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5.4 Classification of Fungi MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY BSCBO-101 Board of Studies Late Prof. S. C. Tewari Prof. Uma Palni Department of Botany Department of Botany HNB Garhwal University, Retired, DSB Campus, Srinagar Kumoun University, Nainital Dr. R.S. Rawal Dr. H.C. Joshi Scientist, GB Pant National Institute of Department of Environmental Science Himalayan Environment & Sustainable School of Sciences Development, Almora Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Programme Coordinator Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani, Nainital Unit Written By: Unit No. 1. Dr. Renu Negi 1 & 2 Associate Professor Department of Botany PDBH Govt. P.G College, Kotdwar 2. Dr. Rajan Kumar Gupta 3 & 4 Associate Professor Department of Botany PDBH Govt. P.G College, Kotdwar 3. Dr. Kapil Khulbe 5 Asst Professor, Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1 MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY BSCBO-101 4. Dr. Nisha Mishra 6 & 7 Retired Professor, Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur-273009 5. Dr. Pooja Juyal 8 Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani, Nainital 6. Dr. Reeta Sachan 9 Asst. Professor Department of Botany, Radhe Hari Government PG College, Kashipur 7. Dr. Saurabh Guleri 10 & 11 Asst. Professor Department of Botany SGRR P.G College, Pathri Bagh, Dehradun 8. Dr. Snehalata Bhandari 12 Asst. Professor BFIT, Technical Campus Sudhowala, Dehradun Course Editor Prof. Uma Palni Retired Professor, Department of Botany DSB Campus, Kumaun University Nainital Title : Microbiology, Mycology and Plant Pathology ISBN No. : 978-93-85740-57-2 Copyright : Uttarakhand Open University Edition : 2017 Published By: Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital-263139 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 2 MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY BSCBO-101 BSCBO-101 MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025 Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 3 MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY BSCBO-101 CONTENTS BLOCK-1-GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PAGE NO. Unit-1-General account, distribution and classification of microorganisms, 6-39 Major microbes of food, water and soil Unit-2-Isolation and Cultivation of Microorganisms, Instruments used in Microbiological studies 40-67 Unit-3-Structure, Classification, Nutrition, Reproduction and Economic importance of Bacteria 68-90 Unit-4-General account, Classification, Structure, Reproduction and Economic importance of Viruses 91-105 BLOCK-2- FUNGI AND LICHENS PAGE NO. Unit-5- Characters, Economic importance, Classification and General account of major classes of Fungi 107-139 Unit-6- General account, Habit, Structure and Methods of reproduction in Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina 140-165 Unit-7-General account, Habit, Structure and Methods of Reproduction in Basiodiomycotina, Deuteromycotina and Mycoplasma 166-193 Unit-8- Occurrence, General structure, Nutrition, Reproduction, Economic and Ecological importance of Lichens 194-206 BLOCK-3- PLANT PATHOLOGY PAGE NO. Unit-9-Infection, Disease resistance and General Symptoms 208-229 Unit-10-Symptoms, Morphology of the causal organism, Diseases cycle and Control measures-I 230-245 Unit-11-Symptoms, Morphology of the causal organism, Diseases cycle and Control measures-II 246-259 Unit-12-Plant Protection and Control measures of Plant Diseases 260-285 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 4 MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY BSCBO-101 BLOCK-1–GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 5 MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY BSCBO-101 UNIT-1-GENERAL ACCOUNT, DISTRIBUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS AND MAJOR MICROBES OF FOOD, WATER AND SOIL 1.1- Objectives 1.2- Introduction 1.3-General account of microorganism 1.4- Distribution 1.5- Classification 1.6-Major microbes of: 1.6.1-Food 1.6.2-Water 1.6.3-Soil 1.7- Summary 1.8- Glossary 1.9- Self assessment question 1.10- References 1.11- Suggested Readings 1.12-Terminal Questions UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 6 MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY BSCBO-101 1.1 OBJECTIVES Microbiology is the study of organisms invisible to our naked eye. This branch of science explains the structure, nature, distribution, classification, occurrence, physiology pathogenicity and application of microbes. This unit deals with the introduction, general accounts, distribution, and classification of microbes and also about the soil, water and food microbiology. After reading this unit one is able to: Know about micro-organisms. Learn the variety of microorganisms which occur in the environment surrounding us. Understand the existence of minute organisms and realize that these microscopic organisms are living and perpetuate themselves by reproduction. Discuss the distinct group of microbes which differ in form and other characters but resemble with each other in their small size and simple structure. Study the systematic position, and distribution of micro organisms. 