Infectious Diseases of Potential Risk for Travellers
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Arizona Arboviral Handbook for Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika Viruses
ARIZONA ARBOVIRAL HANDBOOK FOR CHIKUNGUNYA, DENGUE, AND ZIKA VIRUSES 7/31/2017 Arizona Department of Health Services | P a g e 1 Arizona Arboviral Handbook for Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika Viruses Arizona Arboviral Handbook for Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika Viruses OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 4 I: CHIKUNGUNYA ..................................................................................................... 5 Chikungunya Ecology and Transmission ....................................... 6 Chikungunya Clinical Disease and Case Management ............... 7 Chikungunya Laboratory Testing .................................................. 8 Chikungunya Case Definitions ...................................................... 9 Chikungunya Case Classification Algorithm ............................... 11 II: DENGUE .............................................................................................................. 12 Dengue Ecology and Transmission .............................................. 14 Dengue Clinical Disease and Case Management ...................... 14 Dengue Laboratory Testing ......................................................... 17 Dengue Case Definitions ............................................................ 19 Dengue Case Classification Algorithm ....................................... 23 III: ZIKA .................................................................................................................. -
REALM Research Briefing: Vaccines, Variants, and Venitlation
Briefing: Vaccines, Variants, and Ventilation A Briefing on Recent Scientific Literature Focused on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and Variants, Plus the Effects of Ventilation on Virus Spread Dates of Search: 01 January 2021 through 05 July 2021 Published: 22 July 2021 This document synthesizes various studies and data; however, the scientific understanding regarding COVID-19 is continuously evolving. This material is being provided for informational purposes only, and readers are encouraged to review federal, state, tribal, territorial, and local guidance. The authors, sponsors, and researchers are not liable for any damages resulting from use, misuse, or reliance upon this information, or any errors or omissions herein. INTRODUCTION Purpose of This Briefing • Access to the latest scientific research is critical as libraries, archives, and museums (LAMs) work to sustain modified operations during the continuing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. • As an emerging event, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continually presents new challenges and scientific questions. At present, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and variants in the US are two critical areas of focus. The effects of ventilation-based interventions on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 are also an interest area for LAMs. This briefing provides key information and results from the latest scientific literature to help inform LAMs making decisions related to these topics. How to Use This Briefing: This briefing is intended to provide timely information about SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, variants, and ventilation to LAMs and their stakeholders. Due to the evolving nature of scientific research on these topics, the information provided here is not intended to be comprehensive or final. -
Generic Amplification and Next Generation Sequencing Reveal
Dinçer et al. Parasites & Vectors (2017) 10:335 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2279-1 RESEARCH Open Access Generic amplification and next generation sequencing reveal Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus AP92-like strain and distinct tick phleboviruses in Anatolia, Turkey Ender Dinçer1†, Annika Brinkmann2†, Olcay Hekimoğlu3, Sabri Hacıoğlu4, Katalin Földes4, Zeynep Karapınar5, Pelin Fatoş Polat6, Bekir Oğuz5, Özlem Orunç Kılınç7, Peter Hagedorn2, Nurdan Özer3, Aykut Özkul4, Andreas Nitsche2 and Koray Ergünay2,8* Abstract Background: Ticks are involved with the transmission of several viruses with significant health impact. As incidences of tick-borne viral infections are rising, several novel and divergent tick- associated viruses have recently been documented to exist and circulate worldwide. This study was performed as a cross-sectional screening for all major tick-borne viruses in several regions in Turkey. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was employed for virus genome characterization. Ticks were collected at 43 locations in 14 provinces across the Aegean, Thrace, Mediterranean, Black Sea, central, southern and eastern regions of Anatolia during 2014–2016. Following morphological identification, ticks were pooled and analysed via generic nucleic acid amplification of the viruses belonging to the genera Flavivirus, Nairovirus and Phlebovirus of the families Flaviviridae and Bunyaviridae, followed by sequencing and NGS in selected specimens. Results: A total of 814 specimens, comprising 13 tick species, were collected and evaluated in 187 pools. Nairovirus and phlebovirus assays were positive in 6 (3.2%) and 48 (25.6%) pools. All nairovirus sequences were closely-related to the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) strain AP92 and formed a phylogenetically distinct cluster among related strains. -
Cholera Transmission: the Host, Pathogen and Bacteriophage Dynamic
REVIEWS Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic Eric J. Nelson*, Jason B. Harris‡§, J. Glenn Morris Jr||, Stephen B. Calderwood‡§ and Andrew Camilli* Abstract | Zimbabwe offers the most recent example of the tragedy that befalls a country and its people when cholera strikes. The 2008–2009 outbreak rapidly spread across every province and brought rates of mortality similar to those witnessed as a consequence of cholera infections a hundred years ago. In this Review we highlight the advances that will help to unravel how interactions between the host, the bacterial pathogen and the lytic bacteriophage might propel and quench cholera outbreaks in endemic settings and in emergent epidemic regions such as Zimbabwe. 15 O antigen Diarrhoeal diseases, including cholera, are the leading progenitor O1 El Tor strain . Although the O139 sero- The outermost, repeating cause of morbidity and the second most common cause group caused devastating outbreaks in the 1990s, the El oligosaccharide portion of LPS, of death among children under 5 years of age globally1,2. Tor strain remains the dominant strain globally11,16,17. which makes up the outer It is difficult to gauge the exact morbidity and mortality An extensive body of literature describes the patho- leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. of cholera because the surveillance systems in many physiology of cholera. In brief, pathogenic strains har- developing countries are rudimentary, and many coun- bour key virulence factors that include cholera toxin18 Cholera toxin tries are hesitant to report cholera cases to the WHO and toxin co-regulated pilus (TCP)19,20, a self-binding A protein toxin produced by because of the potential negative economic impact pilus that tethers bacterial cells together21, possibly V. -
2012 Case Definitions Infectious Disease
Arizona Department of Health Services Case Definitions for Reportable Communicable Morbidities 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Definition of Terms Used in Case Classification .......................................................................................................... 6 Definition of Bi-national Case ............................................................................................................................................. 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ............................................... 7 AMEBIASIS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8 ANTHRAX (β) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 ASEPTIC MENINGITIS (viral) ......................................................................................................................................... 11 BASIDIOBOLOMYCOSIS ................................................................................................................................................. 12 BOTULISM, FOODBORNE (β) ....................................................................................................................................... 13 BOTULISM, INFANT (β) ................................................................................................................................................... -
Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (Dhf)
DENGUE FEVER AND DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (DHF) What are DENGUE and DHF? Dengue and DHF are viral diseases transmitted by mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Cases of dengue and DHF are confirmed every year in travelers returning to the United States after visits to regions such as the South Pacific, Asia, the Caribbean, the Americas and Africa. How is dengue fever spread? Dengue virus is transmitted to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Dengue cannot be spread directly from person to person. What are the symptoms of dengue fever? The most common symptoms of dengue are high fever for 2–7 days, severe headache, backache, joint pains, nausea and vomiting, eye pain and rash. The rash is frequently not visible in dark-skinned people. Young children typically have a milder illness than older children and adults. Most patients report a non-specific flu-like illness. Many patients infected with dengue will not show any symptoms. DHF is a more severe form of dengue. Initial symptoms are the same as dengue but are followed by bleeding problems such as easy bruising, skin hemorrhages, bleeding from the nose or gums, and possible bleeding of the internal organs. DHF is very rare. How soon after exposure do symptoms appear? Symptoms of dengue can occur from 3-14 days, commonly 4-7 days, after the bite of an infected mosquito. What is the treatment for dengue fever? There is no specific treatment for dengue. Treatment usually involves treating symptoms such as managing fever, general aches and pains. Persons who have traveled to a tropical or sub-tropical region should consult their physician if they develop symptoms. -
2020 Taxonomic Update for Phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), Including the Large Orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales
