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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE SPATIALITY OF COLLECTIVE ACTION: FLEXIBLE NETWORKS AND SYMBOLIC PERFORMANCES AMONG THE MADRES DE PLAZA DE MA YO IN ARGENTINA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Fernando J. Bosco, M.A. ****** The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Professor Nancy Ettlinger, Adviser Approved by Professor Eugene McCann Professor Mei-Po Kvvan Professor Verta Taylor Geography Graduate Program Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3059205 ___ ® UMI UMI Microform 3059205 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT This study examines the relations between geography and social movements. It approaches this subject from a critical human geography perspective that takes spatiality—the mutual constitution of space and society—as the theoretical starting point and analytical guiding concept. It blends the contemporary academic literatures on social movements and spatiality with theories of social networks and of social relations as performances. Through a theoretical synthesis, it provides an analytical framework that demonstrates that the sustainability, duration, and mobilization outcomes of collective action are related to different dimensions of the spatiality of social relations. The study is grounded empirically through an in-depth historical and comparative analysis of the Madres de Plaza Mayo, a network of human rights activists in Argentina that has remained active for a quarter of a century. The analysis is based on a large set of qualitative data assembled through ethnographic and archival research. Regarding the sustainability and duration of collective action, the study demonstrates how the Madres sustain group cohesion through the deployment of various strategies. The Madres maintain a territorially widespread community of activists through the practice of collective performances in plazas across Argentina. Such place-based performances enhance network cohesion and social proximity despite physical distance. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The collective performances also give the Madres' visibility, facilitate recruitment, and cement emotional bonds among members. Moreover, collective performances enacted at different spatial scales—through activists’ bodies and through the modification of the urban built environment—are a mechanism for the resolution of internal group conflicts, further contributing to the sustainability of the Madres ’ activism. The performative dimensions of the Madres' activism demonstrate that how social movements sustain cohesion is dependent on their embeddedness in both material and symbolic places and on the strategies that activists devise to manage the spatiality of their networks. The outcomes of the Madres' mobilization strategies are related to the geographic flexibility that characterizes their networks of activists and supporters. The Madres have constructed networks with strategic connections—bridges—that operate at a variety of spatial scales and that allow them to tap other networks and to access resources crucial for sustaining their mobilization strategies. Furthermore, the Madres use symbolic framings of the plazas as a tool to build and sustain further network connections with other social movements. The Madres' coalition-building strategies rely on network connections that are geographically flexible. Both their inter-personal and inter- organizational networks exhibit a dynamic spatiality that encompasses different types of network relations moving across personal, local, national, and international scales. Overall, the case of the Madres demonstrates that the sustainability of strategies of collective action often hinges upon actors’ strategic capacity to maneuver different types of relations through networks in place and across spatial scales. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Dedicated to the Madres de Plaza de Mayo and to all those who continue the struggle for truth, memory, and justice regarding human rights violations in Argentina and Latin America iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my adviser, Nancy Ettlinger, for all her encouragement, support, patience, and guidance. She was a constant source of inspiration throughout my graduate studies. Nancy challenged me to think more creatively and provided me with critical insights that contributed not only to the outcomes of this study but also to my overall intellectual development. I could not have asked for a better mentor. I also wish to thank Verta Taylor, who was always supportive and ready to give me advice despite her hectic schedule. Verta introduced me to the literature on social movements and by doing so opened my eyes to an area of scholarly work that ended up being one of the building blocks of this study. I am grateful to professors Kevin Cox, Mei-Po Kwan, Eugene McCann, and Paul Robbins, who provided stimulating discussion and commented on the progress of this study, both in the early stages of preparation and when the end was getting close. Professor Larry Brown contributed to get the project under way by helping me secure support for preliminary fieldwork. Irene Casas provided help in producing the network maps. I thank all those other faculty and graduate students in the Department of Geography at the Ohio State University that discussed with me different aspects of this thesis over the years. I am particularly grateful to Tyler Hower for his editorial help, constant emotional support, and for putting up with me during both good and bad days. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Many people in Argentina provided support for this study. I thank the members of the Asociacion Madres de Plaza de Mayo, o f Madres de Plaza de Mayo-Linea Fundadora, and their support staff for letting me peruse their archives and taking time from their busy schedules to talk with me. I also thank Monica Perez at the Collective Memory Library in Buenos Aires for allowing me access to the collection and computer database. My family and friends in Buenos Aires provided food, housing, and love. I thank them all for facilitating my fieldwork experience and making me feel at home after so many years of being far away. This material was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. BCS-9906763, by the Graduate School at the Ohio University through a Dissertation Year Fellowship and a Graduate Student Alumni Research Award, by the Department of Geography at The Ohio State University through a John Rayner Pre-dissertation Research Award, by the Office of International Education at the Ohio State University through an International Dissertation Travel Grant, and by a Graduate Student Travel Grant from the Center for Latin American Studies also at The Ohio State University. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VITA March 12, 1971 Bom, Moron, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1994 B.A. Geography, Wittenberg University 1997 M.A. Geography, The Ohio State University 1997 - present Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS Research Publication 1. Bosco, F. 2001. “Place, space, networks and the sustainability of collective action.” Global Networks: A Journal o f Transnational Affairs , 1,4: 307-329. 2. Bosco, F. 1998. “State-Society Relations and National Development: A Comparison of Argentina and Taiwan in the 1990s.” International Journal o f Urban and Regional Research, 22, 4: 623-642. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Geography Vll Reproduced
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