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Tobacco's Hidden Children: Hazardous

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Tobacco's Hidden Children: Hazardous H U M A N R I G H T S TOBACCO’S HIDDEN CHILDREN Hazardous Child Labor in United States Tobacco Farming WATCH Tobacco’s Hidden Children Hazardous Child Labor in United States Tobacco Farming Copyright © 2014 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-1340 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org MAY 2014 978-1-62313-1340 Tobacco’s Hidden Children Hazardous Child Labor in United States Tobacco Farming Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 22 I. Tobacco Farming in the United States ............................................................................ 25 Tobacco Production ................................................................................................................ 25 Structure of the Tobacco Economy .......................................................................................... 25 Changes in US Policy and Impacts on Farms and Labor ........................................................... 26 Tobacco Types, Farming, and Curing ....................................................................................... 27 II. Child Tobacco Workers in the United States .................................................................. 30 Child Tobacco Workers ........................................................................................................... 30 Why Children Work ................................................................................................................. 32 III. Health and Safety ........................................................................................................ 35 Sickness while Working .......................................................................................................... 36 Skin Conditions, Respiratory Illness, and Eye and Mouth Irritation .......................................... 42 Exposure to Pesticides ............................................................................................................ 45 Extreme Heat .......................................................................................................................... 52 Work with Dangerous Tools, Machinery, and at Heights ........................................................... 53 Repetitive Motions and Lifting Heavy Loads ........................................................................... 60 Lack of Personal Protective Equipment .................................................................................... 63 Lack of Health Education and Safety Training .......................................................................... 67 Inadequate Access to Water, Sanitation, and Shade ............................................................... 69 IV. Hours, Wages, and Education ...................................................................................... 75 Excessive Working Hours and Lack of Sufficient Breaks ........................................................... 75 Wages ................................................................................................................................... 80 Education ............................................................................................................................... 85 V. International Legal Standards ...................................................................................... 88 ILO Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labor .................................................................. 88 Convention on the Rights of the Child ..................................................................................... 95 Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination ........................................................... 95 The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health .......................................................... 96 Corporate Responsibility ........................................................................................................ 97 VI. Obligations of the US Government to Protect Child Farmworkers ............................... 100 Protection for Child Farmworkers under US Law ..................................................................... 100 Enforcement of Existing Laws ................................................................................................ 105 VII. Responsibilities of Businesses Purchasing Tobacco in the United States ................. 108 Response to Human Rights Watch .......................................................................................... 111 Companies’ Child Labor Policies ........................................................................................... 112 Tobacco Leaf Merchant Companies ....................................................................................... 124 Industry-Wide Multilateral Initiatives .................................................................................... 126 VIII. Recommendations ................................................................................................... 129 To the US Congress ............................................................................................................... 129 To the President of the United States .................................................................................... 130 To the US Senate ...................................................................................................................131 To the US Department of Labor ..............................................................................................131 To the US Environmental Protection Agency .......................................................................... 132 To All Tobacco-Producing US States ...................................................................................... 132 To Tobacco Product Manufacturers and Tobacco Leaf Merchant Companies .......................... 133 To Agricultural Employers ..................................................................................................... 137 To the International Labour Organization Office .................................................................... 138 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... 139 SUMMARY TOBACCo’s HIDDEN CHILDREN 1 A 16-year-old worker in Kentucky holds an axe for cutting down tobacco plants during the harvest and a pointed “spike” used for impaling the plants on wooden sticks for curing. Children may cut themselves when using sharp tools that are part of tobacco harvesting. © 2013 Marcus Bleasdale/VII for Human Rights Watch SUMMARY The hardest of all the crops we’ve worked in is tobacco. You get tired. It takes the energy out of you. You get sick, but then you have to go right back to the tobacco the next day. —Dario A., 16-year-old tobacco worker in Kentucky, September 2013 I would barely eat anything because I wouldn’t get hungry. …Sometimes I felt like I needed to throw up. …I felt like I was going to faint. I would stop and just hold myself up with the tobacco plant.— Elena G., 13-year-old tobacco worker in North Carolina, May 2013 Children working on tobacco farms in the United States are exposed to nicotine, toxic pesticides, and other dangers. Child tobacco workers often labor 50 or 60 hours a week in extreme heat, use dangerous tools and machinery, lift heavy loads, and climb into the rafters of barns several stories tall, risking serious injuries and falls. The tobacco grown on US farms is purchased by the largest tobacco companies in the world. Ninety percent of tobacco grown in the US is cultivated in four states: North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. Between May and October 2013, Human Rights Watch interviewed 141 child tobacco workers, ages 7 to 17, who worked in these states in 2012 or 2013. Nearly three-quarters of the children interviewed by Human Rights Watch reported the sudden onset of serious symptoms—including nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, headaches, dizziness, skin rashes, difficulty breathing, and irritation to their eyes and mouths—while working in fields of tobacco plants and in barns with dried tobacco 2 TOBACCo’s HIDDEN CHILDREN TOBACCo’s HIDDEN CHILDREN 3 A 16-year-old worker harvests tobacco on a farm in Kentucky. © 2013 Marcus Bleasdale/VII for Human Rights Watch leaves and tobacco dust. Many of these symptoms are consistent with acute nicotine poisoning. Based on our findings set out in this report, Human Rights Watch believes that no child under age 18 should be permitted to perform
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