Archives of Virology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04731-2 VIROLOGY DIVISION NEWS 2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales Jens H. Kuhn1 · Scott Adkins2 · Daniela Alioto3 · Sergey V. Alkhovsky4 · Gaya K. Amarasinghe5 · Simon J. Anthony6,7 · Tatjana Avšič‑Županc8 · María A. Ayllón9,10 · Justin Bahl11 · Anne Balkema‑Buschmann12 · Matthew J. Ballinger13 · Tomáš Bartonička14 · Christopher Basler15 · Sina Bavari16 · Martin Beer17 · Dennis A. Bente18 · Éric Bergeron19 · Brian H. Bird20 · Carol Blair21 · Kim R. Blasdell22 · Steven B. Bradfute23 · Rachel Breyta24 · Thomas Briese25 · Paul A. Brown26 · Ursula J. Buchholz27 · Michael J. Buchmeier28 · Alexander Bukreyev18,29 · Felicity Burt30 · Nihal Buzkan31 · Charles H. Calisher32 · Mengji Cao33,34 · Inmaculada Casas35 · John Chamberlain36 · Kartik Chandran37 · Rémi N. Charrel38 · Biao Chen39 · Michela Chiumenti40 · Il‑Ryong Choi41 · J. Christopher S. Clegg42 · Ian Crozier43 · John V. da Graça44 · Elena Dal Bó45 · Alberto M. R. Dávila46 · Juan Carlos de la Torre47 · Xavier de Lamballerie38 · Rik L. de Swart48 · Patrick L. Di Bello49 · Nicholas Di Paola50 · Francesco Di Serio40 · Ralf G. Dietzgen51 · Michele Digiaro52 · Valerian V. Dolja53 · Olga Dolnik54 · Michael A. Drebot55 · Jan Felix Drexler56 · Ralf Dürrwald57 · Lucie Dufkova58 · William G. Dundon59 · W. Paul Duprex60 · John M. Dye50 · Andrew J. Easton61 · Hideki Ebihara62 · Toufc Elbeaino63 · Koray Ergünay64 · Jorlan Fernandes195 · Anthony R. Fooks65 · Pierre B. H. Formenty66 · Leonie F. Forth17 · Ron A. M. Fouchier48 · Juliana Freitas‑Astúa67 · Selma Gago‑Zachert68,69 · George Fú Gāo70 · María Laura García71 · Adolfo García‑Sastre72 · Aura R. Garrison50 · Aiah Gbakima73 · Tracey Goldstein74 · Jean‑Paul J. Gonzalez75,76 · Anthony Grifths77 · Martin H. Groschup12 · Stephan Günther78 · Alexandro Guterres195 · Roy A. -
Norovirus Background
DOH 420-180 Norovirus Background Clinical Syndrome of Norovirus Symptoms Norovirus can cause acute gastroenteritis in persons of all ages. Symptoms include acute onset non- bloody diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal pain, sometimes accompanied by low-grade fever, body aches, and headache.2,3 Some individuals may only experience vomiting or diarrhea. Dehydration is a concerning secondary outcome.2 Symptoms typically resolve without treatment in 1-3 days in healthy individuals. Illness can last 4-6 days and may manifest more severely in young children elderly persons, and hospitalized patients.2,3 Diarrhea is more common in adults, while vomiting is more common among children.4 Up to 30% of norovirus infections are asymptomatic.2 Incubation The incubation period for norovirus is 12-48 hours.2 Transmission The only known reservoir for norovirus is humans. Transmission occurs by three routes: person-to- person, foodborne, or waterborne.2 Individuals can be infected by coming into contact with infected individuals (through the fecal-oral route or by ingestion of aerosolized vomitus or feces), contaminated foods or water, or contaminated surfaces or fomites.1,2 Viral shedding occurs for 4 weeks on average following infection, with peak viral shedding occurring 2-5 days after infection.2 Norovirus is extremely contagious, with an estimated infectious dose as low as 18 viral particles, indicating that even small amounts of feces can contain billions of infectious doses.2 The period of communicability includes the acute phase of illness up through 48 hours after conclusion of diarrhea. Treatment Treatment of norovirus gastroenteritis primarily includes oral rehydration through water, juice, or ice chips. -
A Predictive Modelling Framework for COVID-19 Transmission to Inform the Management of Mass Events
medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.13.21256857; this version posted May 16, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . A Predictive Modelling Framework for COVID-19 Transmission to Inform the Management of Mass Events Claire Donnat Freddy Bunbury Department of Statistics Department of Plant Biology University of Chicago, Chicago, USA Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, USA [email protected] [email protected] Jack Kreindler Filippos T. Filippidis School of Public Health School of Public Health Imperial College, London, UK Imperial College, London, UK [email protected] [email protected] Austen El-Osta Tõnu Esko Matthew Harris School of Public Health Institute of Genomics School of Public Health Imperial College, London, UK University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Imperial College, London, UK [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Modelling COVID-19 transmission at live events and public gatherings is essential to evaluate and control the probability of subsequent outbreaks. Model estimates can be used to inform event organizers about the possibility of super-spreading and the predicted efficacy of safety protocols, as well as to communicate to participants their personalised risk so that they may choose whether to attend. Yet, despite the fast-growing body of literature on COVID transmission dynamics, current risk models either neglect contextual information on vaccination rates or disease prevalence or do not attempt to quantitatively model transmission, thus limiting their potential to provide insightful estimates. -
The Impacts of Beach Pollution Polluted Beach Water Makes Swimmers Sick and Hurts Coastal Economies
