DOCSLIB.ORG

64985Vickaryous.Pdf (13.32Mb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
64985Vickaryous.Pdf (13.32Mb) University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies Legacy Theses 2001 Skull morphology of the ankylosauria Vickaryous, Matthew K. Vickaryous, M. K. (2001). Skull morphology of the ankylosauria (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/24446 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/40749 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Skull Morphology of the Ankylosauria by Matthew K. Vickaryous A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THC, DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES CALGARY, ALBERTA JANUARY, 2001 O Matthew K. Vickaryous 2001 National Library Bibliothhque nationale I*l of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your fib Votre rrlfBmce Our fib Notre dfbrance The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prster, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/film, de reproduction SW papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protkge cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent &re imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract The vertebrate head skeleton is a fundamental source of biological information for the study of both modern and extinct taxa. Detailed analysis of structural modifications in one taxon frequently identifies developmental and / or functional features widespread amongst a more inclusive clade of organisms. Members of the Ankylosauria, a group of armoured, herbivorous dinosaurs, provide an opportunity to review innovative cranial architecture of a fossil taxon. The generalized skull condition of the Ankylosauria is surveyed, providing the first description of the basicraniurn, and a reappraisal of the palate and mandible. The previous identification of neomorphic cranial elements, such as "tabulars" and "prevomers", is not supported. Osteological terminology used to describe the Ankylosauria is reviewed in connection with the morphological overview. This descriptive evaluation establishes the foundation for subsequent detailed investigations of selected taxa. Euoplocephalus tutus Lambe (1 902),frequently regarded as the archetypal ankylosaur, is characterized by an akinetic cranium with a distinctive pattern of cranial sculpturing, the presence of a modified "ciliary" supraorbital, and relatively small, fluted teeth. A new taxon of ankylosaur, "Gobisaurus" gen. et sp. nov., is characterized by a narrow premaxillary rostrum, a prominent orbit, an enlarged nasal vestibule and an elongated rostra1 process of the vomer. The developmental processes giving rise to cranial ornamentation are reviewed using the comparative approach, identifying two discrete mechanisms that operate independently. A cladistic analysis of 22 ankylosaur taxa is conducted, thereby establishing a phylogenetic position for "Gobisaurus". The results of the cladistic analysis are compared with a consensus estimate of previously published hypotheses using a supertree analysis. The cladogram - supertree comparison illustrates the importance of detailed cranial information in effectively clustering members of the Ankylosauria. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS An enormous number of people played important roles throughout the course of this research, and many of them deserve special recognition. I would like to thank the members of my examination committee, Drs. A.P. Russell, P.J. Currie, M.A. Katzenberg, G. Pritchard and H. I. Rosenberg, for carefully scrutinizing the penultimate product of my Master's research. My supervisor Dr. A.P. Russell has been particularly patient and longsuffering. Many thanks. Drs. A.P. Russell, P.J. Currie, H.I. Rosenberg, M.A. Katzenberg, B. Hallgrimsson, D.B. Brinkman (TMP) and L.M. Witmer (Ohio University, Athens) all helped to mould, shape and pervert my knowledge of skeletal anatomy. Mr. W.D. Fitch kindly permitted me to play with, cut apart and yammer on about many of the fine specimens in his care at the University of Calgary, Museum of Zoology. I have no doubt benefited from the many frank and frequently perturbing conversations with my cohorts J.M. Lavigne (Talisman Energy, Calgary), M. Getty (Utah Museum of Natural History, Salt Lake City), K. Kucher (TMP), and L. Claessens (Harvard University, Cambridge). J.T. Lumb (Metafore, Calgary) and N. Rybczynski (Duke University, Durham) are to be congratulated not only for their years of polite discourse and encouragement, but also for their burliness in excavating ankylosaurs in the dark. My colleagues in the Vertebrate Morphology and Palaeontology Research Group have all contributed significantly to my current outlook. Thanks to G.L. Powell, L. McGregor, E. Snively, M.J. Ryan, M. Thompson, P.J. Bergmann, J. Peng, A.M. Gutierrez and T. Higham. Specimens studied during the course of this research came from a variety of institutions, and special thanks is owed to the following museum curators and collection managers: A. Newman, J.D. Gardner, J. Wilke, M. Laframbois and L. Cook (TMP); R.C. Fox (UAVLP); M.A. Norrell (AMNH); K. Carpenter (DMNH); K. Shepard (CMN); and Y. Kobayashi (FPDM). I also owe thanks to the staff of Prehistoric Animal Structures (East Coulee, Alberta) and Canada Fossils (Calgary, Alberta) for keeping me posted on ankylosaurs moving through their workspaces. Dr. R. Etheridge (San Diego State University) provided some crucial information iv about the development of ornamentation in squamates and supplementary information about ankylosaur material was gleaned through conversations with Drs. K. Carpenter (DMNH), J.I. Kirkland (Utah Geological Survey, Salt Lake City) and Mr. P. Penkalski (North Carolina State, Raleigh). The gurus of systematics, Drs. O.R.P. Bininda-Emonds (Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands) and S. Modesto (ROM),deserve special credit for permitting me to bother them so frequently. Thanks-eh! Ankylosaur cranial material was thin-sectioned with unparalleled skill by Mr. J. Resultay (University of Calgary, Department of Geology and Geophysics). Preparation of ankylosaur material at the TMP during the course of this research was conducted with prudence and finesse by Ms. W. Sloboda and Messrs. K. Kucher and M. Mitchell. Ms. D. Sloan (TMP), Dr. P. Johnston (TMP), Mr. G. Campbell and Mr. A.L. Vickaryous assisted with much of the photography and R. Humphries, L. Curtis and L. Morris performed the CT scanning at the Foothills Hospital, Calgary. This research was supported by the Duerksen Memorial Scholarship, a Jurassic Foundation Grant, two Heaton Student Support Grants, a University of Calgary Graduate Scholarship, a University of Calgary Thesis I Dissertation Research Grant, an NSERC Operating Grant awarded to Dr. A.P. Russell and the infinite patience of J.T. Lumb. TABLE OF CONTENTS ... Abstract .............................................................................................................111 Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................iv Table of Contents .............................................................................................. vi List of Tables .................................................................................................... xii... List of Figures.................................................................................................. xi11... List Of Symbols. Abbreviations. And Nomenclature .......................................WIII Chapter 1. Introduction.........................................w..........w~......w......................l 1.1 Background Rationale...................................................................... 1 1.2 The Ankylosauria .............................................................................. 3 1.2.1 Euoplocephalus tutus Lambe (1902) .................................. 3 1.2.2 .Gobisaurus" gen. et sp . nov............................................ 5 Chapter 2. Fossil Materials and Methods ..................................................... 7 2.1 Specimens ........................................................................................ 7 2.1 .1 Post-mortem Deformation ..................................................9 2.1 -2 Euoplocephalus;A Question of Synonymy....................... 10 2.2 Methodology ................................................................................... II Chapter 3. Ankylosaur Head Skeleton Morphology ................................. 15 3.1 Overall Morphology ........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CPY Document
    v^ Official Journal of the Biology Unit of the American Topical Association 10 Vol. 40(4) DINOSAURS ON STAMPS by Michael K. Brett-Surman Ph.D. Dinosaurs are the most popular animals of all time, and the most misunderstood. Dinosaurs did not fly in the air and did not live in the oceans, nor on lake bottoms. Not all large "prehistoric monsters" are dinosaurs. The most famous NON-dinosaurs are plesiosaurs, moso- saurs, pelycosaurs, pterodactyls and ichthyosaurs. Any name ending in 'saurus' is not automatically a dinosaur, for' example, Mastodonto- saurus is neither a mastodon nor a dinosaur - it is an amphibian! Dinosaurs are defined by a combination of skeletal features that cannot readily be seen when the animal is fully restored in a flesh reconstruction. Because of the confusion, this compilation is offered as a checklist for the collector. This topical list compiles all the dinosaurs on stamps where the actual bones are pictured or whole restorations are used. It excludes footprints (as used in the Lesotho stamps), cartoons (as in the 1984 issue from Gambia), silhouettes (Ascension Island # 305) and unoffi- cial issues such as the famous Sinclair Dinosaur stamps. The name "Brontosaurus", which appears on many stamps, is used with quotation marks to denote it as a popular name in contrast to its correct scientific name, Apatosaurus. For those interested in a detailed encyclopedic work about all fossils on stamps, the reader is referred to the forthcoming book, 'Paleontology - a Guide to the Postal Materials Depicting Prehistoric Lifeforms' by Fran Adams et. al. The best book currently in print is a book titled 'Dinosaur Stamps of the World' by Baldwin & Halstead.
