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Assessing the Prospects of Green Energy Technologies Photovoltaic System As An University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES ASSESSING THE PROSPECTS OF GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES (PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM) AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF ENERGY: THE CASE OF MICRO AND SMALL BUSINESSES IN THE LA-NKWANTANANG- MADINA MUNICIPALITY BY IDDRISU SAMAD (10637328) THIS DISSERTATION IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS (MA) DEVELOPMENT STUDIES DEGREE. INSTITUTE OF STATISTICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (ISSER) JULY, 2018 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I, Iddrisu Samad, hereby declare that except for the references of other peoples’ work which have been duly acknowledged, this study titled “Assessing the Prospects of Green Energy Technologies (photovoltaic system) As an Alternative Source of Energy: The Case of Micro and Small Businesses in the La-Nkwantanang-Madina Municipality” is my original work carried out under the supervision of Dr. Richmond Atta-Ankomah. This work has neither in full nor part been submitted for any other degree in any institution. …………………. ……………………….. Iddrisu Samad Date (Student) ………………… ………………………. Dr. Richmond Atta-Ankomah Date (Supervisor) i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praises are due to Allah for a successful completion of this study. I am grateful to my supervisor Dr. Richmond Atta-Ankomah for the instruction and advice he offered me in my pursuit of this study. To my parents and siblings, I am forever indebted to you for the support and trust you have in me. Mr. Hashim Iddrisu, a brother and friend, May Allah bless you for your support, encouragement, the opportunity and the trust you have in me. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION This study is dedicated to the Almighty Allah, my family, friends and every individual who by their effort made it possible for me to recognize my potential and pursue it. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Table of Contents DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ ix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ x CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 BACKGROUND OF STUDY ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................................ 4 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS........................................................................................................... 6 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................... 6 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................. 6 1.5 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................... 9 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Green/Renewable Energy Technology Sources ............................................................................ 9 2.1.1 Solar Energy ......................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 Other Types of Green Energy Sources................................................................................. 14 2.2 Actors in Green Energy Technology (Solar) Adoption .............................................................. 15 2.3 Factors That Influence the Adoption of Green Energy Technologies ........................................ 17 2.3.1 Institutional Constraints ...................................................................................................... 18 2.3.2 Education and Awareness of Green Energy Technologies .................................................. 19 2.3.3 Constraints in the aspect of monetary or fiscal constraints ................................................. 19 2.3.5 Technical Barriers ............................................................................................................... 20 2.4 Access to Electricity in Africa .................................................................................................... 21 2.5 Access to Electricity in Ghana .................................................................................................... 22 2.6 Business environment and Energy Access .................................................................................. 23 2.6.1 Green Energy and Economic Growth .................................................................................. 24 2.6.2 Micro and Small Businesses ................................................................................................ 25 2.7 The Electricity Demand and Supply Nexus Ghana ..................................................................... 26 2.8 Energy Access and Gender Equality ........................................................................................... 27 2.9 The Structure of Ghana’s Power Sector ...................................................................................... 29 iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2.10 National Energy Policy / Energy Sector Strategy and Development Plan of Ghana ................ 30 2.10.1 Renewable Energy Act, 2011 ............................................................................................. 30 2.10.2 Policy Direction of Solar Energy ....................................................................................... 31 2.11.0 Theoretical Framework of the Study.................................................................................. 32 2.11.1 Conceptual Framework of the Study.................................................................................. 33 CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................................................................. 35 METHODOLOGY AND PROFILE OF LA NKWANTANANG-MADINA ..................................... 35 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 35 3.2 PROFILE OF LA NKWANTANANG-MADINA ..................................................................... 35 3.3 Research Design .......................................................................................................................... 37 3.4 Target Population ........................................................................................................................ 37 3.5 Sampling Techniques .................................................................................................................. 38 3.6 Sample Size Calculation ............................................................................................................. 38 3.7 Methods of Data Collection ........................................................................................................ 39 3.8 Data Processing and Analysis ..................................................................................................... 40 3.9 Ethical Consideration .................................................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................. 41 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................... 41 4.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 41 4.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Business Background of Respondents ........................ 41 4.1.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents ........................................................... 41 4.1.2 Business Background of Respondents ................................................................................
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