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Resour. 55 (2021) 359–366 AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES Journal homepage: http://anres.kasetsart.org Research article Comparison of stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) population dynamics on a cattle farm and at an open zoo in Thailand Naritsara Malaithonga,b, Gerard Duvalletc, Jirod Nararaka, Ratchadawan Ngoen-Klana, Krajana Tainchumd, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphapa,* a Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 Thailand b Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, (CASAF, NRU-KU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand c UMR5175 CEFE, Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, France d Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand Article Info Abstract Article history: Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae) are an important animal pest and a potential vector Received 2 February 2021 of pathogens. The density and abundance of these flies vary depending upon the type of Revised 30 April 2021 Accepted 17 May 2021 ecological habitat. This study compared the diversity and abundance of Stomoxys flies in Available online 18 June 2021 two different ecological habitats: a small-scale cattle farm and a zoological park. Vavoua traps were used to capture adult flies during 0600–1800 hours for two consecutive days Keywords: every month, alternating between sites for 2 yr. Among the six species of Stomoxys spp. Abundance, Ecological habitats, described in Thailand, the study sites had four that were morphologically identified as Species diversity, Stomoxys calcitrans (81.1%), S. indicus (17.8%), S. sitiens (0.6%) and S. uruma (0.5%). Stomoxys calcitrans, The cosmopolitan S. calcitrans was the most abundant at both sites. A greater number Stomoxyine flies of flies were captured on the farm (8,758 specimens) than at the zoo (1,416 specimens). A seasonal effect was observed at the farm, with abundance peaking in August in the rainy season (p < 0.05). Overall, the number of Stomoxys flies trapped peaked during 1400–1800 hours on the cattle farm and during 1400–1600 hours at the zoo. On the farm, there was a significantly (p < 0.05) higher number of Stomoxys flies during the rainy season (July–October) than in other seasons. A clear understanding of habitat preferences by Stomoxys flies with respect to species diversity, abundance and daily activity patterns will facilitate and improve the efficacy of fly prevention and control strategies in Thailand. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Chareonviriyaphap) online 2452-316X print 2468-1458/Copyright © 2021. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), production and hosting by Kasetsart University of Research and Development Institute on behalf of Kasetsart University. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.anres.2021.55.3.05 360 N. Malaithong et al. / Agr. Nat. Resour. 55 (2021) 359–366 Introduction 1. Beef cattle farm This farm is located in Moo 9 of Thai Samakkee subdistrict, Stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae, genus Stomoxys) are Wang Nam Khiao district, Nakhon Ratchasima province pests of livestock and wild animals in many parts of the (N14°22’1.3”, E101°55’31.6”), approximately 200 km world (Zumpt, 1973; Mullens et al., 1988; Kunz et al., 1991; northeast of Bangkok. The site was 3 km away from Tub Lan Baldacchino et al., 2013). Among the 18 species in the National Park, one of the largest national parks in Northeastern subfamily Stomoxyinae, only one species, Stomoxys calcitrans Thailand. Approximately 20 head of cattle are kept on this farm (L. 1758), is cosmopolitan. In addition to S. calcitrans, several on 1.21 ha. No insecticide was used to protect the cattle from other Stomoxyine flies are also considered pests of animals, insect bites. including S. niger, S. sitiens and S. indicus (Wall and Shearer, 1997). Both sexes feed on blood, are aggressive and sometimes 2. Khao Kheow Open Zoo (KKOZ) attack humans (Baldacchino et al., 2013). Stomoxyinae flies KKOZ is situated at 235 Moo 7, Bangpra subdistrict, breed in animal dung and organic waste and in the case of Sriracha district, Chonburi province, approximately 150 km Stomoxys most prolifically in elephant, buffalo and cattle dung east of Bangkok (N13°12’56.2”, E101°3’14.3”). The area has (Jeanbourquin and Guerin, 2007). Considerable economic been established as a unit of the Zoological Park Organization impact on the beef and dairy industries was reported in the of Thailand and has been open to the public since 1978. In United States (Taylor et al., 2012). Stable flies are also known 1984, the Zoological Park Organization allowed an expansion to be mechanical vectors of many different disease pathogens of the area to 4.046 km2 for wildlife conservation and for the (Baldacchino et al., 2013; Malaithong et al., 2019). care of injured animals and wildlife. Today, KKOZ has about Populations of adult stable flies can be assessed using 3,000 animals belonging to 250 species, distributed over several different methods. Many studies have used direct 8.09 km2. counts or collections from animals (McNeal and Campbell, 1981, Berry and Campbell, 1985). The more field-friendly Trapping design Vavoua trap (named after a village in Africa) has been used for stable fly collection; it is made from blue fabric according At each collection site, flies were caught using Vavoua traps to the design previously described by Laveissière and Grebaut (Laveissière and Grebaut, 1990). On BCF, 10 Vavoua traps (1990). This trap has proved very efficient at capturing were set up along a fence, approximately 10 m apart, and left Stomoxys spp. in many African countries (Holloway and operational overnight before the first collection at 0600 hours. Phelps, 1991; Mihok et al., 1995, 1996), on Réunion island Collections were made every 2 hr during 0600–1800 hours (Gilles et al., 2007) and in some parts of Thailand (Malaithong over two consecutive days every other month (alternating et al., 2019). Comprehensive studies on stable flies (essentially with KKOZ) for 2 yr. Ambient air temperature and relative on S. calcitrans) have been documented in several areas humidity were recorded every 2 hr over the 2 d throughout throughout the world (Taylor et al., 2007; Bitome-Essono et the study period. Monthly rainfall data were obtained from al., 2015; Sharif et al., 2019). Species identification, seasonal the Wang Nam Khiao District Meteorological Station located abundance and daily activity patterns of Stomoxyine flies have approximately 2 km from the study site. been studied in Thailand (Malaithong et al., 2019) over the last At KKOZ, 14 Vavoua traps were set up to cover potential decade. The present survey compared the stable fly populations sites for stable flies. All traps were placed close to animal of two potential habitats, a small-scale beef cattle farm and a houses throughout the zoo. The traps were left operational zoo park, in terms of population dynamics and potential factors during the night before the first collection at 0600 hours. influencing their abundance. Adult stable flies in the Vavoua traps were collected every 2 hr during 0600–1800 hours. Collections were made for two Materials and Methods consecutive days every other month for 2 yr. Ambient air temperature and relative humidity were recorded every 2 hr Study sites throughout every two-day collection period and rainfall data were obtained from the local meteorological station located The two sites selected for the field experiment were a small in the zoo. beef cattle farm (BCF) and a zoo (KKOZ) as follow: N. Malaithong et al. / Agr. Nat. Resour. 55 (2021) 359–366 361 At both sites, all the flies collected were preserved in 95% most efficient, with a total of 1,959 flies (22.4%) in trap number ethanol and recorded by trap, date, and hour of collection. 4. Overall, S. calcitrans represented 79.7% of the trapped Subsequently, specimens were brought to the Department of specimens, S. indicus 19.2% and the other two species together Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, accounted for only 1.1%. Bangkok, Thailand, for morphological identification following At KKOZ, 228 flies were trapped in November Year- Zumpt (1973). 1, 387 in March Year-2 and only 22 in July Year-2. The corresponding curves display irregular peaks of abundance Data analysis for S. calcitrans (Fig. 3). Overall, S. calcitrans represented 90.1% of the collected flies, S. indicus 8.6% and the other two Normality of data was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk species together accounted for only 1.3%. The proportions of test. Normally distributed data on the total number of stable flies trapped in each of the 14 traps are indicated on Fig. 4. flies collected per trap were subjected to analysis of variance, A significantly higher number of flies was found in trap number 2 followed by a multiple comparison test of means using the (near a herd of female Eld’s deer) compared with the other least significance difference (LSD) test. For data that did traps. not follow a normal distribution (such as the number of flies collected per hour), the Kruskal-Wallis test was used followed Diurnal activity by a multiple comparison test (using the kruskalmc function of the pgrirmess package in Giraudoux (2018) to identify The diurnal activity of flies was studied for 12 mth at both significant differences in fly numbers among categories of sites. Flies were collected at 2 hr intervals throughout each collection times. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed using day of trapping, during 0600–1800 hours. On BCF, activity the LSD method. The effects of environmental factors (ambient (the number of trapped flies per trap) peaked during 1400–1800 temperature and relative humidity) on fly abundance were hours (Fig.
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