The four rightly guided caliphs pdf

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For Sunnis, the first four successors of Muhammad : Abu Bakr al-Siddiq , Umar ibn al-Khattab , Usman ibn Affan , and Ali ibn Abi Talib . All of them were prominent associates of Muhammad and belonged to the tribe of Kuraish. The period of their rule is considered a golden age, when the caliphs were consciously guided by the practice of Muhammad. During this period, there was the establishment of Arab Muslim rule over the heart of the Middle East and preparations for conquests and expansions carried out under subsequent dynasties. Umar is portrayed as the dominant personality among the caliphs, creating many of the fundamental institutions of the classical Islamic State. Usman is usually responsible for the canonization of the Koran, as it is known today. He is described as personally pious, but lacks the character needed to confront unscrupulous relatives. Usman's murder with vices opened the period of the Fitna (disorder, civil war), which led to the disintegration of the previously united community, the seizure of the caliphate by the Umayyad family and the end of the era of concentrated in Arabia. See also Abu Bakr al-Siddiq; Ali ibn Abi Talib; Umar ibn al-Khattab; Usman ibn Affan The first four caliphs after the death of Muhammad Part series onIslame Belief One Of God Prophets showed The Books of Angels Day Of Resurrection Predestination Practices Of the Profession Of Faith Prayer Of Mercy giving Post Pilgrimage texts and the science of the Koran Sunna (, Syrah) Akida (credo) Tafsir (exegesis) Fiqh (law) Sharia (law) History Timeline Of Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahab Caliphate Imamat Spreading Islam Continuity Muhammad Culture and Society Of Academics Animals Calendar Children's Demographic Circumcision Economy Education Exorcism Feminism Festivals Financial lgbt Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytey Science Slavery Social Welfare of Women Associated Topics Apostasy in Islam Apostasy in Islam Criticism of Islam Muhammad Koran Hadith Islam and Other Religions Islamism Islam and Violence Terrorism War Islamophobia Jihad Jihadi Jihadism Islam portalvte Part of the series onSunni Islam Beliefs Monotheism Prophets and Messengers Holy Books Succession Of Muhammad Angels Judgment Day Predestination Five Pillars Declaration Of Faith Prayer Charity Post Pilgrimage properly managed caliphs Abu Bakr Umar ibn al-Khattab Usman ibn Affan Ali ibn Abi Talib Others Hassan ibn Ali 'Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz Sunni School of Law Hanafi Maliki Shafii Hanbali Other zahiri Awzai Tauri Laythi Jariri Sunni School of Theology Ahl al-Hadith (Atharis) Ahl al-Rai (Asharis and Maturi From the point of view of Ihsan Ahl al-Vidyan wa al-Kashf (Sufi) Modern movements al-Ahbash Ahl-i Hadis Barelvi Deobandi Islamic modernist Salafist movement Wahhabism International spread of Salafism and Wahhabism The Holy Places of Jerusalem Mecca lists the literature of Kutub al-Sitta Islam portalvte Rashidun caliphs (properly ,al-Khulafāʾu al-Rashidon), often simply referred to, collectively, Rashidun, is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the 30-year rule of the first four caliphs (successors) after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, namely Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman ibn Affan اﻟﺨﻠﻔﺎء اﻟﺮاﺷﺪون :managed caliphs; and Ali of the Caliphate Rashidun, the first caliphate. Hassan ibn Ali's caliphate is sometimes also considered Rashidun, but since it was only a six-month period, he is categorically not mentioned. This is a reference to the Sunni imperative to hold firm to my example (Sunna) and for example the well- managed caliphs (Ibn Maya, Abu Dawood). History See also: The Succession of Muhammad Names of the First Four Caliphs Written on the Dome of the New Mosque in Eminin, Istanbul. Construction began during the time of Safia Sultan and completed by Turhan Sultan, mother of Sultan Mehmed IV. The first four caliphs who ruled after Muhammad's death are often referred to as the Khulafāʾ Rashid. Rashidun was either elected by the council (see the election of Usman and Islamic democracy) or elected on the basis of the wishes of his predecessor. In succession order, Rishidon were: 23 Abu Bakr (632-634 AD). Umar ibn al-Khattab, (Umar W, 634-644 AD) - Umar is often spelled in some Western scholarships. Usman ibn Affan (644-656 AD) - Usman is often spelled Othman (or Osman) in some nea Arab scholarship. Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661 AD) - However, during this period Muawiya ibn novelistized: 'Abdullah bin Abi Kuhafa), c. 573 AD unknown exact date 634/13 AD) was a senior companion , أﺑﻲ ﻗﺤﺎﻓﺔ and ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻠﻪ :Abi Sufyan (Muavia I) controlled the regions of the Levant and Egypt independently of Ali. Abu Bakr Main article: Abu Bakr Abu Bakr (Abdullah ibn Abi sahafa, (Arabic (Sahabi) and test of Muhammad. He ruled the caliphate of Rashidun from 632 to 634 AD, when he became the first Muslim caliph after the death of Muhammad. As caliph, Abu Bakr excelled in the political and administrative functions previously performed by Muhammad, as the religious function and True) and was known by this name among later generations of Muslims. It prevented the newly converted Muslims from dispersing, kept the community united and ,اَﻟـ ﺼـﺪﻳْـﻖ :power of the Prophet ended with the death of Muhammad in accordance with Islam. Abu Bakr was named Al-Siddiq (Arabic consolidated Islamic control over the region, holding back Ridda while extending Dar al-Islam to the Red Sea. Umar ibn al-Khattab Main article: Family tree of the family of Umar Umar Umar Abdullah ibn Umar (son) Hafs bint Umar Asim ibn Umar (son) Views the Sunni gaze of Umar Ten Na Rai Shia look (c. 586-590 - 644:5:685) c. On 2 November (Dhu al-Hijjah 26, 23 Hijri اﻟﺨﻄﺎب ﻋﻤﺮ :at Umar Related Articles of the Treaty of Hudaybiyah Rashidun Khalif Of the Succession of Mohammad Umar in the house of Fatima Military Conquests Of The Reform (Umar Pact) Category Islam portalvte Umar (Arabic was Muhammad's leading companion and advisor. His daughter, Hafsa bint Umar, was married to Muhammad; thus, he became Muhammad's father-in-law. He became the second Muslim caliph after Muhammad's death and ruled for 10 years. On 23 August 634, he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph and played a significant role in Islam. Under Umar, the Islamic Empire expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling the entire Persian Empire of Susani and more than two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire. His legislative abilities, his firm political and administrative control over the rapidly expanding empire and his brilliantly coordinated multilateral attacks on the Persian Sassoinids Empire, which led to the conquest of the Persian Empire in less than two years, marked his reputation as a great political and military leader. Among his conquests are Jerusalem, Damascus and Egypt. He was killed by a Persian captive named Firuz Nahavandi. Usman ibn Affan Main article: Usman ibn Affan Usman The Magnanimous - (Al Ghani) Related Articles Rashidun Caliph Family Tree Usman Elections Siege of Usman Samarkand Kufik Koran Military Campaign under Caliph Usman Category Islam July 656) was one of the first comrades and son in the law of Muhammad.Two daughters Muhammad and Khadija Rukai and Umm Kulthum were married to him one by one. Usman was born in the Umayyad clan in Mecca, a powerful family of the Kuraish ﻋﻔﺎن ﻋﺜﻤﺎن portalvte U The man (Arabic: 17 - 579 tribe. He became caliph at the age of 70. Under his leadership, the empire expanded to Fars (modern Iran) in 650 and parts of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651, and the conquest of Armenia began in the 640s. Usman is perhaps best known for forming a committee tasked with making copies of the Koran based on a text that was collected separately on parchment, bones and stones during Muhammad's lifetime, as well as on a copy of the Koran, which was collected by Abu Bakr and left to Mohammed's widow after the death of Abu Bakr. The members of the committee were also readers of the Koran and memorized the entire text during Muhammad's life. This work was carried out in connection with the extensive expansion of Islam under the rule of Usman, who encountered many different dialects and languages. This led to the option of reading the Koran for those converts who unfamiliar with the language. After clarifying possible errors in pronunciation or dialects, Usman sent copies of the sacred text to each of the Muslim cities and garrison cities and destroyed the variant texts. Ali ibn Abi Talib Main Articles: Ali as Caliph and the first fitna Part of the series on Ali Views of the Sunni view of Ali Shia on Ali Life Homeland First Fitna Murder Timeline of the Life of Ali Ali Alids Event Gadir Humm Legacy of Nahj al-Balaga al-Ghadir Kalam-e-Maula Sulfikar Imam Ali Mosque Gurar al-Khakham as Caliph Fourteen Infallible Imam (Twelve Imams) Ali in Koran Related Articles Rashidun Khalifa novelistized: Ali ibn Abi zlib) was a cousin of Muhammad. He was Muhammad's second companion after Khadija, converting to Islam. He was only 10 years old at the time of the appeal. At , ﻋﻠﻲ - أﺑﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ : Rashidun Khalifa) Succession Muhammad Category Islam portal Shiite Islam portalvte Ali (Arabic) the age of 21, he married Fatima, the youngest daughter of Mohammad Khadija bint Huwaylid, and became Muhammad's son-in-law. He had three sons (Hasan, Hussain and Muhsin) and two daughters (Umm Kulthum and sainab) with Fatima. He was a Koranic scribe who kept his written copy and and cared for Medina in their absence. After the death of Usman Medina, he was in political chaos for several ( َﻣـ ْﺠـﻠِـﺲ اﻟـ ﺸـﻮْ َرى :Caliphate) of Usman, Umar