APUSH Unit 3 Textbook Outline Chapter 8 Republican Ascendance

 Regional Identities in a New Republic--US was a nation whose pop was growing naturally in early decades of 19th century--heightened optimism due to opportunities arising from merit, not background (unless you were a slave); Improved transportation helped movement, but regional identities shaped those living there (NE, Southern, ); slavery a particularly volatile topic for southerners.

 Westward the Course of Empire--rapidly changing west after 1790--many moving west of App mtns-- OH, KY, TN were new states and new territories of IN, LA, MI, IL, MO--water transportation VERY important to westerners b/c transportation over land was expensive and slow (Ohio and Miss, especially- -but, Spain controlled Miss until Pinckney's Treaty in 1795); different cultures in west and settlers had to adapt to their new environment leads to new folkways--westerners were ambitious and self-confident but in danger due to Indians.

 Native American Resistance--Native Americans not united in Ohio River valley and weakened b/c dependent on trade w/whites and ravaged by diseases--some sold off huge plots of land for almost nothing; Shawnee leaders Tenskwatawa (Prophet) and his brother Tecumseh wanted to unite all Indians and avoid contact with whites--worked briefly until 's TN militia crushed them at battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 1814); as Pres, TJ wanted to turn Indians into farmers (didn't value their culture).

 Commercial Life in the Cities--Before 1820, US prosperity depended on agriculture and trade (84% of US pop in agriculture)--Southerners grew tobacco, rice, & cotton and sold to Europe--North produced livestock and cereal crops. Only real innovation was the cotton gin--farming was VERY physically demanding; Merchant Marine was also important to early US economy--Boston, NYC, and Philly made huge profits from commerce b/t Europe and Caribbean colonies--US exports increased until Eng and Fr began seizing Americans ships after 1805; Under TJ, cities were mostly depots for international trade (only 7% of pop lived in cities)--cities were densely populated with poor workers who had to pay high rents; artisans maintained the fleet, skilled workers built new ships, and laborers loaded cargoes--some merchants became wealthy and demanded luxury items (few wealthy in cities, but very visible); large disconnect b/t urban and rural Americans under TJ b/c of lack of canals and RRs; Carrying trade hurt US industrialization b/c capital was drawn into commerce--manufacturing seemed too risky; some developments included Samuel Slater's cotton-spinning mills in NE, Robert Fulton drove first American steamship up Hudson River in 1807; many workers felt threatened by new machines--artisans felt technological efficiency would put them out of work.

 Jefferson as President--DC was very rural during TJ's time and that fit his persona--hated formal ceremonies, dressed casually, was avid reader, poor public speaker who sent written annual address to Congress--in private, he was very impressive (charming, intellectual); Goals as president 1. reduce size & cost of fed gov't 2. repeal bad Fed laws like Alien and Sedition Acts 3. maintain international peace-- TJ kept close relationships with Congressmen to be able to achieve his goals (TJ never had to veto law); appointed only those who agreed with his policies to his cabinet (Madison Sec of State, Gallatin Sec of Treasury).

 Jeffersonian Reforms--TJ and Gallatin wanted to reduce national debt and activities of fed gov't--wanted Congress to repeal all direct taxes (including Whiskey Tax)--Gallatin wanted to run fed gov't off $ from customs receipts, possible as long as war didn't happen; to pay national debt from Adams, TJ cut national budget substantially (closed some Euro embassies, slashed military spending--Army cut by 50%, retired most Navy's warships to prevent, not provoke war); TJ cut army b/c of Rep suspicion of standing army but did create Army Corps of Engineers and military academy at West Point in 1802; TJ appted some Reps to federal jobs, but refused to fire all Fed appts (other than Midnight Judges); Fed party weakened due to TJ's success, their disorganization, refusal to flatter commoners for support, national expansion; brief Fed revival b/t 1807-1814--many moderate Feds like John Quincy Adams joined the Reps.

 The Louisiana Purchase--TJ wanted Sp Florida and Fr Louisiana--Nap in Fr took Louisiana and was sending Fr to put down rebellion in Haiti (close to US); TJ alarmed and then Sp closes port of New Orleans to US commerce--TJ sends Monroe and Livingston to try and purchase New Orleans; 30,000 Fr troops died in Haiti and Nap didn't want Louisiana anymore; Fr minister Talleyrand agreed to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million in April 1803, doubling size of US; TJ pleased but was purchase constitutional (Constitution didn't authorize land acquisitions or incorporating foreign citizens)--TJ proposed amendment, but had to rush $ to Napoleon; TJ had worries about foreigners unused to representative gov't becoming US citizens.

