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Ludwig Von Mises, Socialism: an Economic and Sociological Analysis [1922] The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Ludwig von Mises, Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis [1922] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. LIBERTY FUND, INC. 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300 Indianapolis, Indiana 46250-1684 Online Library of Liberty: Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis Edition Used: Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis, trans. J. Kahane, Foreword by F.A. Hayek (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981). Author: Ludwig von Mises Foreword: Friedrich August von Hayek Translator: J. Kahane About This Title: “This book must rank as the most devastating analysis of socialism yet penned… . An economic classic in our time.” (Henry Hazlitt). More than thirty years ago F. A. Hayek said of Socialism: “It was a work on political economy in the tradition of the great moral philosophers, a Montesquieu or Adam Smith, containing both acute knowledge and profound wisdom… . To none of us young men who read the book when it appeared was the world ever the same again.” This is a newly annotated edition of the classic first published in German in 1922. It is the definitive refutation of nearly every type of socialism ever devised. Mises presents a wide-ranging analysis of society, comparing the results of socialist planning with those of free-market capitalism in all areas of life. Friedrich Hayek’s foreword (not available onliine for PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 2 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1060 Online Library of Liberty: Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis copyright reasons) comments on the continuing relevance of this great work: “Most readers today will find that Socialism has more immediate application to contemporary events than it had when it first appeared.” PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 3 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1060 Online Library of Liberty: Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis About Liberty Fund: Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. Copyright Information: The copyright to this edition, in both print and electronic forms, is held by Liberty Fund, Inc. Fair Use Statement: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 4 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1060 Online Library of Liberty: Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis Table Of Contents Publisher’s Preface to the Liberty Fund Edition Foreword By F.a. Hayek Preface to the Second English Edition Translator’s Note Preface to the Second German Edition Introduction Part I: Liberalism and Socialism Chapter 1: Ownership 1: The Nature of Ownership 2: Violence and Contract 3: The Theory of Violence and the Theory of Contract 4: Collective Ownership of the Means of Production 5: Theories of the Evolution of Property Chapter 2: Socialism 1: The State and Economic Activity 2: The “fundamental Rights” of Socialist Theory 3: Collectivism and Socialism Chapter 3: The Social Order and the Political Constitution 1: The Policy of Violence and the Policy of Contract 2: The Social Function of Democracy 3: The Ideal of Equality 4: Democracy and Social-democracy 5: The Political Constitution of Socialist Communities Chapter 4: The Social Order and the Family 1: Socialism and the Sexual Problem 2: Man and Woman In the Age of Violence 3: Marriage Under the Influence of the Idea of Contract 4: The Problems of Married Life 5: Free Love 6: Prostitution Part II: The Economics of a Socialist Community Section I.: The Economics of an Isolated Socialist Community Chapter 5: The Nature of Economic Activity 1: A Contribution to the Critique of the Concept “economic Activity” 2: Rational Action 3: Economic Calculation 4: The Capitalist Economy 5: The Narrower Concept of the “economic” Chapter 6: The Organization of Production Under Socialism 1: The Socialization of the Means of Production 2: Economic Calculation In the Socialist Community 3: Recent Socialist Doctrines and the Problems of Economic Calculation 4: The Artificial Market As the Solution of the Problem of Economic Calculation PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 5 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1060 Online Library of Liberty: Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis 5: Profitability and Productivity 6: Gross and Net Product Chapter 7: The Distribution of Income 1: The Nature of Distribution Under Liberalism and Socialism 2: The Social Dividend 3: The Principles of Distribution 4: The Process of Distribution 5: The Costs of Distribution Chapter 8: The Socialist Community Under Stationary Conditions 1: Stationary Conditions 2: The Disutilities and Satisfactions of Labour 3: The “joy of Labour” 4: The Stimulus to Labour 5: The Productivity of Labour Chapter 9: The Position of the Individual Under Socialism 1: Selection of Personnel and Choice of Occupation 2: Art and Literature, Science and Journalism 3: Personal Liberty Chapter 10: Socialism Under Dynamic Conditions 1: The Nature of the Dynamic Forces 2: Changes In Population 3: Changes In Demand 4: Changes In the Amount of Capital 5: The Element of Change In the Socialist Economy 6: Speculation 7: Joint Stock Companies and the Socialist Economy Chapter 11: The Impracticability of Socialism 1: The Fundamental Problems of a Socialist Economy Under Conditions of Change 2: Attempted Solutions 3: Capitalism the Only Solution Section II.: The Foreign Relations of a Socialist Community Chapter 12: National Socialism and World Socialism 1: The Spatial Extent of the Socialist Community 2: Marxian Treatment of This Problem 3: Liberalism and the Problem of the Frontiers Chapter 13: The Problem of Migration Under Socialism 1: Migration and Differences In National Conditions 2: The Tendency Towards Decentralization Under Socialism Chapter 14: Foreign Trade Under Socialism 1: Autarky and Socialism 2: Foreign Trade Under Socialism 3: Foreign Investment Section III.: Particular Forms of Socialism and Pseudo-socialism Chapter 15: Particular Forms of Socialism 1: The Nature of Socialism 2: State Socialism 3: Military Socialism PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 6 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1060 Online Library of Liberty: Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis 4: Christian Socialism 5: The Planned Economy 6: Guild Socialism Chapter 16: Pseudo-socialist Systems 1: Solidarism 2: Various Proposals For Expropriation 3: Profit-sharing 4: Syndicalism 5: Partial Socialism Part III: The Alleged Inevitability of Socialism Section I.: Social Evolution Chapter 17: Socialistic Chiliasm 1: The Origin of Chiliasm 2: Chiliasm and Social Theory Chapter 18: Society 1: The Nature of Society 2: The Division of Labour As the Principle of Social Development 3: Organism and Organization 4: The Individual and Society 5: The Development of the Division of Labour 6: Changes In the Individual In Society 7: Social Regression 8: Private Property and Social Evolution Chapter 19: Conflict As a Factor In Social Evolution 1: The Cause of Social Evolution 2: Darwinism 3: Conflict and Competition 4: National War 5: Racial War Chapter 20: The Clash of Class Interests and the Class War 1: The Concept of Class and of Class Conflict 2: Estates and Classes 3: Class War 4: The Forms of Class War 5: Class War As a Factor In Social Evolution 6: The Theory of the Class War and the Interpretation of History 7: Summary Chapter 21: The Materialist Conception of History 1: Thought and Being 2: Science and Socialism 3: The Psychological Presuppositions of Socialism Section II.: The Concentration of Capital and the Formation of Monopolies As Preliminary Steps to Socialism Chapter 22: The Problem 1: The Marxian Theory of Concentration 2: The Theory of Anti-monopolistic Policy Chapter 23: The Concentration of Establishments PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 7 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1060 Online Library of Liberty: Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis 1: The Concentration of Establishments As the Complement
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