and Abu Bakr, he was part of the Majlis al-Shura (Arabic , ِﺧـ َﻼﻓَـﺔ :memorized his poems as soon as they were revealed. During the Hilafat (Arabic days. Four days later, when the rebels who killed Usman felt that it was necessary for the new Khalifa to be elected before they left Medina, many of the comrades approached Ali to take on the role of caliph, which he had refused to do initially. (quote is necessary) Then the rebels offered Hilafat Talha and zubair, who also refused. The Ansars also rejected their offer to choose a new Khalifa. Thus, the rebels threatened to take decisive action if a new Caliph was not chosen within 24 hours. To resolve this issue, all Muslim leaders gathered at the Prophet's Mosque. All of them agreed that the best -Oath of Allegiance, literally sale or commercial transaction) at Ali's hand, and then shared Bayʿah on the 25th Dhil ,ﺑَـﻴْـﻌَـﺔ :person who corresponds to all the qualities of the caliph was Ali. Ali was therefore persuaded to hold the post. Talha and zubair and several others then performed Bayʿah (Arabic Hijjah, 656 AD After his appointment as Caliph Ali dismissed several provincial governors, some of whom were relatives of Usman, and replaced them as confidants, such as Malik Al-Atar. Ali then moved his capital from Medina to Kufa, a Muslim city on what is now Iraq. The capital of the province of Syria, that is Damascus, was ruled by Muawiya, who was a relative of Usman, Ali's slain predecessor. His caliphate coincided with the First Fitna (civil war, when Muslims were divided over who had the legal right to occupy the caliphate). and which was terminated, in general, by Muavia's accession to the caliphate. Ali was killed and died on the 21st of Ramadan in Kufa, Iraq, in 661 AD, Whereriit Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam. Ali Hassan's son succeeded for a time as a caliph before abdicate the caliphate in favor of Muawiya I to end the civil war. Military Expansion Main Article: - Military Expansion Additional information: The Arab-Byzantine Wars Rashidun Caliphate greatly expanded Islam beyond Arabia, conquering all of Persia except Syria (637), Armenia (639), Egypt (639) and Cyprus (654). Social policy During his reign Abu Bakr founded Bayt al-Mal (state treasury). Umar expanded the treasury and created a government corps to manage public finances. After the conquest, in almost all cases, the Caliphs were burdened with the maintenance and construction of roads and bridges in exchange for the political loyalty of the conquered nation. Civil welfare activities in Muslims began in the form of the construction and purchase of wells. During the caliphate, Muslims repaired many aging wells on the lands they had conquered. In addition to wells, Muslims have built many tanks and canals. Many channels were purchased and new ones were built. Although some channels were excluded for use by monks (e.g. source bought by Talha) and those in need, most channels were open to the public. Some canals were built between the settlements, such as the Saad Canal, which provided water to Anbar, and the Abi Musa Canal to provide Water to Basra. During the famine, Umar ibn al-Khattab ordered the construction of a canal in Egypt connecting the Nile with the sea. The purpose of the canal was to facilitate the transport of grain to Arabia by sea route, which until now had been transported only by land. The channel was built during the year of Amr ibn al-A, and Abdus Salam Nadiv writes that Arabia was spared from hunger for all time ahead. After four floods affected by floods in Mecca following the death of Muhammad, Umar ordered the construction of two dams to protect the Kaaba. He also built a dam near Medina to protect his fountains from flooding. Settlements islamic coin, time of Rashidun. Imitation of the ruler of the Sussanid Empire Khosrau II. BYS (Bischapur) mint. Dated YE 25 and AH 36 (AD 656). A Sasan-style bust imitating the right of Khosrau II; bismillah in the field / Fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanked flame; date on the left, mint name on the right. District was very very very inhabited when it was conquered by Muslims. During Umar's rule, the Muslim army considered it a suitable place to build a base. Later the area was inhabited and a mosque was built. After the conquest of Madyan, it was inhabited by Muslims. However, the environment was soon deemed harsh, and Umar ordered the relocation of 40,000 settlers to Kufu. The new buildings were built of clay brick instead of reeds, a material that was popular in the region but caught fire easily. During the conquest of Egypt, the Fustat area was used as a base by the Muslim army. After the conquest of Alexandria, the Muslims returned and settled in the same area. Initially, the land was used mainly for pastures, but later buildings were built. Other areas already inhabited have been greatly expanded. In Mosul, Arfaja al-Bariki, under Umar's command, built a fort, several