1.2 INTRODUCTION Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be clearly seen by the unaided eye. Since objects less than about one millimeter in diameter cannot be clearly seen and must be examined with a microscope, such living objects are collectively referred as microorganisms or microbes. Therefore microbiology is defined as the study of microorganisms. A variety of organisms like bacteria, protozoa, viruses, fungi and algae are included in this category. Regarding the place of microorganisms in the living organisms, satisfactory criteria were unavailable until late 1940, when more definite observation of internal cell structure was made possible with the aid of the powerful magnification provided by electron microscope. Two cell types were discovered among these microorganisms. In some organisms the cells contained nuclear substance which was not enclosed by a nuclear membrane, while in others, a well-defined nucleus with a nuclear membrane was present. These two patterns were called prokaryotic and eukaryotic respectively. According to these special features of microorganisms, bacteria are prokaryotic and fungi, algae and protozoa are eukaryotic. Viruses are left out of this criteria as they are acellular organisms. Thus microbiology includes five major branches namely, virology, bacteriology, phycology, mycology, and protozoology. UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 7 MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY BSCBO-101 1.3 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF MICROORGANISMS Antony–van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first who studied in detail the microbial content of a variety of natural substances under the microscope. The various natural substances studied by Leeuwenhoek were water from rain barrels, rivers, wells, sea, teeth scrapings and naturally fermented material like vinegar. His observations were confirmed by others, but only in nineteenth century, the extent and nature of microbial forms becames more apparent. Microbes are either unicellular or multicellular ornon- cellular forms. Protozoa, bacteria and some algae and fungi are unicellular forms and are made up of single cells. While most of the algae and fungi are multicellular forms. Viruses lack a cellular structure and hence they are non-cellular particles and occupy a border line between living and non- living things. Based upon the presence or absence of nuclear membrane, microbes are of two types namely Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Prokaryotes have incipient nucleus which is suspended in the cytoplasm. This includes bacteria. The microbes such as protozoa, algae and fungi are eukaryote which contain a nucleus, with a nuclear membrane and is well separated from the cytoplasm. General characteristics of Bacteria 1) Bacteria are small microscopic and least differentiated microorganisms. These are believed to be amongst the first primitive organisms on the earth possessing typical prokaryotic cell organization. 2) They are omnipresent, i.e. found in all possible habitats. 3) They are unicellular and may live in association with others in colonies. 4) The size, shape and arrangement of bacterial cells vary and their size is about .5 micron to 3 micron. 5) They exhibit .a variety of shapes e.g., spheres (coccus), rods (bacillus), spirals (spirillum),curved (vibrio) etc. Fig.1.1. Different shapes of bacteria 6) They possess very rigid cell wall, which is not made up of cellulose, characteristic of plant cell walls. It generally contains a peptidoglycan (murein), lipid and lipopolysaccharides. The rigid cell wall determines the shape of bacterial cells. 7) Nuclear material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane. Nucleolus is absent. 8) An extra chromosomal DNA called plasmid is usually present in the cytoplasm. UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 8 MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY BSCBO-101 Fig.1.2. A bacterium showing appendages 9) Cell organelles includes 70s type ribosome and mesosome formed by invagination of plasma membrane.Otherorganelles such as mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum,centriole etc. are absent. Fig.1.3.Structure of a typical bacterium (E. Coli) 10) Appendages like flagella and pili are present. Some pili are longer in some bacteria and are called as sex pili (Fig.1.2, 1.3). Motility is brought about by flagella. The Bacilli and spirilla are
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