 The Lewis and Clark Expedition--TJ asked his secretary and to find out if Missouri Rivers was most direct & practicable water route across continent for commerce and to gather info on flora and fauna--Shoshoni woman was translator to show Indians Lewis and Clark meant no harm; trip was from St. Louis in May 1804--nearly died in snowy Rocky mtns--reached Pacific in Nov 1805 and returned Sept 1806--showed future economic prosperity of US.

 Conflict with the Barbary States--Barbary pirates off coast of North Africa had been preying on merchants ships for decades--Euro nations paid tribute--TJ didn't want to--sent small fleet to Barbary coast but USS Philadelphia was captured costing $60,000 ransom. TJ sent Marines to Tripoli and naval blockade of coast brought war to conclusion in 1805--TJ's first term was big success--maintained peace, reduced taxes, and expanded border. Election of 1804--TJ easily defeated Fed Charles Pinckney 162-14.

 Attack on the Judges--Feds passed Judiciary Act of 1801 after losing 1800 pres election--several circuit courts/16 new judgeships--midnight judges included John Marshall as new Chief Justice of SC-- angering TJ; TJ got congress to repeal the act on grounds that they only had Feds and were too expensive; William Marbury (midnight appointee) sued to get his job as justice of peace of DC and sued Madison to have his papers delivered--Fed SC Chief Marshall agreed to hear the case; Marshall chastised Madison but had no jurisdiction over executive branch--ruling did overturn a previous act of Congress--first time SC had done so--judicial review precedent in Marbury v. Madison; TJ wanted alcoholic, insane judge John Pickering impeached--was impeached by House, Senate convicted, but wouldn't vote for removal; TJ continued quest against Samuel Chase (SC justice and Fed) for attacking Rep policies--House impeached Chase; some Reps wondered if Chase is removed for policy disagreements, where would it end; VP Aaron Burr ran the proceedings like a British HoLs meeting-- Chase argued well/TJ's Rep Randolph did not--Chase acquitted on all charges--Americans didn't like tampering with Constitution--TJ overstepping his power as pres.

 Politics of Desperation--Controversy w/i Rep party called Yazoo (Quids (extreme Reps) v/s moderate Reps)--corrupt GA assembly sold 35 million acres of Yazoo claims to private companies who bribed assembly--TJ appointed commission who recommended 5 million acres set aside for buyers of land from companies; SC case before Marshall Fletcher v. Peck (1810) upheld rights of original purchasers who bought from companies that bribed assembly even after GA assembly took land back. Case important b/c it upheld sanctity of private contracts--and upheld SC's authority to rule on the constitutionality of state laws.

 Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of Aaron Burr--Burr not trusted and rarely used by TJ during 1st term; Burr ran for NY governor and lost b/c Hamilton urged voters to support another candidate--Burr blamed Hamilton for his defeat and challenged Hamilton to duel (AH's son killed in duel)--AH/Burr dueled in July 1804 and Burr shot and killed AH--Burr indicted for murder in NJ and NY; Burr hinted at a private military campaign against Spain colony (maybe Mexico)--Burr also tried to get western states to secede--got others to join in but they backed out at last minute--Burr failed and was captured and tried for treason; John Marshall was trial judge who insisted on two witness for each treasonous act (Burr too clever for that). Burr found not guilty, public outraged, Burr went to Europe-- ruling helped protect civil rights of Americans by not allowing rumor and hearsay into court.

 The Slave Trade--3/5 Compromise and 20 year rule regarding slavery at Const Conv--1808 was approaching when Congress MIGHT consider banning slave trade--Northerners wanted a strong anti- slave trade ban and make smuggling capital offense--south wanted states to regulate slave trade--1807 law pleased neither side--law would 1. banned importing slaves starting in 1808 2. captured smugglers would be turned over to state authorities. South refused to cooperate and slave trade continued illegally.

