10/17/2012
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants Topic 03 •Angiospermous: carpels & fruits. •Flowers (perianth). Overview of Plant Taxa •Vessels. Lecture Reading: •Sieve tubes. 1. Plate 1. Reproductive Terminology (pp 978-979) in Rhoads & Block •Endosperm (a 3n tissue from “double fertilization”) (2007). 2. Plate 2. Leaf Terminology (pp 980-981) in Rhoads & Block (2007). 3. Rhoads & Block (2007) descriptions of all PA-native plant families mentioned. 4. Ang iosperm Phy logeny Group. 2009. A n upd at e of th e A ngi osperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III.
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants B. Angiosperms or flowering plants •Angiospermous: carpels & fruits. 1.Primitive Dicots or Basal Angiosperms •Flowers (perianth). •Vessels. • Retain dicotyledonous condition common to some gymnosperms •Sieve tubes. •Endosperm (a 3n tissue from “double fertilization”) nymphaeids (water-lilies & friends) magnoliids monocots Ginkgo embryo Avocado embryo (Websters Dictionary) Ranunculids • Retain eustele of gymnosperms & other primitive eudicots rosids caryophyllids asterids
1 10/17/2012
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) a. nymphaeids (water-lily & friends) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants Family to know: Nymphaeaceae 1.Primitive Dicots or Basal Angiosperms aquatic herbs; floating leaves w/ palmate venation • Retain monoaperturate pollen of gymnosperms flowers solitary, scapose floral parts spiral; petals, stamens and carpels numerous stamens laminar Ca4-6(-14) Co8-many Amany, laminar G[3-many]
• Flower parts generally spiral & numerous or trimerous, or whorled & trimerous. • Various floral whorls poorly differentiated from one another.
Nuphar, Nymphaea & Nate in MD. Nymphaea at Longwood.
Victoria at Longwood (Nymphaea in the background)
Victoria
2 10/17/2012
Nuphar
Nymphaea
b. magnoliids
Families to know: Magnoliaceae & Lauraceae
Nymphaea
3 10/17/2012
Magnoliaceae Magnoliaceae 1. Trees & Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany shrubs w/ ethereal 2. Showy, oils solitary < Liriodendron flowers MliMagnolia >
Liriodendron tulipifera Magnolia kobus 13 14
Magnoliaceae Magnoliaceae
Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany
3. Ca & Co in 3’s
4. Many spiraled, laminar stamens Liriodendron tulipifera Magnolia kobus 15 16
4 10/17/2012
Magnoliaceae Magnoliaceae
Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany
Many5. Many free spirallycarpels arrangg,ed, pistils Many6. flat Elongatestamens receptacle
Liriodendron tulipifera Magnolia kobus 17 18
Tropical members of Magnoliaceae Lauraceae
Sassafras Lindera Michelia (50 spp.; Tropical, subtropical; S & SE Asia) 19 20
5 10/17/2012
Lauraceae Lauraceae 1. Trees & P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1 shrubs with 2. Small, ethereal oils yellowish to whitish flowers
5 mm 5 mm 5 mm
sassafras bay laurel avocado Sassafras Laurus Cinnamomum 21 22
Lauraceae Lauraceae
P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1 P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1 3. Parts in 4. Parts 3’s whorled
sassafras bay laurel avocado sassafras bay laurel avocado
23 24
6 10/17/2012
Lauraceae Lauraceae
P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1 P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1 5. 1 pistil, 1 6. Anthers carpel valvate
sassafras bay laurel avocado sassafras bay laurel avocado
25 26
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants Lauraceae 2. Monocots P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1 6. Anthers • Loss of second cotyledon. • Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms. valvate • Eustele transformed into atactostele (lose vascular cambium)
bay laurel
27
7 10/17/2012
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants B. Angiosperms or flowering plants 2. Monocots 2. Monocots
• Loss of second cotyledon. • Loss of second cotyledon. • Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms. • Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms. • Eustele transformed into atactostele (lose vascular cambium) • Eustele transformed into atactostele (lose vascular cambium) • Most with parallel leaf venation. • Most with parallel leaf venation. • Flowers merosity becomes fixed in 3’s.