TESTING THE WATERS 24TH EDITION The Impacts of Beach Pollution Polluted beach water makes swimmers sick and hurts coastal economies. Illnesses associated with polluted beach water include stomach flu, skin rashes, pinkeye, respiratory infections, meningitis, and hepatitis. In addition to the health effects of polluted beach water, there may be deep financial impacts as well. Economists have estimated that a typical swimming day is worth approximately $35 for each beach visitor, so the economic loss for each day on which a beach is closed or under advisory for water quality problems can be quite significant. HEALTH RISKS Sensitive populations such as children, the elderly, or those with a weakened immune system are particularly at risk Diseases Caused by Pathogens in Bathing Waters for long-term effects. For example, research has shown that Polluted waters may contain disease-causing organisms children under the age of nine have more reports of diarrhea called pathogens. The most common types of pathogens— and vomiting from exposure to waterborne pathogens bacteria, viruses, and protozoa—are those associated with than any other age group, with at least a twofold increase human and animal waste. For instance, giardiasis is caused occurring over the summer swimming months.2 There is by the protozoan Giardia lambia, North America’s leading usually a delay of several days to two weeks between contact 1 reported intestinal parasite. Swimmers in sewage-polluted with contaminated water and expression of symptoms, and water can contract any illness that is spread by fecal contact, most people who get sick from swimming are not aware of including stomach flu, respiratory infection, and ear and the link. -
And Waterborne Infections Or Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Finnish International T Travellers, 1995–2015
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 25 (2018) 35–41 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tmaid Destination specific risks of acquisition of notifiable food- and waterborne infections or sexually transmitted infections among Finnish international T travellers, 1995–2015 ∗ Viktor Zöldia,b, , Jussi Sanea, Anu Kantelec,d, Ruska Rimhanen-Finnea, Saara Salmenlinnaa, Outi Lyytikäinena a Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland b European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden c Infectious Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland d Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Background: Overnight international travels made by Finns more than doubled during 1995–2015. To estimate Travel risks and observe trends of travel-related notifiable sexually transmitted and food- and water-borne infections Communicable diseases (STIs and FWIs) among travellers, we analysed national reports of gonorrhoea, syphilis, hepatitis A, shigellosis, Sexually transmitted diseases campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis cases and related them to travel statistics. Foodborne diseases Method: Cases notified as travel-related to the Finnish infectious diseases register were used as numerators and Waterborne diseases overnight stays of Statistics Finland surveys as denominator. We calculated overall risks (per 100,000 travellers) and assessed trends (using regression model) in various geographic regions. Results: Of all travel-related cases during 1995–2015, 2304 were STIs and 70,929 FWIs. During 2012–2015, Asia-Oceania showed highest risk estimates for gonorrhoea (11.0; 95%CI, 9.5–13), syphilis (1.4; 0.93–2.1), salmonellosis (157; 151–164), and campylobacteriosis (135; 129–141), and Africa for hepatitis A (4.5; 2.5–7.9), and shigellosis (35; 28–43). -
Potential Arbovirus Emergence and Implications for the United Kingdom Ernest Andrew Gould,* Stephen Higgs,† Alan Buckley,* and Tamara Sergeevna Gritsun*
Potential Arbovirus Emergence and Implications for the United Kingdom Ernest Andrew Gould,* Stephen Higgs,† Alan Buckley,* and Tamara Sergeevna Gritsun* Arboviruses have evolved a number of strategies to Chikungunya virus and in the family Bunyaviridae, sand- survive environmental challenges. This review examines fly fever Naples virus (often referred to as Toscana virus), the factors that may determine arbovirus emergence, pro- sandfly fever Sicilian virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic vides examples of arboviruses that have emerged into new fever virus (CCHFV), Inkoo virus, and Tahyna virus, habitats, reviews the arbovirus situation in western Europe which is widespread throughout Europe. Rift Valley fever in detail, discusses potential arthropod vectors, and attempts to predict the risk for arbovirus emergence in the virus (RVFV) and Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV) United Kingdom. We conclude that climate change is prob- could be introduced to Europe from Africa through animal ably the most important requirement for the emergence of transportation. Finally, the family Reoviridae contains a arthropodborne diseases such as dengue fever, yellow variety of animal arbovirus pathogens, including blue- fever, Rift Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis, Crimean- tongue virus and African horse sickness virus, both known Congo hemorrhagic fever, bluetongue, and African horse to be circulating in Europe. This review considers whether sickness in the United Kingdom. While other arboviruses, any of these pathogenic arboviruses are likely to emerge such as West Nile virus, Sindbis virus, Tahyna virus, and and cause disease in the United Kingdom in the foresee- Louping ill virus, apparently circulate in the United able future. Kingdom, they do not appear to present an imminent threat to humans or animals.