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Çàïîâ²äíà Ñïðàâà  Óêðà¯Í² ÇÀÏβÄÍÀ ÑÏÐÀÂÀ  ÓÊÐÀ¯Í² àòè åð³ã ðîçóì³þ÷è îá intelligendo prohibere Òîì 7 Âèïóñê 2 2001 ÊȯÂÑÜÊÈÉ ÓͲÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ ³ì. ÒÀÐÀÑÀ ØÅÂ×ÅÍÊÀ ÊÀͲÂÑÜÊÈÉ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÈÉ ÇÀÏβÄÍÈÊ ÓÊÐÀ¯ÍÑÜÊÀ ÌÎËÎIJÆÍÀ ÅÊÎËÎò×ÍÀ ˲ÃÀ ÊÀͲÂÑÜÊŠ²ÄIJËÅÍÍß Ðåäàêö³éíà êîëåã³ÿ: ä.á.í. Ò.Ë. Àíäð³ºíêî, ïðîô. ä.á.í. Þ.Ã. Âåðâåñ, ê.á.í. Â.Ì. Ãðèùåíêî (çàñò. ãîë. ðåäàêòîðà), ïðîô. ä.ã.í. Ì.Ä. Ãðîäçèíñüêèé, ïðîô. ä.á.í. ².Ã. ªìåëüÿíîâ, ä.ã.í. ².Â. Ìåëüíè÷óê, ïðîô. ä.á.í. Ì.Ì. Ìóñ³ºíêî, ïðîô. ä.á.í. Â.À. Ñîëîìàõà, ä.ã.í. Â.Â. Ñòåöþê, ïðîô. ä.ã.í. Â.Ê. Õ³ëü÷åâñüêèé, ê.á.í. Ì.Ã. ×îðíèé (ãîë. ðåäàêòîð), ê.á.í. Â.Ë. Øåâ÷èê, àêàä. ÍÀÍÓ Þ.Ð. Øåëÿã-Ñîñîíêî, ÷ë.-êîð. ÀÏÍ ä.ã.í. Ï.Ã. Øèùåíêî, ïðîô. ä.á.í. Ã.É. Ùåðáàê, ª.Ä. ßáëîíîâñüêà-Ãðèùåíêî (â³äïîâ. ñåêðåòàð) Êîìï'þòåðíèé ìàêåò ª.Ä. ßáëîíîâñüêà-Ãðèùåíêî, Â.Ì. Ãðèùåíêî Îáêëàäèíêà ª.Ä. ßáëîíîâñüêà-Ãðèùåíêî Àäðåñà ðåäàêö³¿: Address: Êàí³âñüêèé ïðèðîäíèé Kaniv Nature Reserve çàïîâ³äíèê, 19000 Kaniv ì. Êàí³â, Ukraine 19000, ×åðêàñüêà îáë. e-mail: [email protected] NATURE RESERVES IN UKRAINE Volume 7 Issue 2 2001 Çàòâåðäæåíî äî äðóêó â÷åíîþ ðàäîþ Êàí³âñüêîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâ³äíèêà (ïðîòîêîë ¹ 1 â³ä 20.05.2002 ð.). Æóðíàë âèäàíî ïðè ï³äòðèìö³ Êè¿âñüêîãî åêîëîãî-êóëüòóðíîãî öåíòðó òà Ôîíäó ÌàêÀðòóð³â. Æóðíàë çàðåºñòðîâàíî ̳í³ñòåðñòâîì ³íôîðìàö³¿ Óêðà¿íè. Ðåºñòðàö³éíå ñâ³òîöòâî ÊÂ-3014. Âèäàºòüñÿ ç 1995 ð. © "Çàïîâ³äíà ñïðàâà â Óêðà¿í³", 2001 © Êàí³âñüêèé ïðèðîäíèé çàïîâ³äíèê, 2001 © "Nature Reserves in Ukraine", 2001 © Kaniv Nature Reserve, 2001 ÇÀÃÀËÜͲ ÏÈÒÀÍÍß ÇÀÏβÄÍί ÑÏÐÀÂÈ ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÅ ÒÅÍÄÅÍÖÈÈ Â ÇÀÏÎÂÅÄÍÎÌ ÄÅËÅ ÐÎÑÑÈÈ Ô.Ð. Øòèëüìàðê Èíñòèòóò ïðîáëåì ýêîëîãèè è ýâîëþöèè èì. À.Í. Ñåâåðöîâà ÐÀÍ Âûäåëÿÿ ðàçëè÷íûå ïåðèîäû ðàçâèòèÿ çàïî- êèé (çàùèòà ëþäåé îò òåõíîãåííûõ çàãðÿçíåíèé âåäíîãî äåëà â íàøåé ñòðàíå (Øòèëüìàðê, 1996, ïðèçíàåòñÿ âàæíåå îõðàíû ïðèðîäû è åå êîíêðåò- 1997), ìû îòìåòèëè â êà÷åñòâå ïîñëåäíåãî (äåñÿ- íûõ îáúåêòîâ). Ýòîìó ñîäåéñòâóþò òàêæå ñëîæèâ- òîãî ê òîìó âðåìåíè) ýòàïà òîò, êîòîðûé íà÷àëñÿ øàÿñÿ ïðàâîâàÿ íåîïðåäåëåííîñòü, êðèçèñíûå ýêî- â 1992 ã. ñ ìîìåíòà ðàñïàäà ÑÑÑÐ.  