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II/Troduction II/troduction ;\ long look at Mississippi can help us understand our own 'IJlIllllllnities and our neighboring communities, north and south, I'n :llIse Mississippi is not another country. Neither passports nor \'I'"IS arc needed to travel between it and other parts of the United "I.IIl'S. There's no need to exchange currency and no necessity to ·.Iillillil helpless arms to needles full of immunization serum to ob­ 1.1111 "re-entry." I;or the worse, not the better, Mississippi is America. W halever corruption, vice, evil, pettiness, tyranny, callousness 111.1 y exist in this nation flourishes best in the Magnolia State ... 111.1 ill its purest forms. These conditions lend themselves to study .111<1 :lllalysis and possibly a discovery of cures for problems national III Slope. Literally, Mississippi is an exaggerated New York, Illinois ,.1 (:a Ii fornia. The delegates to the 1964 Democratic National Convention from iI](' Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party discovered this in At­ 1.1111 ic City when they found themselves being treated in the .. Norl It" as they are mistreated at home. Howard Zinn, historian, I''''gllized this and described this phenomenon beautifully in his I ,', ("Ill hook, The Southern Mystique. I, 100, recognized it. I .1111 a Negro lawyer. ;\ III lOst a decade has passed since graduation from law school (1IIlw:m\ University/'S6), during which time the bulk of my I>I',J nsional life has been spent handling what are known as "civil ,-­ 12 INTRODUCTION I II/rot/action 13 rights" matters in most of the states of the Confederacy-usually I",ok that there be an awareness of the "strangers": the achieve­ as attorney for others, but on occasions as the arrested defendant, IIWllts of the Summer Project. It is a further concern that there be victim or an injunction, or plaintiff in an integration suit. ,iii :Iwarcness that the septic conditions of Mississippi arc not Recently home base was shifted to Washington, D.C., where I I,,, :dizeJ~that the state is a mirror. rest better at night. For prior to coming to Washington, III Iperati veness surrounds the two concerns, because the Summer base was in Norfolk, Virginia, as a member of the firm of Jordan, 1'1 "jeet of 1964 is continuing; in fact, it is spreading to at least Dawley and Holt. I !!rcc more states (Alabama, Arkansas and Georgia) during the Such well-ordered plans as my life may have are arranged by .. Hillmer of 1965. unexpected (collect) long-distance calls' arriving at those hours 111 ;l llarrow sense, some aspects of the Summer Project of the morning when sleep is best. During 'l'.lkc the voter registration program as an example. For the registra­ caused me to sojourn in Mississippi for short periods during the '11 of Negroes in state to meaningful, new voters should of April, May, June, July and September. II, ,IV from the clerk's office in the ~h counties of Mississippi like the in Mississippi in June, as the world became aware of the '"waters of a mighty river." Before the summer of 1964 the new vot­ Mississippi Freedom Summer Project of 1964, several of us expressed ('I, heing registered were but a weak trickle. In spite of Herculean concern about the obsession of newsmen with the hundreds of ,flons during the summer, that trickle remained a trickle. beatings, shootings and jailings and the more than a dozen mur­ in reality, nothing about the Summer Project could fail. ders-including those of the three civil rights workers in Philadel. It was impossible for things to have grown worse. phia, Mississippi. (By October, 1964, there were 15 murders, 4 As for specific achievements of the Summer Project, the four woundings, 37 churches bombed or burned to the ground and more 1111 1St impelling ones are these: the freedom schools, the white than J ,000 arrests.) ,nllll1Jllnity project, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Our concern was that the violence would be dwelt ,IIHI the focus. For the first time in a century, the state became a exclusion of the positive achievements of the Summer Project and I),Irt of the national consciousness. World attention was riveted OIl the message of Mississippi that needs to be heard everywhere- il. As a nation we looked at it and examined it. although it was those matters which prevented the horrors from in vain. III much the same fashion as a excrement Staughton Lynd (coordinator of the freedom schools during their If) discover hidden diseases within the first two months of existence and professor of history at Yale) So large and diverse was the Summer Project that it doesn't lend suggested that I act as a "wastepaper basket," i.e., historian. Iiself to discussion in pure chronological sequences. However, as With misgivings I accepted the ordination and began to collect Llr :IS possible, the organization of this book is chronological. It clippings and memos, to take pictures and to tape interviews W:IS the