DOCSLIB.ORG

Revista2vol89ingles2 Layout 1 4/2/14 10:03 AM Página 219

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Revista2vol89ingles2 Layout 1 4/2/14 10:03 AM Página 219 Revista2Vol89ingles2_Layout 1 4/2/14 10:03 AM Página 219 219 CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION s Cutaneous tuberculosis: epidemiologic, etiopathogenic and clinical aspects - Part I* Josemir Belo dos Santos1 Ana Roberta Figueiredo1 Cláudia Elise Ferraz1 Márcia Helena de Oliveira1 Perla Gomes da Silva1 Vanessa Lucília Silveira de Medeiros1 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142334 Abstract: Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is the result of a chronic infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis and occasionally by the Calmette-Guerin bacillus. The clinical manifestations are variable and depend on the interaction of several factors including the site of infection and the host’s immunity. This article revises the current knowledge about this disease’s physiopathology and immunology as well as detailing the possible clin- ical presentations. Keywords: Erythema induratum; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis; tuberculosis, cutaneous; Tuberculosis, lymphnode INTRODUCTION Cutaneous tuberculosis was a major public increase in the incidence amongst the natives (indige- health problem in the nineteenth and early twentieth nous population).4 centuries. With the improvement of hygiene habits in About 14% of the affected, corresponding to the general population, the improvement of living just over 10,000 patients, present extra-pulmonary standards, the use of the BCG vaccine, and the intro- forms. When it is assumed that 1-2% of those with duction of effective chemotherapy, there was a signif- extra-pulmonary forms have cutaneous involvement, icant decrease in the number of cases. From the mid- one can estimate about 100 to 200 new cases of cuta- twentieth century onwards, there was a resurgence of neous tuberculosis per year in Brazil.3 the disease with the main causes being the increased incidence of HIV-positive patients, the emergence of INFECTIOUS AGENT multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and the growing Cutaneous tuberculosis has as its main etiologic number of patients receiving immunosuppressive agent the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that belongs treatments.1,2 to the class Schizomycetes, order Actinomycetales, family Mycobacteriaceae and genus Mycobacterium. EPIDEMIOLOGY Occasionally it is also caused by M. bovis or BCG vac- Tuberculosis (TB) represents a major public cine (an attenuated strain of M. bovis).5 health problem in Latin America, since it affects all Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a straight or slight- countries in this macro region. It is estimated that in ly bent (rod-shaped), non-motile, non sporulated, 2011, the prevalence of TB in Bolivia was 209 per unencapsulated bacillus, measuring from 1 to 10μm 100.0003 representing the highest rate, while Uruguay long by 0.2 to 0.6μm wide; its most important feature had the lowest prevalence among South American is that it becomes stained in red by fuchsin and does countries with 22 per 100,000 inhabitants.3 Brazil is the not discolor under the actions of alcohol and acid 17th among 22 countries that concentrate 80% of the (acid-fast bacillus). Its cellular wall has a high lipid global burden of TB. In 2011, 71,000 new cases were content which grants resistance against the action of reported in Brazil, corresponding to an incidence rate chemical agents, though, it is susceptible to the action of 37.1 per 100,000 inhabitants.4 Areas considered of of physical agents (heat and ultraviolet radiation).5 low-incidence have rates lower than 25 per 100,000 This bacillus is a strict aerobic pathogen that inhabitants. Regarding gender, 66.5% of the cases in requires certain conditions to grow and multiply: oxy- Brazil occur in men and with respect to race there is an gen, nutrients and an adequate pH in the medium. It Received on 03.12.2012. Approved by the Advisory Board and accepted for publication on 10.04.2013. * Work performed at the Dermatology Clinic at Pernambuco Federal University Clinics Hospital (HC-UFPE) - Recife (PE), Brazil. Financial Support: None. Conflict of Interest: None. 1 Pernambuco Federal University (UFPE) – Recife (PE), Brazil. ©2014 by Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia An Bras Dermatol. 