 Embarrassments Overseas--TJ's 2nd term was during Napoleon's wars--GB didn't allow direct trade b/t Fr colonies and Fr (US used "broken voyages"--go to colony, then US, then Fr)--GB banned broken voyages and began impressing large numbers of US ships (up to 9,000 US sailors); GB banned all trade with Fr (could not enforce)--Napoleon banned all Euro trade with GB--US caught in b/t these two--TJ wanted respect for neutral shipping rights--GB refused to compromise and GB Leopard fired on USS Chesapeake killing 3/wounding 18--Americans wanted war, TJ knew we weren't prepared--decided on different strategy.

 Embargo Divides the Nation--TJ got Congress to pass Embargo Act and becomes law in Dec 1807 (no overseas trade with any country—designed for GB & FR to hurt their economies which relied on US raw materials, especially food); Americans disliked it and it was hard to enforce; would have required a police state to enforce this act which included GB, FR, and overland trade to Canada; Northerners hated embargo, NY ignored regulations and beat up customs collectors, TJ wanted NY militia called up--TJ sent fed troops to get NY under control; NE merchants hurt by embargo (O grab me cartoon p. 237)--led to brief Fed revival and talk of state assemblies nullifying embargo; GB's economy never too much damaged, Fr's either--Congress repealed embargo just before Madison was sworn in--US/Euro relations much worse in 1809 than 1805.

 A New Administration Goes to War—Madison chosen over Monroe by Reps and defeats Pinckney. Election of 1808--Madison Rep--122, Pinckney Fed 47—Feds did double # of House reps from 24- 48 (embargo and sign of future political trouble) Foreign policy issues of GB and FR not respecting US shipping rights and couldn’t scare them b/c of weak US military. Non-Intercourse Act—changed Embargo Act to only include GB & Fr—could resume with them if they promised to observe neutral shipping rights—US thought British agreed and resumed shipping only to learn they had not and Royal Navy seized American ships sent to GB. Problems with FR/Nap not allowing neutral shipping rights and trouble continues with both nations; further problems with GB in NW territory over perceived British encouragement of Ind attacks on frontier settlers—US army led by William Henry Harrison routed Inds led by Tecumseh @ B of Tippecanoe in Nov 1811 (Harrison national hero and later US Pres). Inds then DID seek British military assistance.

 Fumbling Toward Conflict—group of mostly newly elected Rep HoR members from south & west like KY’s Henry Clay and SC’s John C Calhoun wanted war against GB—War Hawks; Madison asked for war in June 1812—weird timing b/c no new attacks had occurred—and GB suspended Orders in Council, which would have maintained peace; Madison, though US army & navy were small, thought US could get neutral shipping rights in Caribbean by invading Canada (Canada sent foodstuffs to GB’s colonies in Car)—not to conquer Canada but to get neutral shipping rights; War Hawks did want conquering of Canada—House & Senate barely declared war Election of 1812--Madison Rep 128, Clinton anti-war of 1812 Rep (and supported by Fed) 89

 The Strange War of 1812—US difficulties in War of 1812—country unprepared for war, refused to mobilize needed resources b/c no direct taxes passed, TJ’s decentralized gov’t made running war VERY difficult, fighting against world’s greatest navy; NE refused to cooperate b/c of lucrative, illegal trade with GB—GB refused to blockade NE coast b/c hoped to get separate peace; Early US land defeats at Detroit, Michilimackinac, Niagara, and Montreal—sea battles better for US—USS Constitution defeated HMS Guerriere—private US ships destroyed # of British merchant ships (thanks to Royal Navy fighting against Napoleon at same time); importance of controlling Great Lakes to winning the west—US victories at Put-in-Bay Sept 1813 & Gen Harrison’s defeat of Brit/Inds @ Thames River (Tecumseh killed); Brit victories near Montreal (Chryslers Farm) and British controls Lake Ontario; 1814 Brit strategy included Canadian frontier, Chesapeake coast, & New Orleans. Americans repel British on Lake Champlain (peace negotiations quicken); Brit found Chesapeake undefended and burned DC in response to US destruction of capital of upper Canada (York, Ontario)—Brit attempt to take Baltimore was failure (Francis Scott Key’s Star Spangled Banner written); Battle of New Orleans—shouldn’t have happened b/c of peace negotiations—Brits attacked well defended New Orleans led by Gen Andrew Jackson—entire Brit force destroyed, few losses for Americans (SEE Lego Video). Jackson becomes national hero and battle is source of national pride.

 Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Federalists—New England federalists met to discuss disapproval of Madison’s embargo and Brit occupation of coastal Maine and MA (despite NE not supporting war); No talk of secession—but wanted changes to Constitution 1. End of 3/5 rule which gave South too much power 2. Single-term presidency (too many VA presidents in their minds) 3. 2/3 majority to declare war, pass commercial regulations, or admit new states to the union---all necessary to protect NE from tyranny of Rep policies; Resolutions reached DC as everyone celebrating New Orleans and citizens saw Feds as attempting secession to destroy the union—leads to final demise of Federalist Party.

 Treaty of Ghent Ends the War—talks began in Ghent, Belgium in August 1814—Brits wanted land concessions, naval rights to Miss River, & parts of NW territory—US rejected and wanted to discuss maritime rights and impressment; Treaty of Ghent signed Christmas Eve, 1814—no side lost territory, no Brit agreement to end impressment—simply brought an end to the War of 1812; Most Americans viewed the war as a success—2nd War of Independence—made Americans see themselves more as a nation—increased nationalism.

Chapter 9 Nation Building and Nationalism

 Expansion and Migration—two treaties after War of 1812—Rush-Bagot (1817) limited US/GB naval forces on Great Lakes & Lake Champlain—GB not invade US from Canada—US never try and take Canada from GB—Anglo-American Convention 1818 set border b/t lands of Louisiana Purchase & Canada at 49th Parallel and allowed for joint GB/US occupation of (Map p. 249)— settlement west of App Mtns had begun in new states of OH, KY, & TN—little white settlement elsewhere west of App Mtns due to Inds.

 Extending the Boundaries—Post-War of 1812 expansionist eyed Spanish possession of Florida (Pres Mad & Sec of St J. Q. Adams)—General Andrew Jackson fought Indians during 1816 in upper Florida—Sec of St Adams got weakened Spain (b/c of revolts in Latin America) to agree to Adams-Onis Treaty Feb 1819—US gets Florida, paid Spain $5 million, Spain gives up claim to Oregon Country, and established Adams-Onis Treaty Line b/t Northern New Spain and Oregon Country; westward expansion leads to ’s fur trading post of Astoria in Oregon Country— expanded from St. Louis—began only trading with Inds, but later traded with “mountain men” at annual rendezvous—many married Ind women and adopted parts of Ind culture—celebrated in American literature—Far West wasn’t ready to be settled—1815-1840s focus was on near west (land b/t Appt Mtns and Miss River).

 Settlement to the Mississippi—not much Ind resistance to white settlement in NW and Ohio River Valley due to GB leaving in 1815—many on reservations and would be moved west of Miss River later—one resistance was under Chief Black Hawk 1831-32—federal troops pushed Inds to Miss River and almost exterminated them as they crossed; differences in views of land-ownership made Ind/White relations difficult—most living on frontier viewed Indians as uncivilized and an obstacle to white expansion; South (to Miss River)—treaties b/t 1815-1830 reduced tribal holdings and pushed them west of Miss River—5 civilized tribes (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, & Chickasaw) had become settled agriculturists and were thriving in GA, FL, AL, MS. Southern state gov’ts and land speculators wanted land and were set to remove them despite federal treaties giving state lands to Inds— leads to Pres Jackson’s forced removal;

 The People and the Culture of the Frontier--most left due to rising land prices and decreasing fertility of soil--most moved in family-units--women tried to re-create comfort of old life; NE who moved west brought churches, schools, Puritan ideas of hard-work and self-denial, and respect for law & gov't-- Southerners valued defense of personal/family honor, independence--less committed to public authority/institutions; settlers moved into western areas familiar to those areas they left back east--averse to changing habits; Had to adapt--men cut trees, built cabins, broke soil, and planted. Women cooked, kept house/cared for children, made clothes/soap/household necessities, churned butter, preserved food for winter, worked fields in busy times; NE pioneer families worked communally for large tasks like raising a house, burn woods, roll logs, harvest wheat, husk corn, pull flax, or make quilts--helped with communal spirit--Southerners didn't b/c of slave labor; many would farm an area, sell for profit, and move further west to supposed more fertile soil; Writers like James Fenmore Cooper idealized life on west, but not as life was actually like.

 A Revolution in Transportation--Overland transportation very difficult even in the east; After War of 1812, President Madison supported internal improvements to help national security, economic progress, and political unity--wanted a system of roads and canals led by direct role of federal gov't.