Alismataceae (water‐plantain family) Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)
*aquatic or marsh herbs with basal leaves *pinnate or palmate venation *Ca 3 Co 3 A 3,6‐many G 3,6‐many
Alisma
8 10/17/2012
Alismataceae (water‐plantain family) Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)
Sagittaria Sagittaria
Liliaceae (lily family) Liliaceae (lily family)
bulbous herbs bulbous herbs parallel venation parallel venation P 3+3 A 3+3 G [3] P 3+3 A 3+3 G [3]
Lilium > Tulipa >
9 10/17/2012
Orchidaceae (orchid family) Orchidaceae (orchid family)
2nd largest family Terrestrial or epiphytic, +/‐ succulent herbs P[3+3] [A1 G[3], inferior] Bilateral flowers, labellum, column < Vanilla Pollinia
Orchidaceae (orchid family) Orchidaceae (orchid family)
Cymbidium
10 10/17/2012
Orchidaceae (orchid family) Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)
Unbranched trees or shrubs Terminal rosette of large, sheathing, plicate lvs Large, spathed panicles P3+3 A3+3 G3or[3] Perianth tiny
Cypripedium
Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family) Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)
plicate lvs Sheathing lvs Panicles Tiny fls
11 10/17/2012
Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family) Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)
< Cocos < Phoenix
Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family) Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)
Rhizomatous or stoloniferous herbs or bamboos Internodes hollow Lvs distichous, sheathing, linear Fls minute, wind pollinated
< Washingtonia
12 10/17/2012
Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family) Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)
distichous leaf arrangement open sheath
Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family) Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)
Bamboos
13 10/17/2012
Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family) Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family) Panicles of “spikelets” Ca2, palea & lemma Co2‐3, lodicules A2-3,pendulous G[2‐3]
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants 3. Primitive Eudicots Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)
• Many stamens and carpels Herbs to vines or woody vines • Perianth reduced in number, though still poorly differentiated • Parts generally free (some with fusion in G) Lvs simple, compound, to dissected, all with • Triaperturate pollen. sheathing bases; basal rosette of lvs common. Ca4-many Co4-5-many Amany Gseveral-many
14 10/17/2012
Ranunculaceae (buttercup family) Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)
Ranunculus Clematis
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants B. Angiosperms or flowering plants 4. Core Eudicots 4. Core Eudicots
• Perianth parts fixed in 4’s or 5’s • Perianth parts fixed in 4’s or 5’s • Stamens & carpels reduced in number • Stamens & carpels reduced in number • Parts whorled • Parts whorled • Perianth well differentiated • Perianth well differentiated • Triaperturate pollen. • Triaperturate pollen.
a. Rosids
• Habit variable • #Stamens > #petals (often 2x or more) • Petals free.