2014;89(2):219-28. Revista2Vol89ingles2_Layout 1 4/2/14 10:03 AM Página 220 220 Santos JB, Figueiredo AR, Ferraz CE, Oliveira MH, Silva PG, Medeiros VLS has approximately 4,000 genes with most of them addition to the aforementioned, Th17 cells pathway involved in the mechanisms of immune system eva- stimulated by interleukins IL-17 and IL-23, has recent- sion. For example, 200 of the genes are involved in ly been studied and considered as an essential part in lipid metabolism. So much emphasis occurs because the inducement, formation and maintenance of gran- lipids are the main energy source of Mtb and therefore ulomas in the long-term.7,8 are directly responsible for its ability to multiply in Cutaneous tuberculosis can be acquired from host tissue and form cellular walls. It can also be con- hematogenous or lymphatic dissemination of a pul- sidered a facultative intracellular parasite, since it is monary focus or by direct inoculation. However able to survive and multiply both outside and inside whenever there is a new accretion of bacilli, the entire phagocytic cells.6 immunologic cascade will start again and continue until the formation of granulomas.10 IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS The immune response in tuberculosis occurs FACTORS INVOLVED IN DISEASE PROGRES- basically via Th1 pathway, with little or no involve- SION ment of Th2 pathway. After the mycobacteria are The development of clinical manifestations in inhaled, alveolar macrophages are activated, the cutaneous tuberculosis should be understood as the infectious agents are internalized and the bactericidal outcome of interactions between the environment, the apparatus, such as the generation of intermediate agent and the host. nitrogen compounds, is triggered in an attempt to A - Infected person’s cellular immunity state: eliminate the bacilli at that point.7,8 only 5-10% of people infected with the bacilli will If the mycobacteria survive, a second stage develop tuberculosis. The likely explanation for this is begins, in which they divide within the macrophages. the host’s ability to contain infection. In 2008, The latter are no longer able to eliminate the infectious Gaikwad and Sinha performed a study aiming to agents alone, so they induce the production of demonstrate the individual variation in the immune cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, IL-1α and IL-1β, resulting response against Mtb, with volunteers living in an in the recruitment of monocytes, lymphocytes, neu- endemic region, immunized with BCG and presenting trophils and dendritic cells. CD4 +, CD8 + and NK-cell Mtb antibodies to confirm prior exposure. As the lymphocytes are stimulated by interleukins (IL-12 and blood of volunteers was exposed to Mtb, the intensity IL-18) produced by dendritic cells to release IFN-γ in of T-cell proliferation and levels of INF-γ and antibod- order to stimulate the production of RIN (Reactive ies were evaluated. Patients classified as strong Nitrogen Intermediates), ROI (Reactive Oxygen responders had high levels of antibodies against Mtb Intermediates) and TNF-α. The intensity of IFN-γ pro- cell membrane, high levels of INF-γ and IL-12 and duction is regarded today as an important marker of consequently low replication rates of opsonized bacil- effective immune response against Mtb (attenuated or li. The reverse was found in the other group, classified wild) and this is relevant for the development of new as weak responders.11 Another mechanism involved in diagnostic tests and vaccines for tuberculosis.7,8,9 natural immunity against Mtb, which possibly varies After the failure of the initial containment in intensity, is the apoptosis of infected macrophages mechanisms, the body begins a new attempt to control when the elimination of mycobacteria is no longer the growth of mycobacteria population through gran- possible. The greater capacity for apoptosis is associ- ulomas stimulated by TNF-α.10 Once again, the release ated with high levels of prostaglandin E2 and con- of IL-1, IL-6, RNI, and ROIs by the macrophages will versely low levels of lipoxin A4.12 be triggered. The chronic presence of these inter- Analogous to leprosy, in 1994 Sehgal et al.5 leukins stimulating macrophages will ultimately attributed a spectral character to cutaneous tuberculo- cause their differentiation into epithelioid and giant sis, based on bacteriological, histopathological and cells that will organized themselves, to greater or less- immunological parameters. Some case reports er extent, into