 Roads and Steamboats--New Roads needed--National Road was first great federal transportation project--went from Cumberland, MD to Wheeling, VA and later expanded to Vandalia, IL-- turnpikes (toll roads) also built by states to connect its major cities also helped somewhat; Turnpikes helped ordinary travelers, but not transporters of bulky freight; Water transportation needed--natural rivers greatly helped economic development (Miss & Ohio) with flatboats carrying most downriver goods (steamboats later carried goods upstream)--Robert Fulton demonstrated power of steamboat by driving the Clermont 150 miles up the Hudson River--steamboats becomes dominant means of passenger travel & helps revolutionize western commerce--great boon for farmers and merchants by reducing costs, increasing speed, and two-way commerce along MS & OH rivers.

 The Canal Boom--western farmers still needed economical way to ship goods to eastern seaboard urban centers; Needed to connect Great Lakes area to Atlantic--best was from Albany to Buffalo, NY--364 miles and project helped by NY Gov De Witt Clinton--built from 1818-1825--364 miles long, 40 feet wide, & 4 feet deep, with 84 locks--Erie Canal was most impressive engineering achievement for young US--reduced shipping rates to 1/12th previous rate--lowered costs of goods, and made NYC the commercial capital of the nation; Erie Canal leads to other canal building in other states; canal boom ended in 1830s/40s when states had borrowed too much $ and canals were unprofitable--also due to increase of RR construction.

 Emergence of a Market Economy--desire to reduce shipping costs and increase speed of shipping helped new economic system--canals helped western farmers, eastern manufacturers sell to inland areas--all of this stimulated farm income and commercial agriculture.

 The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture--farming becomes more commercial after 1840 thanks in part to iron/steel plows, grain cradle, & better varieties of crops, grasses, and livestock--more due to availability of good land and improved marketing techniques--improved transportation systems helped, too. Regional areas focused on staple crops (Wheat for North, NE sheep raising, Tobacco, rice, and sugar in various parts of South; rise of demand for cotton b/c of 1. rise of textile manufacturing in GB & NE 2. Eli Whitney's cotton gin of 1793 3. availability of good land in the SW (AL, MS, LA) 4. existence of slavery 5. navigable rivers all over the South.

 Commerce and Banking--commercial farmers began to rely on commission merchants as intermediaries; credit was important--intermediaries used credit to help farmers sell large amounts of goods and interest farmers paid was less than cost of them handling their own goods--this encouraged growth of money and banking; bartering OK before transportation revolution; after it, credit was needed for farmers to thrive--not enough paper $ from fed gov't--state & private banks emerged to issue paper $ with promise to redeem in specie. More state banks after Bank of US was not rechartered in 1811--even more state banks then--led to too many banknotes and threat of huge inflation--second Bank of US rechartered in 1816 as a check on state banks. Bank of US lent too much and leads to financial panic & depression in 1819 and again in 1837--leads to hostility against banks in US and politics.

 Early Industrialism--little industrialism in early 1800s--few spinning mills in southern NE for cotton textiles--most textiles made by women working at home; Putting out system of manufacturing as late as 1820s--merchant capitalists provided raw materials to people in their homes , picked up finished/semi-finished products, paid workers, and distributed products (for shoes, hats, and lots of other goods)--most of this done in NE farm families during slack season; products requiring more skill (high quality shoes & boots, carriages/wagons, mill wheels, barrels/kegs) done by artisans. After 1815, artisans became entrepreneurs and apprentices became wage-earners--growing market for low-priced goods led to stress on speed, quantity, and standardization in methods of production; Fully functioning factory system emerged in textile manufacturing--cotton mills using the power loom and spinning machinery came to Boston by Francis Cabot Lowell--bought a water site and expansion becomes showplace for early American industrialization (Lowell Mill Girls). Large workforce unmarried, young women living in dorms with mechanization of every stage of production. Worsening conditions for workers (longer hours/lower pay) led to protests and changed in work routine--Lowell Mill model of industrialization spreads in NE and it becomes first important manufacturing area in US; shift towards manufacturing leads US pols like Daniel Webster to want higher duties to protect early manufacturers from foreign competition; technological improvements that helped manufacturing included 1. improved iron 2. interchangeable parts; Western industrial progress was centered on processing farm products (gristmills, slaughterhouses, & tanneries); Large distilleries in KY & OH; US still mostly agricultural by 1840 (63.4%)--Revolution was a matter of distribution rather than production.

