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Internal Anatomy and Salivary Gland

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Internal Anatomy and Salivary Gland INTERNAL ANATOMY AND SALIVARY GLAND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SPINOSE EAR TICK (OTOBIUS MEGNINI DUGES) WITH NOTES ON WATER VAPOR UPTAKE AND SALIVARY GLAND DEGENERATION BY KERRY WADE STRICKER Bachelor of Agriculture Oklahoma state University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1988 Master of Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1990 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 1993 INTERNAL ANATOMY AND SALIVARY GLAND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SPINOSE EAR TICK (OTOBIUS MEGNINI DUGES) WITH NOTES ON WATER VAPOR UPTAKE AND SALIVARY GLAND DEGENERATION Thesis Approved: Thesis Adv~a ~-4-~ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Robert W. Barker for his patience, generous help, and good advice in the completion of my research and preparation of this manuscript. Also, much thanks are extended to the other members of my committee, Dr. John R. Sauer, Dr. Richard C. Berberet, and Dr. Charlotte L. Ownby for their helpful guidance. I also wish to thank Marie Montelango and Bill Tyner for their help in raising ticks and procuring other equipment and supplies necessary for my work. Also, much gratitude is owed to Janice Pennington Green and Ginger Baker at the Oklahoma State University Electron Microscope Laboratory for their help in preparing material for microscopic study. Most importantly, much love and gratitude are extended to my parents, Tom and Judi Stricker. Without their much needed moral and financial support, I could not have achieved what little success I have achieved. Thank you, once again, mom and dad. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION. 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW. 6 Internal Anatomy ..... 6 Salivary Gland Ultrastructure .. 7 Water Vapor Uptake ..... 9 Salivary Gland Degeneration. 11 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS . 12 Colony . 12 Internal Anatomy ...........•.• 12 Salivary Gland Ultrastructure. 13 Water Vapor Uptake. • . .... 14 Salivary Gland Degeneration ......... 16 IV. RESULTS . 17 Internal Anatomy. ......... 17 Initial Observations. ...•.• 17 Digestive and Excretory Systems .•.. 20 Gastric System. •.... 20 Foregut and Midgut and Hindgut .. 22 Salivary Glands ..•....... 25 Coxal Glands. ..... 27 Reproductive System ......••.. 29 Male Reproductive Organs ..... 29 Female Reproductive Organs ..•• 34 Respiratory System. 37 Muscular System ...•.. 42 Nervous System ............ 54 Circulatory System ........ 58 Water Vapor Uptake •.•.... 58 Salivary Gland Ultrastructure .. 66 Salivary ducts .....•. 66 Type A Acini ......•....... 69 Type B Acini ..... 72 Salivary Gland Degeneration. 77 v. DISCUSSION. 86 Internal Anatomy. 86 iv Chapter Page Digestive and Excretory Systems .••• 86 Gastric System. • • ••.•• 86 Foregut and Midgut and Hindgut •• 87 Salivary Glands ••••••.••• 89 Coxal Glands. • . • • • ••• 91 Reproductive System •••••.•••• 93 Male Reproductive Organs ..••• 93 Female Reproductive Organs • • 97 Respiratory System. • . • • • • • • • 100 Muscular System • . • • • • • • 102 Nervous System. • • • • • • • . • • 107 circulatory System. ••• 109 water Vapor Uptake. • • • • • • • . • 111 Salivary Gland Ultrastructure ...••••. 116 Salivary Ducts. • . .•. 116 Type A Acini •.....•.••.... 117 Type B Acini. • . · . • . • . • . • 12 o Salivary Gland Degeneration •••.••••. 124 IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 130 Internal Anatomy. • • • • • • • . • 130 Water Vapor Uptake. ........ 132 Salivary Gland Ultrastructure. • • ••• 133 Salivary Gland Degeneration .•.•.•••. 134 REFERENCES . 136 APPENDIXES. 145 APPENDIX A - FIXATION PROCEDURE USED TO PREPARE SALIVARY GLAND TISSUE FOR ELECTRON AND LIGHT MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION ••• 146 APPENDIX B - ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR INTERNAL ANATOMY STUDY. 147 APPENDIX C - ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR SALIVARY GLAND ULTRASTRUCTURE STUDY . 152 APPENDIX D - ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR SALIVARY GLAND DEGENERATION STUDY . 154 V LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Comparison Over Time of Average, Percent, weight Change for Ten, 9 Month and Ten, 1 Month Old Q. megnini Adult, Male ticks. 64 II. comparison Over Time of .Average, Percent, Weight Change for Ten, 9 Month and Ten, 1 Month Old Q. megnini Adult, Female ticks. 65 vi LIST OF FIGURES .Figure Page 1. Gross, internal anatomy of a female Q. megnini, dorsal aspect. 18 2. Dorsal view of extended gastric system of an adult Q. megnini . • • 21 3. Dorsal view of adult, Q. megnini digestive system 24 4. Salivary glands from Q. megnini ticks. (A) Adult (B) Nymph . • . 26 5. Coxal glands from (A) nymph and (B) adult Q. megnini .............. 28 6. Dorsal view of male Q. megnini reproductive system .. 