churches, a mosque and a town for the Jewish population. Muslim views of the First Four Caliphs are particularly important for today's intra-Islamic debate: for Sunni Muslims, they are a model of righteous governance; for Shia Muslims, the first three of the four were usurpers. The accepted traditions of both Sunni and Shia Muslims detail the differences and tensions between the four rightly guided by the caliphs. Sunni perspectives were called properly governed because Sunni Muslims saw them as exemplary Muslim leaders. This terminology has become common throughout the world, as Sunni Islam has been the dominant Islamic tradition, and for a long time it has been considered the most authoritative source of information about Islam in the Western world. They were all close associates of Muhammad and his relatives: the daughters of Abu Bakr and Umar Aisha and Hafsa bint Umar, respectively, were married to Muhammad, and Muhammad's three daughters, Rukaya bint Muhammad, Umm Kultum bint Muhammad were married to Usman and Fatima Ali. Similarly, their continuity was not hereditary, something that would become custom after them, starting with the subsequent . The Council's decision or the choice of the caliph determined a successor from the outset. Sunnis have long viewed the Rashidun period as an exemplary and system of governance based on Islamic righteousness and merit - they seek to emulate. The Sunnis also equate this system with the worldly success that was promised by Allah in the Koran and hadith to those Muslims who persecuted His pleasure; this impressive success added even more to the emulatory appeal of the Rashidun era. According to Shiite tradition, according to Shiite tradition, Ali was to become the first caliph, followed by other Shiite Moses). The chronology note that the succession of , ُﻣـﻮْ َﺳﻰ :Aaron) and Masa (Arabic ,ﻫَـﺎ ُروْن :Humm), his relationship with Muhammad is similar to that between Hearon (Arabic ُﺧـ ّﻢ :imams such as his sons Hassan and Hussein. Shia Muslims support this claim by such as Gadir Humm (Arabic The .(ﺷﺒﺎرو, ﻋﺼﺎم ﻣﺤﻤﺪ (the caliph does not necessarily occur on the first day of the new year. See also Hadith of the ten promised paradise Four Companions Notes and [email protected]. Taraweeh: 8 or 20?. Inter-islam.org archive from the original 2013-12-03. Received 2014-04-16. - b c 1995 first Islamic Arab State (1 - 41 AD/ 623 - 661 AD). 3. Arab Renaissance House - Beirut, Lebanon. page 370. a b Madelung, Wilferd (1997). Muhammad's Succession: Exploring the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64696-0.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) - Abu Bakr - Muslim caliph. Archive from the original for 2015-04-29. a b Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam, Infobase Publishing, 2009 Ibn qatar, al-Bidaya wa al-Nihnaya, Part 7. Ahmed, Nazir, Islam in world history: from the death of the Prophet Muhammad to World War I, The American Institute of Islamic History and Culture, 2001, p. 34. ISBN 0-7388-5963-X. Caliphate. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org archive from the original 2014-07-09. Received 2014-04-16. William Oxenveld; Fisher, Sidney Nettleton (2004). Middle East: History (sixth place). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-244233-6. Shia: 'Ali Archived 2008-03-29 on Wayback Machine : Lapidus (2002), page 47 Holt (1977a), p. 70-72 Tabatabai (1979), p.50-57 411 - b Nadvi (2000), pg. 408 - Nadvi (2000), pg. 403-4 - Nadvi (2000), pg. 405-6 - Nadvi (2000), pg. 407-8 - Netton, Ian Richard (2013-12-19). Encyclopedia of Islam. Routledge. ISBN 9781135179601. Fidai, Rafi Ahmad; Sheikh, N.M. (2002-01-01). COMPANION OF THE HOLY PROPHET. Adam Publishers and Distributors. ISBN 9788174352231. Bennison, Amira K. (2011-07-30). Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the Abbasid Empire. I.B. Tawi. ISBN 9780857720269. Nadvi (2000), pg. 416-7 - Nadvi (2000), pg. 418 - Jeffrey R. Halverson (April 27, 2010). Theology and creed in Sunni Islam: Muslim Brotherhood, Asharism and Political Sunniism. Palgrave Macmillan. page 69. ISBN 9780230106581. Didier Fassin (December 31, 2014). Satellite of Moral Anthropology (reprint - John Wylie and Sons. 235. ISBN 9781118959503. Kristoffel A. O. van Nyauwenhuiese (1997). Paradise Lost: Reflections on the struggle for authenticity in the Middle East. Brill. page 28. ISBN 9789004106727. External media references related to Rashidun's caliphs in the Commons Rashidun - Encyclopedia Britannica, extracted from the the biography of the four rightly guided caliphs. the development of islam under the leadership of the four rightly guided caliphs. the history of the four rightly guided caliphs. the four rightly guided caliphs in islam. the four rightly guided caliphs pdf. the four rightly guided caliphs are most closely associated with. the four rightly guided caliphs ppt. history of the four rightly guided caliphs pdf

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