I ● Issue 1–2/2010 ● Pages 29–36 INTERDISCIPLINARIA ARCHAEOLOGICA NATURAL SCIENCES IN ARCHAEOLOGY homepage: http://www.iansa.eu Some Results of the Application of a Complex Approach to the Research of the Late Bronze Age Muradymovo Settlement in the Volgo-Ural Region Nickolay Sherbakova*, Iia Shutelevaa, Gulnara Obydennovaa, Marina Balonovaa, Olga Khohlovab, Alexandra Golyevac aArchaeological Laboratory of Bashkir State Pedagogical University, Ufa, Russia bInstitute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science (Pushchino Scientific Centre), Russia cInstitute of geography Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia ARtICle Info ABStRACt Article history: Research at the Late Bronze Age Muradymovo settlement site located in the Volga-Urals (Figure 1) is the Received: 6 December 2010 first experience of a comprehensive study of archaeological materials with the help of natural sciences Accepted: 21 February 2011 and techniques, such as paleopedology and radiocarbon dating (Chernykh et al. 2002; Chernykh et al. 2004). Radiocarbon dating of the Muradymovo settlement materials provided satisfactory results for Keywords: ceramic samples. It also demonstrated the necessity of careful selection of cultural layer soils for dating palaeopedology purposes. microbiomorphic analysis radiocarbon dating settlement, late Bronze Age Volgo-Ural region Srubno-Alakul’ culture 1. Introduction researched sites in the central Volgo-Urals region (Figures 1 and 2). The Muradymovo settlement was discovered in 1990 by However, radiocarbon dating has never been used in members of the expedition of the Bashkir Scientific Center studies of the Bronze Age settlements in the Bashkortostan of the Russian Academy of Science (Ufa), headed by territory (Hanks et al. 2007). The goal of resuming A.
    [Show full text]
  • Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age
    Open Archaeology 2021; 7: 3–36 Review Stanislav Grigoriev* Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0123 received June 8, 2020; accepted November 28, 2020. Abstract: Andronovo culture is the largest Eurasian formation in the Bronze Age, and it had a significant impact on neighboring regions. It is the important culture for understanding many historical processes, in particular, the origins and migration of Indo-Europeans. However, in most works there is a very simplified understanding of the scientific problems associated with this culture. The history of its study is full of opposing opinions, and all these opinions were based on reliable grounds. For a long time, the existence of the Andronovo problem was caused by the fact that researchers supposed they might explain general processes by local situations. In fact, the term “Andronovo culture” is incorrect. Another term “Andronovo cultural-historical commonality” also has no signs of scientific terminology. Under these terms a large number of cultures are combined, many of which were not related to each other. In the most simplified form, they can be combined into two blocks that existed during the Bronze Age: the steppe (Sintashta, Petrovka, Alakul, Sargari) and the forest-steppe (Fyodorovka, Cherkaskul, Mezhovka). Often these cultures are placed in vertical lines with genetic continuity. However, the problems of their chronology and interaction are very complicated. By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures (except for its early stage); however, it is better to avoid the use of this term. Keywords: Andronovo culture, history of study, Eurasia 1 Introduction The Andronovo culture of the Bronze Age is the largest archaeological formation in the world, except for the cultures of the Scytho-Sarmatian world of the Early Iron Age.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle East a Few Remarks on Geography, History And
    Open Access Journal of Science Mini Review Open Access Middle East. A Few Remarks on Geography, History and Art Abstract Volume 2 Issue 3 - 2018 This article results basically from personal impressions gathered during my visits to João Vicente Ganzarolli de Oliveira the Middle East in 1994, 1998, 2002, 2011 and 2017, as well as from some suggested Professor and Researcher of the Tércio Pacitti Institute of the readings. Special emphasis is laid on geographical factors, as well as on historical Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil circumstances connected with architecture and sculpture in the ancient Middle East. Important to stress is that the tale of the Mesopotamian hero Gilgamesh is much more Correspondence: João Vicente Ganzarolli de Oliveira, than the first epic ever written in the world; Gilgamesh’s wish for immortality is the Professor and Researcher of the Tércio Pacitti Institute drama of every single man, no matter if he lived in ancient Mesopotamia during the 3rd of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro millennium BC, or if he lives in the 21th century’s Manhattan. (RJ, 21941-901, Tel +5521-3938-9600, Email [email protected] Keywords: old empires, culture, Greek miracle, Mesopotamia, Egypt Received: May 26, 2018 | Published: June 29, 2018 Introduction the fourth millennia BC, high advanced cultures started to develop and to thrive in Mesopotamia and Egypt. The presence of big and Surrounded by seas and deserts, larger than the Holy Roman generous rivers in terms or fertilization of the soil–namely the Tigris, Empire at its height but smaller than China, the Middle East is neither the Euphrates and the Nile respectively–in this crescent-shaped region a continent nor a country.
    [Show full text]
  • Apoikia in the Black Sea: the History of Heraclea Pontica, Sinope, and Tios in the Archaic and Classical Periods
    University of Central Florida STARS Honors Undergraduate Theses UCF Theses and Dissertations 2018 Apoikia in the Black Sea: The History of Heraclea Pontica, Sinope, and Tios in the Archaic and Classical Periods Austin M. Wojkiewicz University of Central Florida Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the European History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the UCF Theses and Dissertations at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Undergraduate Theses by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Wojkiewicz, Austin M., "Apoikia in the Black Sea: The History of Heraclea Pontica, Sinope, and Tios in the Archaic and Classical Periods" (2018). Honors Undergraduate Theses. 324. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/324 APOIKIA IN THE BLACK SEA: THE HISTORY OF HERACLEA PONTICA, SINOPE, AND TIOS IN THE ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL PERIODS by AUSTIN M. WOJKIEWICZ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in History in the College of Arts & Humanities and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, FL Spring Term, 2018 Thesis Chair: Edward Dandrow ABSTRACT This study examines the influence of local and dominant Network Systems on the socio- economic development of the southern Black Sea colonies: Heraclea Pontica, Sinope, and Tios during the Archaic and Classical Period. I argue that archeological and literary evidence indicate that local (populations such as the Mariandynoi, Syrians, Caucones, Paphlagonians, and Tibarenians) and dominant external (including: Miletus, Megara/Boeotia, Athens, and Persia) socio-economic Network systems developed and shaped these three colonies, and helped explain their role in the overarching Black Sea Network.
    [Show full text]