    [Show full text]
  • Brooklyn, Cloudland, Melsonby (Gaarraay)
    BUSH BLITZ SPECIES DISCOVERY PROGRAM Brooklyn, Cloudland, Melsonby (Gaarraay) Nature Refuges Eubenangee Swamp, Hann Tableland, Melsonby (Gaarraay) National Parks Upper Bridge Creek Queensland 29 April–27 May · 26–27 July 2010 Australian Biological Resources Study What is Contents Bush Blitz? Bush Blitz is a four-year, What is Bush Blitz? 2 multi-million dollar Abbreviations 2 partnership between the Summary 3 Australian Government, Introduction 4 BHP Billiton and Earthwatch Reserves Overview 6 Australia to document plants Methods 11 and animals in selected properties across Australia’s Results 14 National Reserve System. Discussion 17 Appendix A: Species Lists 31 Fauna 32 This innovative partnership Vertebrates 32 harnesses the expertise of many Invertebrates 50 of Australia’s top scientists from Flora 62 museums, herbaria, universities, Appendix B: Threatened Species 107 and other institutions and Fauna 108 organisations across the country. Flora 111 Appendix C: Exotic and Pest Species 113 Fauna 114 Flora 115 Glossary 119 Abbreviations ANHAT Australian Natural Heritage Assessment Tool EPBC Act Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) NCA Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Queensland) NRS National Reserve System 2 Bush Blitz survey report Summary A Bush Blitz survey was conducted in the Cape Exotic vertebrate pests were not a focus York Peninsula, Einasleigh Uplands and Wet of this Bush Blitz, however the Cane Toad Tropics bioregions of Queensland during April, (Rhinella marina) was recorded in both Cloudland May and July 2010. Results include 1,186 species Nature Refuge and Hann Tableland National added to those known across the reserves. Of Park. Only one exotic invertebrate species was these, 36 are putative species new to science, recorded, the Spiked Awlsnail (Allopeas clavulinus) including 24 species of true bug, 9 species of in Cloudland Nature Refuge.
    [Show full text]
  • And the Origin and Evolution of the Ankylosaur Pelvis
    Pelvis of Gargoyleosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) and the Origin and Evolution of the Ankylosaur Pelvis Kenneth Carpenter1,2*, Tony DiCroce3, Billy Kinneer3, Robert Simon4 1 Prehistoric Museum, Utah State University – Eastern, Price, Utah, United States of America, 2 Geology Section, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America, 3 Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado, United States of America, 4 Dinosaur Safaris Inc., Ashland, Virginia, United States of America Abstract Discovery of a pelvis attributed to the Late Jurassic armor-plated dinosaur Gargoyleosaurus sheds new light on the origin of the peculiar non-vertical, broad, flaring pelvis of ankylosaurs. It further substantiates separation of the two ankylosaurs from the Morrison Formation of the western United States, Gargoyleosaurus and Mymoorapelta. Although horizontally oriented and lacking the medial curve of the preacetabular process seen in Mymoorapelta, the new ilium shows little of the lateral flaring seen in the pelvis of Cretaceous ankylosaurs. Comparison with the basal thyreophoran Scelidosaurus demonstrates that the ilium in ankylosaurs did not develop entirely by lateral rotation as is commonly believed. Rather, the preacetabular process rotated medially and ventrally and the postacetabular process rotated in opposition, i.e., lateral and ventrally. Thus, the dorsal surfaces of the preacetabular and postacetabular processes are not homologous. In contrast, a series of juvenile Stegosaurus ilia show that the postacetabular process rotated dorsally ontogenetically. Thus, the pelvis of the two major types of Thyreophora most likely developed independently. Examination of other ornithischians show that a non-vertical ilium had developed independently in several different lineages, including ceratopsids, pachycephalosaurs, and iguanodonts.