äàííîé ðà- íîìè÷åñêèå ÿâëåíèÿ è ÿâíîå îñëàáëåíèå íàøåé áîòå ïðåäïðèíÿòà ïîïûòêà ñóãóáî ïðåäâàðèòåëü- íàóêè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, â îáëàñòè ýêîëîãèè. íî îöåíèòü êàê äîñòèæåíèÿ, òàê è íåäîñòàòêè íà- Åùå íåäàâíî ñóùåñòâåííóþ ðîëü â äåëå îõðàíû øåé çàïîâåäíîé ñèñòåìû â ïðîöåññå åå ðàçâèòèÿ ïðèðîäû èãðàëî îáùåñòâåííîå äâèæåíèå, îäíî âðå- çà ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå íà îáùåì ôîíå ñîâðåìåí- ìÿ ïðèíÿâøåå ìàññîâûé ðàçìàõ. Îäíàêî ïî ðÿäó íûõ ñîöèàëüíûõ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì. ïðè÷èí ñåé÷àñ îíî áóêâàëüíî äåãðàäèðóåò; òðå- Ñåé÷àñ ïðèíÿòî ãîâîðèòü, ÷òî ìû æèâåì â äðó- áóþòñÿ ñåðüåçíûå óñèëèÿ äëÿ åãî îæèâëåíèÿ è ãîé ñòðàíå, â êîòîðîé ñìåíèëèñü íå òîëüêî ïîëè- ïîääåðæêè. Ïðè ýòîì îäèíàêîâî âàæíû êàê ñó- òè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà, íî è îáùåñòâåííîå óñòðîéñòâî, ãóáî ïðàãìàòè÷åñêèå (ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå), òàê è íðàâ- êóäà âõîäèò è âñÿ ïðèðîäîîõðàííàÿ ñèñòåìà ãîñó- ñòâåííî-ìîðàëüíûå àñïåêòû. Îáùåñòâî äîëæíî äàðñòâà, âêëþ÷àÿ îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûå ïðèðîäíûå îñîçíàòü, ÷òî íåîáõîäèìîñòü êîðåííûõ èçìåíåíèé òåððèòîðèè (ÎÎÏÒ), ïåðåäîâûìè ðóáåæàìè êîèõ â åãî âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿõ ñ ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäîé åñòü ñëóæàò íàøè ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå çàïîâåäíèêè (ÃÇ) ïðîáëåìà ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ íå òîëüêî ñàìîé ïî ñåáå è íàöèîíàëüíûå ïàðêè (ÍÏ). ßâëÿÿñü íåîòúåìëå- ïðèðîäû, íî è ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà â öåëîì (ýòîò òåçèñ ìîé ÷àñòüþ îáùåñòâà, îíè íå ìîãóò îñòàâàòüñÿ â äîêàçàí òðóäàìè òàêèõ êðóïíåéøèõ îòå÷åñòâåí- ñòîðîíå îò ëþáûõ ïðîèñõîäÿùèõ â íåì èçìåíåíèé. íûõ ìûñëèòåëåé XX â. êàê Â.È. Âåðíàäñêèé, Í.Â. Òàê íàçûâàåìûå ïîñòñîâåòñêèå ïðîñòðàíñòâî Òèìîôååâ-Ðåñîâñêèé, À.Ë. ßíøèí, Í.Í. Ìîèñååâ è âðåìÿ õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ îòêàçîì îò ïðåæíåãî äèê- è äð.). òàòà ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ óñòàíîâîê (âëàñòè ÊÏÑÑ), Èòàê, äåÿòåëüíîñòü íàøèõ çàïîâåäíèêîâ, íàöè- îòíîñèòåëüíîé äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ïðåäåëà îíàëüíûõ ïàðêîâ è äðóãèõ ÎÎÏÒ íà ìèíóâøåì ãëàñíîñòüþ è ñâîáîäîé ìíåíèé, ñóùåñòâåííûìè ýòàïå ðàçâèâàëàñü íà ôîíå êðóïíåéøèõ èñòîðè÷åñ- ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿìè â ñôåðå ýêîíîìèêè, ïðàâîïî- êèõ ñîáûòèé è ïåðåìåí. Î÷åíü âàæíûì ñîáûòèåì ðÿäêà è äðóãèõ ôîðì îáùåñòâåííîé æèçíè. ÿâèëîñü ñîçäàíèå â 1988 ã. Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî Íåñìîòðÿ íà îáùåèçâåñòíóþ è âåñüìà âûñîêóþ (ÑÑÑÐ) è ðåñïóáëèêàíñêèõ (ÐÑÔÑÐ) Êîìèòåòîâ çíà÷èìîñòü ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì, âíèìàíèå ê ïî îõðàíå ïðèðîäû. Îòìåòèì, ÷òî âîïðîñ î íåîá- íèì â Ðîññèè çà ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ðåçêî ñíèæåíî. õîäèìîñòè ñîçäàíèÿ â Ðîññèè àâòîðèòåòíîãî ãîñó- Íè Ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ñàìî ïî ñåáå, íè åãî ïðåæíèå äàðñòâåííîãî îðãàíà ïî îõðàíå ïðèðîäû áûë âïåð- ñïåöèàëüíûå îðãàíû (Ãîñêîìýêîëîãèÿ, Ðîñëåñõîç âûå ïîñòàâëåí Ïðèðîäîîõðàíèòåëüíîé êîìèññèåé è äð.) íå â ñîñòîÿíèè áûëè êîíòðîëèðîâàòü ñèòó- Ðóññêîãî ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî îáùåñòâà åùå 1916 ã. àöèþ. Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî èìåííî ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå îíè Ïîçäíåå íàó÷íàÿ îáùåñòâåííîñòü íåîäíîêðàòíî áûëè â 2000 ã. ëèêâèäèðîâàíû êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëü- íàñòàèâàëà íà ýòîì ñ ïåðâûõ ëåò óñòàíîâëåíèÿ íûå ïîäðàçäåëåíèÿ, âëèâøèñü â ÷óæåðîäíóþ äëÿ ñîâåòñêîé âëàñòè, ò. å. â òå÷åíèè ïî÷òè 70 ëåò. äåëà îõðàíû ïðèðîäû ãîññèñòåìó Ìèíèñòåðñòâà Ñîñðåäîòî÷åíèå óïðàâëåíèÿ ïî÷òè âñåìè çàïîâåä- ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ ÐÔ (ôàêòè÷åñêè â íåé ïðåä- íèêàìè ñòðàíû â îäíîì ñïåöèàëüíîì ïðèðîäîîõ- ñòàâëåíû ïîäðàçäåëåíèÿ áûâøèõ âåäîìñòâ ãåîëî- ðàííîì âåäîìñòâå (Ìèíýêîëîãèÿ, Ãîñêîìýêîëîãèÿ ãèè è âîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà). Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ÐÔ) ÿâèëîñü âàæíûì ïîëîæèòåëüíûì ôàêòîðîì, òåì ñàìûì çàâåðøèëñÿ âûäåëåííûé íàìè äåñÿòûé õàðàêòåðèçóþùèì äåÿòåëüíîñòü ÃÇ â 19922000 ýòàï (19921999 ãã.) è íà÷àëñÿ èíîé (âåñüìà îïàñ- ãã. Ê ÷èñëó îñíîâíûõ óñïåõîâ è äîñòèæåíèé â íûé äëÿ ÃÇ è ÍÏ), ñâÿçàííûé ñ î÷åðåäíûì èçìå- çàïîâåäíîì äåëå çà ýòîò ïåðèîä ìîæíî îòíåñòè íåíèåì âåäîìñòâåííîãî ïîä÷èíåíèÿ ÎÎÏÒ. Ïðè ñëåäóþùèå. ýòîì íàäî ó÷èòûâàòü, ÷òî îñíîâíîå âíèìàíèå, óäå- 1. Çíà÷èòåëüíûé êîëè÷åñòâåííûé ðîñò çàïîâåä- ëÿåìîå ñåé÷àñ îõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû ñî ñòîðî- íîé ñèñòåìû. Åñëè â 1988 ã. â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäå- íû ãîñóäàðñòâà, íîñèò ñêîðåå ñàíèòàðíî-ãèãèåíè- ðàöèè èìåëîñü 66 ÃÇ îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 18,1 ìëí. ÷åñêèé õàðàêòåð, íåæåëè ñîáñòâåííî ýêîëîãè÷åñ- ãà, òî â êîíöå 2000 ã. ýòîò ïîêàçàòåëü äîñòèã çà- Çàïîâ³äíà ñïðàâà â Óêðà¿í³. Òîì 7. Âèïóñê 2. 