lynching of the three civil rights workers in Philadelphia persons engulfed in the task of not letting the work of the exploded the Summer Project into the world's awareness. summer end. Out of this collection and my own experiences of The background of those murders is discussed in the first chapter. pitching in every once in a while came this This is followed by chapters that discuss the preparation for the Violence and death are not strangers to Mississippi: they were Project nearly ended before it began, the intimate fibers of life there before the summer of 1964; they are Il:nl1lllg and arrival of the summer volunteers, and the role and imminent and unforeseeable parts of breath drawn in that 11:11 life of the federal government. state today. Tomorrow will be no different. It is the concern Subsequent chapters describe the freedom schools. the "White T4 INTRODUCTION Folks" Project, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, and the National Democratic Convention and the challenge. The purpose of the book as a whole is to anatomize the work of one summer, it became and how it shall go on PIII~T ONE I l~hiladelphia Lynching Marvel not at Mississippi For Hitler had a Mother- Distant victories are proximate defeats. 'Cause the bitch that spawned him Is in heat Again. -The Wisdom of Dawley TIlE DRIVE WAS LONG from Oxford, Ohio: sixteen hours. They had left yesterday in the afternoon-James Chaney, Louise Hermey, Michael Schwerner, Andy Goodman and other volunteers on the Mississippi Project. James Chaney glanced at the speedometer, which \howed that he was propelling the station wagon along at a safe so miles per hour, headed West on U.S. Highway II in Alabama. !\head was the green sign they had been looking for, with its white Ielters. Someone read it aloud as they passed by: "Welcome to Mississippi ... The Magnolia State" The station wagon drove into Mississippi with its cargo of young people-all younger than Mickey Schwerner's 24 years-who were destined to man the projects of the Mississippi Freedom Summer 0/ I<)64, centered around Meridian, Mississippi. Louise Hermey Illarveled at the lush green countryside, hardly touched by the rav­ .Igcs of civilization. Everything looked so peaceful and calm. She 18 THE SUMMER THAT DIDN'T END "lii/adelphia Lynching I9 IILlinlcnance of a phone log of calls, and how that log was to be He also pointed out the list of jails and police stations for all til<' counties around, including Meridian, with their phone numbers; .1 list of all the law enforcement officers; and the State l-lighway 1';11 rol and the Fm numbers. One phone, 482-6HJ3, was to be used I" imarily for outgoing calls. Another phone, 485-9286, was to be IIscd for incoming calls. An important thing to remember was that <very hour of the day, on the half hour, they had to check I ill' Jackson office to let them know that "all is well." Louise Hermey was in charge of Meridian communications, see­ lIiP; to the proper flow of messages into and out of the Meridian I'r()ject headquarters for an area that included Kemper, Clarke, Jasper, Lauderdale and Neshoba counties, all to which is localed on the eastern border of Mississippi, halE­ \\,;IY between the top and bottom of the state. While the others claimed their luggage and got ready for rides to homes where they would stay, Chaney motioned to M irkey to come into the little inner office, where there was a small the mimeograph machine and office supplies. There they I.rlked (luietlv about 11(' community center and freedom school were to have been "pc rated during the summer of had been burned down, and hrce of the oeoole who were supporters 11:1(1 been beaten. This was serious. Something had to be done. The In Ncshoba had to get reassurance that the program could go on and .. liould go on ... or things never would get any better and the kill­ never stop. The two men decided that they would go !" Neshoba as soon as they had a few hours' rest. Because Andy (;oodman had shown signs of being able to handle himself and I .. lead others effectively, he was put in charge of the freedom school '0 he operated in Neshoba if the Negroes there would still have one. III addition to acquainting Andy with the people with whom he would work, the trip would also provide the two veterans, Chaney ,I lid Schwerner, with an opportunity for another intense private ·.(ssiOI1 with Andy. (:h:lllev went to lhe outgoing-call and dialed a Meridian ,......- 11 • 20 THE SUMMER THAT DIDN'T END I'Mladelphia Lynching 21 41h-232 7, the weather bureau: "Temperatures in the high Around 9:30 A.M., Mickey Schwerner explained to Louise Hermey nineties, clear skies, no rain, sunset at 7:05 P.M." The trip could where they were going and what procedures she was to follow be made, Chaney informed the day: "There's an immutable rule : no one is to Orientation of the 750 summer volunteers had taken place at the remain in Neshoba after four P.M.
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