30 7. Male Q. megnini accessory gland. (A) Dorsal view and (B) ventral view ..... 32 8. Dorsal view of female Q. megnini reproductive system . 35 9. Capitular areas of (A) adult female and (B) adult male Q. megnini. 38 10. Respiratory system of Q. megnini .. 39 11. Respiratory system of Q. megnini. (A) Brain tracheal system and (B) ventral anastomosis • 41 12. Interior view of dorsal Q. megnini cuticle, showing postions of muscle attachments ...•..•... 43 13. Internal architecture of the ventral cuticle of a female, adult Q. megnini . 44 14. Anterior muscular system of an adult Q. megnini, female, dorsal view .............••. 46 15. Selected anterior muscles and posterior muscular system of and adult Q. megnini, female, dorsal view. 47 vii Figure Page 16. Muscular system of Q. megnini. (A) Endosternum and (B) inferior genital muscles of male ( dorsal view) . • . • • . • • . • 48 17. Synganglion of Q. megnini (adult, dorsal view). 55 18. Circulatory system of adult Q. megnini (dorsal aspect) •••••..•••. 59 19. Average, percent, weight changes over time for ten, 9 month old, normal, adult Q. megnini and ten, adult Q. megnini with mouthparts wax covered •••• 60 20. Average, percent, weight changes over time for ten, 1 month old, normal, adult Q. megnini and ten, adult Q. megnini with mouthparts wax covered ••• 61 21. Salivary glands from adult Q. megnini showing type A acini. A) 500X B) 400X . ........... 67 22. Ultrastructure of salivary gland ducts from adult Q. megnini salivary glands. A) Main salivary duct (13,000X) B) Efferent salivary duct (10,500X) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68 23. Peripheral lamellate cells from type A acini of adult o. megnini salivary glands showing infoldings of basal plasma membrane. A) 38,500X B) 17,500X ..••.••.. 70 24. Ultrastructure of adult Q. megnini salivary glands showing trachae and nerves located between type A acini. A) 16,500X B) 10,500X •••••• 71 25. Salivary glands from fed Q. megnini nymphs showing cell types within the type B acini. (A and B both 400X) ••••••••••••• 73 26. Ultrastructure of type Ba cells in type B acini of Q. megnini nymph salivary gland. A) Granule of type Ba cell (12,500X) B) Lumen of type Ba cell with mic~ovilli (15,500X) ••••••••• 75 27. Ultrastructure of Q. megnini nymph salivary gland. A) Type Bb cell granules and interstitial cell (15,500X) B) Type Ba cell and interstitial cell (12,500X) •••••••••••••••••• 76 28. Ultrastructure of type B acini of Q. megnini nymph salivary gland at 2 days post-removal. A) 400X B) Type Ba cell granules (12,500X) ••••.•••..••....••.• 78 viii Figure Page 29. Degeneration of type B acini of Q. megnini nymph salivary gland. A) Type Bb cell granules at 2 days post-removal (5,000X) B) Type B acini at 5 days post-removal (400X) ••••.•• 79 30. Ultrastructure of type'B acini of Q. megnini nymph salivary gland at 5 days post-removal. A) Large vacuoles in type Ba cells (10,000X) B) Vacuoles and membrane whorls (9,SOOX) •.•••••••.• 81 31. Degeneration of type B acini of Q. megnini nymph salivary gland. A) Type Bb and interstitial epithelial cells at 5 days post-removal (9,SOOX) B) Type B acini at 8 days post-removal · ( 400X) • • • . • . • . • 82 32. Ultrastructure of type B acini of Q. megnini nymph salivary gland at 8 days post-removal. A) Extracellular space of degenerating B acinus (7,SOOX) B) Shriveled type Ba and Bb cells (14,SOOX) •.•.•.•.••.•.. 84 33. Cytoplasm of degenerating cell of Q. megnini nymph salivary gland, type B acinus at 8 days post­ removal showing membrane whorls and other cellular debris (14,SOOX) .....•.••••• 85 ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Otobius megnini Duges is a member of the tick family, Argasidae. Ticks in this family are commonly called "soft ticks." The other major tick family, Ixodidae, contains the "hard ticks." The more widespread and familiar hard ticks are often pests of man and livestock and vector several important diseases to both man and animals. The family, Argasidae, is relatively small with only 140 species in five genera (Krantz 1978). The family, Ixodidae, is much larger, with approximately 650 species in 13 genera (Krantz 1978). Ticks in the family, Argasidae, are generally secretive and live in or near the nests or burrows of their hosts, which are generally birds or small mammals (Krantz 1978). Virtually all species of'Argasidae are multiple feeders. Thus, they come to the host intermittently, take a quick bloodmeal, then retreat to a hiding place. Because of these habits, members of the Argasidae are seldom seen and are not frequently studied, although some species can be economically important pests of livestock and can vector serious diseases to man (Hoogstraal 1966, 1973). The new world genus, Otobius, contains two species, Otobius megnini and Otobius lagophilus (Cooley and Kohls). 1 2 The former was first described by Duges (1884) from Guanajuato, Mexico. Townsend (1893), in one of the earliest reports from
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