    [Show full text]
  • Dreams and Nightmares of Latin American Ascomycete Taxonomists
    DREAMS AND NIGHTMARES OF NEOTROPICAL ASCOMYCETE TAXONOMISTS Richard P. Korf Emeritus Professor of Mycology at Cornell University & Emeritus Curator of the Cornell Plant Pathology Herbarium, Ithaca, New York A talk presented at the VII Congress of Latin American Mycology, San José, Costa Rica, July 20, 2011 ABSTRACT Is taxonomic inquiry outdated, or cutting edge? A reassessment is made of the goals, successes, and failures of taxonomists who study the fungi of the Neotropics, with a view toward what we should do in the future if we are to have maximum scientific and societal impact. Ten questions are posed, including: Do we really need names? Who is likely to be funding our future research? Is the collapse of the Ivory Tower of Academia a dream or a nightmare? I have been invited here to present a talk on my views on what taxonomists working on Ascomycetes in the Neotropics should be doing. Why me? Perhaps just because I am one of the oldest ascomycete taxonomists, who just might have some shreds of wisdom to impart. I take the challenge seriously, and somewhat to my surprise I have come to some conclusions that shock me, as well they may shock you. OUR HISTORY Let's take a brief view of the time frame I want to talk about. It's really not that old. Most of us think of Elias Magnus Fries as the "father of mycology," a starting point for fungal names as the sanctioning author for most of the fungi. In 1825 Fries was halfway through his Systema Mycologicum, describing and illustrating fungi on what he could see without the aid of a microscope.
    [Show full text]
  • By Howard Zimmerman
    by Howard Zimmerman DINO_COVERS.indd 4 4/24/08 11:58:35 AM [Intentionally Left Blank] by Howard Zimmerman Consultant: Luis M. Chiappe, Ph.D. Director of the Dinosaur Institute Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 1629_ArmoredandDangerous_FNL.ind1 1 4/11/08 11:11:17 AM Credits Title Page, © Luis Rey; TOC, © De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images; 4-5, © John Bindon; 6, © De Agostini Picture Library/The Natural History Museum, London; 7, © Luis Rey; 8, © Luis Rey; 9, © Adam Stuart Smith; 10T, © Luis Rey; 10B, © Colin Keates/Dorling Kindersly; 11, © Phil Wilson; 12L, Courtesy of the Royal Tyrrell Museum, Drumheller, Alberta; 12R, © De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images; 13, © Phil Wilson; 14-15, © Phil Wilson; 16-17, © De Agostini Picture Library/The Natural History Museum, London; 18T, © 2007 by Karen Carr and Karen Carr Studio; 18B, © photomandan/istockphoto; 19, © Luis Rey; 20, © De Agostini Picture Library/The Natural History Museum, London; 21, © John Bindon; 23TL, © Phil Wilson; 23TR, © Luis Rey; 23BL, © Vladimir Sazonov/Shutterstock; 23BR, © Luis Rey. Publisher: Kenn Goin Editorial Director: Adam Siegel Creative Director: Spencer Brinker Design: Dawn Beard Creative Cover Illustration: Luis Rey Photo Researcher: Omni-Photo Communications, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zimmerman, Howard. Armored and dangerous / by Howard Zimmerman. p. cm. — (Dino times trivia) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-59716-712-3 (library binding) ISBN-10: 1-59716-712-6 (library binding) 1. Ornithischia—Juvenile literature. 2. Dinosaurs—Juvenile literature. I. Title. QE862.O65Z56 2009 567.915—dc22 2008006171 Copyright © 2009 Bearport Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ankylosaurid Dinosaur from Mongolia with in Situ Armour and Keratinous Scale Impressions