2001. âåòíîé öèôðû 100 ïðè îáùåé ïëîùàäè 33,5 ìëí. ËÅÍÈÅ ÂÍÈÌÀÍÈß ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÀ, ÂÛÐÀ- ãà, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,56 % âñåé òåððèòîðèè ÐÔ. ÇÈÂØÅÅÑß ÏÐÅÆÄÅ ÂÑÅÃÎ Â ÍÅÄÎÑÒÀÒ- Ýòî áûëî îáóñëîâëåíî, êîíå÷íî æå, íå òîëüêî ðàç- ÊÅ ÁÞÄÆÅÒÍÎÃÎ ÔÈÍÀÍÑÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß ÃÇ, ðàáîòêîé ìåòîäèêè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ÃÇ è íàêîï- ßÂÈËÎÑÜ ÏÅÐÂÎÑÒÅÏÅÍÍÛÌ ÎÒÐÈÖÀ- ëåííûì îïûòîì â ýòîì äåëå, íî è îáùåé äåìîêðà- ÒÅËÜÍÛÌ ÔÀÊÒÎÐÎÌ ÄËß ÍÀØÈÕ ÇÀÏÎ- òèçàöèåé, óïðîùåíèåì ïîðÿäêà ñîãëàñîâàíèè, ïðè- ÂÅÄÍÈÊÎÂ, ÈÑÊÎÍÍÎ ÎÐÈÅÍÒÈÐÎÂÀÍ- íÿòèÿ ðåøåíèé Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà, à òàêæå áûëûì ÍÛÕ ÍÀ ÂÍÅÐÛÍÎ×ÍÛÅ ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈß. ïîäúåìîì ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé êóëüòóðû îáùåñòâà. Çäåñü ìû íåâîëüíî âûíóæäåíû âñòóïèòü â ïî- 2. Âåñüìà ñóùåñòâåííîå ïîâûøåíèå óðîâíÿ çà- ëîñó äèñêóññèé è ðàçíîãëàñèé. Ñåé÷àñ óæå íå òî- êîíîäàòåëüíîé è ïðàâîâîé áàçû çàïîâåäíîãî äåëà, ëüêî îòäåëüíûå íàøè îïïîíåíòû, íî è ðÿä îôèöè- îñîáåííî â ÷àñòè îõðàíû è ñîáëþäåíèÿ ðåæèìà àëüíûõ äåÿòåëåé íàïðÿìóþ ãîâîðÿò îá àðõàèçìå ÃÇ. Çàìåòíûì ïðîðûâîì â ýòîé îáëàñòè ÿâèëñÿ è îòñòàëîñòè ïðåæíèõ êëàññè÷åñêèõ îòå÷åñòâåí- Ôåäåðàëüíûé Çàêîí Îá îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðè- íûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé â îáëàñòè çàïîâåäíîãî äåëà, î ðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ (íåñìîòðÿ íà âñå ïðèñóùèå ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåíèè çàïîâåäíèêîâ ñîöèóìó ýòîìó äîêóìåíòó íåäîñòàòêè), à òàêæå ðÿä ïîäçà- (Ñòåïàíèöêèé, 2000 è äð.), î íåîáõîäèìîñòè ïîë- êîííûõ è ïðî÷èõ ïðàâîâûõ àêòîâ (Ñòåïàíèöêèé, íîãî âíåäðåíèÿ ÃÇ â ñòðóêòóðó ñîâðåìåííîãî îá- 2001 è äð., ïðè÷åì ìîæíî ïîä÷åðêíóòü áîëüøîé ùåñòâà íà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ âðåìåíè îñíîâàíèÿõ ëè÷íûé âêëàä ýòîãî àâòîðà, êîòîðûé äî íåäàâíå- (ò. å. ñóãóáî ðûíî÷íûõ) è ò. ä. Îòñþäà èäóò ãî âðåìåíè áûë îôèöèàëüíûì ðóêîâîäèòåëåì ÃÇ òàêèå ÿâíî íåãàòèâíûå íà íàø âçãëÿä ïðîöåññû â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì âåäîìñòâå è ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðèçíàí- êàê ñìåíà çíà÷èìîñòè çàïîâåäíûõ ïðèîðèòåòîâ, íûì àâòîðèòåòîì â äàííîé ñôåðå). êîãäà íà ïåðâîå ìåñòî âûõîäèò íå íàó÷íàÿ, à ïðî- 3. Îïðåäåëåííîå ïîâûøåíèå óðîâíÿ íàó÷íûõ ñâåòèòåëüñêàÿ è îáùåñòâåííàÿ èõ äåÿòåëüíîñòü, ðàçðàáîòîê â ÃÇ, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì ñ îòêàç îò íàöèîíàëüíûõ ðîññèéñêèõ òðàäèöèé â îáùèì ðàçâèòèåì íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðåññà, ïîëüçó ïðèâíåñåííûõ çàïàäíûõ (ïðåæäå âñåãî ïðåæäå âñåãî êîìïüþòåðèçàöèåé, âíåäðåíèåì ñåâåðîàìåðèêàíñêèõ), ïðèâëå÷åíèå òàêèõ íåêîð- ýëåêòðîííûõ ñðåäñòâ ñâÿçè, ÷òî ïîçâîëèëî ïåðåéòè ðåêòíûõ äëÿ çàïîâåäíîãî äåëà òèïè÷íî ïîòðåáè- íà êà÷åñòâåííî èíîé óðîâåíü ïîëó÷åíèÿ è ñáîðà òåëüñêèõ ïðèåìîâ êàê êîììåð÷åñêèé òóðèçì, ñòûä- ðàçëè÷íîé íàó÷íîé èíôîðìàöèè (íàïðèìåð, ãåî- ëèâî ìàñêèðóþùèéñÿ ôèãîâîé ïðèñòàâêîé ýêî, èíôîðìàöèîííàÿ ñèñòåìà (ÃÈÑ) è äð.). Èñïîëü- ðåêëàìîé è ò. ï. Ïå÷àëüíåå âñåãî çäåñü òîò ôàêò, çîâàíèå ñîâðåìåííîé òåõíèêè (àâèàöèÿ, ñíåãîõî- ÷òî åùå â ñåðåäèíå 1990-õ ãã. íà âñå ýòî ñìîòðåëè äû) âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ îáëåã÷èëî âûïîëíåíèå êàê íà ïîëîñó âðåìåííûõ òðóäíîñòåé â öåëÿõ íå- ïîëåâûõ íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé. Ìíîãèå ÃÇ óïðî- îáõîäèìîñòè ÂÛÆÈÂÀÍÈß, îïðàâäûâàÿñü òåì, ÷èëè êîíòàêòû ñî ñòîðîííèìè íàó÷íûìè ó÷ðåæ- ÷òî ïðèõîäèòüñÿ ïîñòóïàòüñÿ, ìîë, êîå-ãäå è êîå- äåíèÿìè. ÷åì ëèøü ðàäè ñîõðàíåíèÿ ãëàâíîãî ñàìîé ïî 4. Íåñìîòðÿ íà îòñóòñòâèå ó ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ñåáå çàïîâåäíîñòè. Íî, êàê ýòî ÷àùå âñåãî áûâà- îðãàíîâ è âåäîìñòâ ïîñòîÿííûõ ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàí- åò, ïîñòåïåííî ñëîâíî ñàìî ñîáîé çàáûëîñü ïðî íûõ èçäàíèé ïî çàïîâåäíîìó äåëó (ìû íå ãîâîðèì ãëàâíîå, îñòàëàñü ëèøü òåêóùàÿ ñóåòà ñóåò, çà- çäåñü îá ïóáëèêàöèÿõ â ñèñòåìå ÐÀÍ, à òàêæå ãà- íèìàòüñÿ êîòîðîé îêàçàëîñü ãîðàçäî èíòåðåñíåå è çåòíûõ), ýòîò íåäîñòàòîê îò÷àñòè âîñïîëíÿåòñÿ ÷åò- âûãîäíåå, ÷åì ïðîñòî çàïîâåäíûì äåëîì. êî íàëàæåííîé òåêóùåé èíôîðìàöèåé â áþëëåòå- Íàïîìíèì, ÷òî êàæäàÿ ïàëêà î äâóõ êîíöàõ. íÿõ Çàïîâåäíèêè è íàöèîíàëüíûå ïàðêè, Îõðà- Áûëî áû íåâåðíûì, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ðóãàòü ðàçâèâøè-
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  • Lepidoptera) Species for the Lithuanian Fauna
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