 The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812--despite regional differences concerning economic expansion and geographic growth, lack of two-party system with parties competing led to myth of national harmony called Era of Good Feelings during James Monroe's two terms. American nationalism from War of 1812 until Age of Jackson was more important than national politics.

 The Republicans in Power--Lack of Federalist party caused some Republicans to support Fed ideas (Madison--nat'l bank, tariff, internal improvements led by fed gov't)--Henry Clay wanted American System--high tariff to make US economically self-sufficient of Europe; 1816 Congress passed 25% tariff to protect US manufactures from flood of British goods--supported in NE, Mid-Atlantic, and strong minority of South. Second Bank of the US chartered with $35 million w/branches throughout the country--mixed public-private institution--State bankers and strict constructionists opposed bank, but Congress believed it was necessary and proper. Arguments over further fed transportation projects led to vetoes by Madison and Monroe as beyond constitutional powers of Congress.

 Monroe as President--Monroe chosen by 4th President Madison to be his successor--3rd straight 2 term Republican from VA)--well qualified and won two easy elections; wanted to lessen regional tensions b/t NE, W, & S, and focus on projecting US power and influence on world stage; Panic of 1819 from post- war boom of inflation, easy credit and land speculation caused problems--leads to drastic downturn in US economy; no good solutions on the national level but Monroe still popular--N/S division coming. Election of 1816--Monroe Rep 183 defeated King Fed 34

 The Missouri Compromise--MO applied for statehood in 1817 (would be slave state)--first from LA Purchase other than LA--sectional fears surfaced--N against, S for. 11 free/11 slave in 1819--MO would upset that balance--S needed equality in Senate b/c N dominated HoR--heated debates in both bodies; controversy solved by ME application for statehood to be separated from MA--Missouri Compromise-- MO slave state/ME free state/established 36 30 line across Louisiana purchase--new states N free--new states S slave (Henry Clay helped pass the bill by breaking proposal into 3 separate bills). Sectional crisis resolved temporarily--dangerous overtones for future N/S divisions. Election of 1820--Monroe Republican 231 defeated JQ Adams (No party designation) 1

 Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court--John Marshall was Chief Justice from 1801-1835--shaped Constitution and clarified role of court system--believed in protection of individual liberty and right to acquire property over equality issues--believed in economic growth and creation of new wealth. Court decisions b/t 1819-1824, JM enhanced judicial power & used contract clause to limit power of state legislatures--strengthened federal gov't by sanctioning loose construction of constitution and its supremacy over the states. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)--case upholding Dartmouth's right to remain a private college instead of a state university--upheld charter granted by the state to a private corporation was protected by the contract clause. Extended to private businesses that weakened the ability of states to regulate/cancel them. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)--state of MA tried to tax a local branch of Bank of US--SC ruled tax unconstitutional--2 main issues--1. did Congress have right to establish nat'l bank (yes under "implied powers" and loose interpretation) 2. can a state tax or regulate institution created by Congress (no b/c taxing this agency would give state power to destroy it--important assertion of supremacy of the national gov't). Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)--bolstered Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce--steamboat monopoly granted by NY challenged by NJ--NY's grant unconstitutional b/c it interfered with interstate commerce (freeing private interested involved in transportation revolution).

 Nationalism in Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrine--foreign policy challenge of 1820s was related to successful revolt of most of Spain's Latin American colonies after Napoleonic wars. Monroe hesitant b/c of ongoing negotiations w/Spain over Florida--Congress's Henry Clay wanted to recognize new republics--after Adams-Onis Treaty, Monroe recognized several indep Lat Amer countries (Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, etc)--differences of opinion within Monroe's cabinet concerning affairs of Latin America and Russian interest in Oregon country--possible joining of European Grand Alliance or simple alliance with GB against other Euro powers. Sec of State JQ Adams suggested Monroe Doctrine--US opposed any further Euro colonization in the Americas or any effort by Euro nations to extend their political systems outside of their own hemisphere. In return, US would stay out of internal Euro affairs and Euro wars. Monroe Doctrine had little effect on Europe, but did signal US willingness to protect its own sphere of influence from Euro interference.

 The Troubled Presidency of John Quincy Adams--JQ Adams very qualified to be president--served many important posts (Sec of State, included)--wanted economic development and territorial expansion- -very hard worker (created universal system of weights and measures)--despised partisan politics (National Republican)--wins close election that leads to revival of partisan politics he was unsuited for-- Missouri Compromise/slavery.