    An ankylosaurid dinosaur from Mongolia with in situ armour and keratinous scale impressions VICTORIA M. ARBOUR, NICOLAI L. LECH−HERNES, TOM E. GULDBERG, JØRN H. HURUM, and PHILIP J. CURRIE Arbour, V.M., Lech−Hernes, N.L., Guldberg, T.E., Hurum, J.H., and Currie P.J. 2013. An ankylosaurid dinosaur from Mongolia with in situ armour and keratinous scale impressions. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (1): 55–64. A Mongolian ankylosaurid specimen identified as Tarchia gigantea is an articulated skeleton including dorsal ribs, the sacrum, a nearly complete caudal series, and in situ osteoderms. The tail is the longest complete tail of any known ankylosaurid. Remarkably, the specimen is also the first Mongolian ankylosaurid that preserves impressions of the keratinous scales overlying the bony osteoderms. This specimen provides new information on the shape, texture, and ar− rangement of osteoderms. Large flat, keeled osteoderms are found over the pelvis, and osteoderms along the tail include large keeled osteoderms, elongate osteoderms lacking distinct apices, and medium−sized, oval osteoderms. The specimen differs in some respects from other Tarchia gigantea specimens, including the morphology of the neural spines of the tail club handle and several of the largest osteoderms. Key words: Dinosauria, Ankylosauria, Ankylosauridae, Tarchia, Saichania, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia. Victoria M. Arbour [[email protected]] and Philip J. Currie [[email protected]], Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9; Nicolai L. Lech−Hernes [nicolai.lech−[email protected]], Bayerngas Norge, Postboks 73, N−0216 Oslo, Norway; Tom E. Guldberg [[email protected]], Fossekleiva 9, N−3075 Berger, Norway; Jørn H.
    [Show full text]
  • Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor How They Arise, Modify and Vanish
    Fascinating Life Sciences Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor Bird Species How They Arise, Modify and Vanish Fascinating Life Sciences This interdisciplinary series brings together the most essential and captivating topics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated with photographs, illustrations, and maps, and feature suggestions for further reading or glossaries where appropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthusiasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especially appealing. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15408 Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor Bird Species How They Arise, Modify and Vanish Editor Dieter Thomas Tietze Natural History Museum Basel Basel, Switzerland ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic) Fascinating Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-319-91688-0 ISBN 978-3-319-91689-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91689-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948152 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
    [Show full text]
  • Baker2009chap58.Pdf
    Ratites and tinamous (Paleognathae) Allan J. Baker a,b,* and Sérgio L. Pereiraa the ratites (5). Here, we review the phylogenetic relation- aDepartment of Natural Histor y, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s ships and divergence times of the extant clades of ratites, Park Crescent, Toronto, ON, Canada; bDepartment of Ecology and the extinct moas and the tinamous. Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Longstanding debates about whether the paleognaths *To whom correspondence should be addressed (allanb@rom. are monophyletic or polyphyletic were not settled until on.ca) phylogenetic analyses were conducted on morphological characters (6–9), transferrins (10), chromosomes (11, 12), Abstract α-crystallin A sequences (13, 14), DNA–DNA hybrid- ization data (15, 16), and DNA sequences (e.g., 17–21). The Paleognathae is a monophyletic clade containing ~32 However, relationships among paleognaths are still not species and 12 genera of ratites and 46 species and nine resolved, with a recent morphological tree based on 2954 genera of tinamous. With the exception of nuclear genes, characters placing kiwis (Apterygidae) as the closest rela- there is strong molecular and morphological support for tives of the rest of the ratites (9), in agreement with other the close relationship of ratites and tinamous. Molecular morphological studies using smaller data sets ( 6–8, 22). time estimates with multiple fossil calibrations indicate that DNA sequence trees place kiwis in a derived clade with all six families originated in the Cretaceous (146–66 million the Emus and Cassowaries (Casuariiformes) (19–21, 23, years ago, Ma). The radiation of modern genera and species 24).