15 10/17/2012
Rosaceae (rose family) 5 clawed Herbsw/trifoliatelvs,orshrubs&treesw/ 5 petals petals with simple (compound) leaves. with many stamensmany Lvs toothed. stamens Ca5 Co5, clawed A10-many G[1-5] – many, sup or inf Hypanthium often well developed
Cherry Rose Apple 62
hypanthium hypanthium w/ many w/ 1 carpel free carpels
Cherry Rose Apple Cherry Rose Apple
63 64
16 10/17/2012
hypanthium fused around 5 fused carpels
Cherry Rose Apple Cherry Rose Apple (drupe) (hip) (pome) 65 66
Malus & Pyrus Rubus
http://mcgregor.sbs.auckland.ac.nz
17 10/17/2012
Fabaceae Fabaceae or Leguminosae (legume family) Subfamily Faboideae (pea-type flowers) Ca[5] Co1+2+[2], banner + wings + [keel] A [9]+1 G1, superior Plants with compound (simple) lvs with Irregular (monosymmetric, zygomorphic) pulvinus at petiole (petiolule) base and apex. Lvs usu entire. Ca[5] Co5 or 1+2+[2] A10 or [9]+1 G1, sup Hypanthium more or less developed Legume
Lupinus Coronilla
18 10/17/2012
Trifolium Fabaceae
Subfamily Caesalpinioideae Ca[5] Co5 A10 G1, superior Irregular or regular (radial) symmetry
Cercis
Senna
Chamaecrista
Fabaceae Fabaceae
Cercis (redbud) Subfamily Mimosoideae (mimosa-type flowers) Ca[5] Co5, inconspicuous A10, conspicuous G1, sup Regular (radial) symmetry Lvs often bipinnate
Albizia (mimosa tree)
19 10/17/2012
Fabaceae Fagaceae (beech & oak family)
Monoecious trees Fls tiny Male: P4-6 A4-20 G1 pistillode,catkin Female: P4-6 Astaminodes G[3-6] cupule Nut(s) w/ subtending cupule
Acacia tortuosa (acacia)
oaks oaks (Quercus) (e.g., willow-oak, Quercus phellos)
© USDA Not all oak leaves are lobed, but all have acorns
79 80 © K. Nixon © K. Nixon © K. Nixon
20 10/17/2012
Genus: Fagus Shown here: American beech (Fagus americana) Genus: Castanea; 9 species; north temperate Shown here: American chestnut (Castanea dentata)
81 ©Timothy Van82 Vliet
The Cupule is Diagnostic for the Fagaceae Genus: Lithocarpus; 334 species; eastern Asia & California Shown here: tan-oak, stone-oak (Lithocarpus densiflora)
Beech (Fagus) Oak (Quercus)
Chestnut (Castanea) Stone-oak (Lithocarpus) ©Timothy Van83 Vliet 84 © K. Nixon
21 10/17/2012
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants 4. Core Eudicots Ericaceae (heath family)
• Perianth parts fixed in 4’s or 5’s Evergreen or semievergreen shrubs or trees • Stamens & carpels reduced in number • Parts whorled (herbs) • Perianth well differentiated [5] [5], funnelform or urceolate 10, epipetalous, • Triaperturate pollen. Ca Co A poricidal G[5], sup or inf b. Asterids Capsule from sup ovary or berry form inf
• Habit variable ovary • #Stamens < #petals • Petals fused • Stamens fused to petals
Pieris Rhododendron
22 10/17/2012
Vaccinium
Lamiaceae or Labiatae (mint family)
Aromatic herbs or shrubs with opposite lvs and square stems Ca[5] Co[5], bilabiate A2+2, epipetalous G[2], gynobasic style Fruit a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlets
Lamium Mentha
23 10/17/2012
Solanaceae (nightshade family)
Habit variable Solanum Ca[5] Co[5] A5, epipetalous G[2] Psychoactive chemistry Many seeded berry or capsule with persistent and more or less enlarged calyx
Petunia
24 10/17/2012
Nicotiana tabacum Physalis
Asteraceae or Compositae (composite family)
Largest plant family Habit variable Capappus Co[5], regular or irregular A5, connivent anthers, epipetalous G[2], inf Head with involucre Fruit an achene
Capsicum
Datura
25 10/17/2012
Types of Heads in the family
Radiate Head Ligulate Head Discoid/Disciform Head
Taraxacum Cichorium
26 10/17/2012
Symphyotrichum Solidago Erigeron
II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) C. Seed Plant Phylogeny C. Seed Plant Phylogeny •Angiospermous Phylogeny Website •Angiospermous Phylogeny Website •Tree based on numerous cladistic studies of nuclear, mitochondrial •Tree based on numerous cladistic studies of nuclear, mitochondrial and plastid DNA sequence data and plastid DNA sequence data
Gymnosperms Core eudicots through Primitive eudicots
27