    [Show full text]
  • Onetouch 4.0 Scanned Documents
    / Chapter 2 THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS Storrs L. Olson Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC. I. Introduction 80 II. Archaeopteryx 85 III. Early Cretaceous Birds 87 IV. Hesperornithiformes 89 V. Ichthyornithiformes 91 VI. Other Mesozojc Birds 92 VII. Paleognathous Birds 96 A. The Problem of the Origins of Paleognathous Birds 96 B. The Fossil Record of Paleognathous Birds 104 VIII. The "Basal" Land Bird Assemblage 107 A. Opisthocomidae 109 B. Musophagidae 109 C. Cuculidae HO D. Falconidae HI E. Sagittariidae 112 F. Accipitridae 112 G. Pandionidae 114 H. Galliformes 114 1. Family Incertae Sedis Turnicidae 119 J. Columbiformes 119 K. Psittaciforines 120 L. Family Incertae Sedis Zygodactylidae 121 IX. The "Higher" Land Bird Assemblage 122 A. Coliiformes 124 B. Coraciiformes (Including Trogonidae and Galbulae) 124 C. Strigiformes 129 D. Caprimulgiformes 132 E. Apodiformes 134 F. Family Incertae Sedis Trochilidae 135 G. Order Incertae Sedis Bucerotiformes (Including Upupae) 136 H. Piciformes 138 I. Passeriformes 139 X. The Water Bird Assemblage 141 A. Gruiformes 142 B. Family Incertae Sedis Ardeidae 165 79 Avian Biology, Vol. Vlll ISBN 0-12-249408-3 80 STORES L. OLSON C. Family Incertae Sedis Podicipedidae 168 D. Charadriiformes 169 E. Anseriformes 186 F. Ciconiiformes 188 G. Pelecaniformes 192 H. Procellariiformes 208 I. Gaviiformes 212 J. Sphenisciformes 217 XI. Conclusion 217 References 218 I. Introduction Avian paleontology has long been a poor stepsister to its mammalian counterpart, a fact that may be attributed in some measure to an insufRcien- cy of qualified workers and to the absence in birds of heterodont teeth, on which the greater proportion of the fossil record of mammals is founded.
    [Show full text]
  • The Systematic Position of the Enigmatic Thyreophoran Dinosaur Paranthodon Africanus, and the Use of Basal Exemplifiers in Phyl
    1 The systematic position of the enigmatic thyreophoran dinosaur Paranthodon africanus, 2 and the use of basal exemplifiers in phylogenetic analysis 3 4 Thomas J. Raven1,2 ,3 and Susannah C. R. Maidment2 ,3 5 61Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, UK 72School of Environment & Technology, University of Brighton, UK 8 3Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK 9 10Corresponding author: Thomas J. Raven 11 12Email address: [email protected] 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21ABSTRACT 22 23The first African dinosaur to be discovered, Paranthodon africanus was found in 1845 in the 24Lower Cretaceous of South Africa. Taxonomically assigned to numerous groups since discovery, 25in 1981 it was described as a stegosaur, a group of armoured ornithischian dinosaurs 26characterised by bizarre plates and spines extending from the neck to the tail. This assignment 27that has been subsequently accepted. The type material consists of a premaxilla, maxilla, a nasal, 28and a vertebra, and contains no synapomorphies of Stegosauria. Several features of the maxilla 29and dentition are reminiscent of Ankylosauria, the sister-taxon to Stegosauria, and the premaxilla 30appears superficially similar to that of some ornithopods. The vertebral material has never been 31described, and since the last description of the specimen, there have been numerous discoveries 32of thyreophoran material potentially pertinent to establishing the taxonomic assignment of the 33specimen. An investigation of the taxonomic and systematic position of Paranthodon is therefore 34warranted. This study provides a detailed re-description, including the first description of the 35vertebra. Numerous phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the systematic position of 36Paranthodon is highly labile and subject to change depending on which exemplifier for the clade 37Stegosauria is used.
    [Show full text]
  • Síntesis Del Registro Fósil De Dinosaurios Tireóforos En Gondwana
    ISSN 2469-0228 www.peapaleontologica.org.ar SÍNTESIS DEL REGISTRO FÓSIL DE DINOSAURIOS TIREÓFOROS EN GONDWANA XABIER PEREDA-SUBERBIOLA 1 IGNACIO DÍAZ-MARTÍNEZ 2 LEONARDO SALGADO 2 SILVINA DE VALAIS 2 1Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, España. 2CONICET - Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Av. General Roca 1242, 8332 General Roca, Río Negro, Ar gentina. Recibido: 21 de Julio 2015 - Aceptado: 26 de Agosto de 2015 Para citar este artículo: Xabier Pereda-Suberbiola, Ignacio Díaz-Martínez, Leonardo Salgado y Silvina De Valais (2015). Síntesis del registro fósil de dinosaurios tireóforos en Gondwana . En: M. Fernández y Y. Herrera (Eds.) Reptiles Extintos - Volumen en Homenaje a Zulma Gasparini . Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleon - tológica Argentina 15(1): 90–107. Link a este artículo: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5710/PEAPA.21.07.2015.101 DESPLAZARSE HACIA ABAJO PARA ACCEDER AL ARTÍCULO Asociación Paleontológica Argentina Maipú 645 1º piso, C1006ACG, Buenos Aires República Argentina Tel/Fax (54-11) 4326-7563 Web: www.apaleontologica.org.ar Otros artículos en Publicación Electrónica de la APA 15(1): de la Fuente & Sterli Paulina Carabajal Pol & Leardi ESTADO DEL CONOCIMIENTO DE GUIA PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA DIVERSITY PATTERNS OF LAS TORTUGAS EXTINTAS DEL NEUROANATOMÍA DE DINOSAURIOS NOTOSUCHIA (CROCODYLIFORMES, TERRITORIO ARGENTINO: UNA SAURISCHIA, CON ENFASIS EN MESOEUCROCODYLIA) DURING PERSPECTIVA HISTÓRICA. FORMAS SUDAMERICANAS. THE CRETACEOUS OF GONDWANA. Año 2015 - Volumen 15(1): 90-107 VOLUMEN TEMÁTICO ISSN 2469-0228 SÍNTESIS DEL REGISTRO FÓSIL DE DINOSAURIOS TIREÓFOROS EN GONDWANA XABIER PEREDA-SUBERBIOLA 1, IGNACIO DÍAZ-MARTÍNEZ 2, LEONARDO SALGADO 2 Y SILVINA DE VALAIS 2 1Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, España.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Plated Dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Stegosauria), Mostly
    N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 282/1 (2016), 1–25 Article Stuttgart, October 2016 Notes on plated dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Stegosauria), mostly on der- mal armor from Middle and Upper Jurassic of England (also France, Iberia), with a revised diagnosis for Loricatosaurus priscus (Callovian, England) Peter M. Galton With 7 figures Abstract: In basal thyreophorans there is no equivalent to the small based slender dermal tail spines of stegosaurs, which differ in several respects from the lateral dorsal spines of nodosaurid ankylosaurs, and large based stocky spikes are restricted to a few genera of stegosaurs. Several isolated spines and spikes from England (Middle and Upper Jurassic), Portugal (Upper Jurassic) and Spain (Lower Cretaceous), previously re-identified as Thyreophora indet., are Stegosauria indet. Where available, cross-sections shows a thick layer of compact bone with a well-defined central canal as in old adult individuals of Stegosaurus (Upper Jurassic, USA) in which, in addition to display, they functioned as weapons. This stronger construction also favored their preservation as isolated bones. It contrasts with a thin layer of compact bone filled with cancellous bone for the spines of adult and younger individuals of Stegosaurus and of ankylosaurs. The preservation of an isolated pair of spines and of spikes indicates that their bases were bound together. Two columnar femora with a finger-like anterior trochanter from England (Middle and Upper Jurassic) are also re-identified as Stegosauria indet., as are the remains of a juvenile individual from Portugal (Upper Jurassic). The autapomorphies of Lori- catosaurus priscus (NOPCSA, 1911) (England, Middle Jurassic: Middle Callovian) include characters observed in the anterior and mid-caudal vertebrae, posterior pubic process and dermal armor (spine plate, small based body spine).
    [Show full text]