granulomas according to individual describe the patterns of the predominant cytokines for host factors. Laboratory animals with TNF-α deficien- each clinical form, such as lupus vulgaris and tubercu- cy fail to form effective granulomas, confirming its impor- losis verrucosa cutis, however there are still no com- tance to the efficacy of cellular response.7,8 parative studies showing variance in the immune sta- Containment will lead to stabilization, infection tus in different forms of TB.9,10 latency or cure, whereas non-containment will cause B – Infection route: the route of infection, the tissue damage and dissemination. Over time, Mtb presence or absence of prior contact with the bacilli persistence inside the granuloma, associated with plus the individual’s natural immune response are all possible failures in the immune system, keep the decisive factors in the disease clinical presentation. chances of focal reactivation a constant concern. In According to the infection route, cutaneous tuberculo- An Bras Dermatol. 2014;89(2):219-28. Revista2Vol89ingles2_Layout 1 4/2/14 10:03 AM Página 221 Cutaneous tuberculosis: epidemiologic, etiopathogenic and clinical aspects - Part I 221 sis can be acquired by exogenous or endogenous mech- in establishing resistance to antibiotics (isoniazid and anisms. Exogenous infection results from direct inocu- ethambutol) and the direct virulence of bacilli (sur- lation of bacilli into the skin of susceptible individuals vival capacity), depending on the point at which (tuberculous chancre, tuberculosis verrucosa cutis).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (ERYTHEMA NODOSUM LEPROSUM) the Term
    ? THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF ACUTE PANNICULITIS NODOSA LEPROSA (ERYTHEMA NODOSUM LEPROSUM) w. J. PEPLER, M.B., Ch.B. Department of Pathology, South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg R. KOOIJ, M.D. Westfort Institution, Pretoria AND J. MARSHALL, M.D. University of Pretoria, Pretoria The term "erythema nodosum leprosum" has frequently appeared in the literature on leprosy since the 1930's, apparently popularized by the Japanese (9). The occurrence of "erythema nodosum" in leprosy had previously been noted at the end of the nineteenth century by Brocq (6) and by Hansen and Looft (8), but the term seems to have fallen into disuse. As will become clear from our clinical and histological descriptions of the phenomenon commonly known as erythema nodosum leprosum, we believe the title to be a misnomer. We suggest that it would be more accurate to call it panniculitis nodosa leprosa (P.N.L,). This condition is commonly confused with acute lepra reaction, both processes being referred to as "acute reactions"; but a sharp line of distinction must be drawn between them. P.N.L. occurs only in patients with lepromatous leprosy as an acute, subacute or chronic skin eruption, with or without fever. It is characterized by showers of dusky red nodules, 0.5 to 2 cm. in diameter, on the extensor surfaces of the limbs, on the face, and, less often, on the trunk. The number of lesions appearing in an attack varies from a few to several hundreds, and they sometimes coalesce to form plaques. The nodules may be painful, and they are usually tender to touch.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 Bacterial and Viral Infections
    GBB03 10/4/06 12:20 PM Page 19 Chapter 3 Bacterial and viral infections A mighty creature is the germ gain entry into the skin via minor abrasions, or fis- Though smaller than the pachyderm sures between the toes associated with tinea pedis, His customary dwelling place and leg ulcers provide a portal of entry in many Is deep within the human race cases. A frequent predisposing factor is oedema of His childish pride he often pleases the legs, and cellulitis is a common condition in By giving people strange diseases elderly people, who often suffer from leg oedema Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? of cardiac, venous or lymphatic origin. You probably contain a germ The affected area becomes red, hot and swollen (Ogden Nash, The Germ) (Fig. 3.1), and blister formation and areas of skin necrosis may occur. The patient is pyrexial and feels unwell. Rigors may occur and, in elderly Bacterial infections people, a toxic confusional state. In presumed streptococcal cellulitis, penicillin is Streptococcal infection the treatment of choice, initially given as ben- zylpenicillin intravenously. If the leg is affected, Cellulitis bed rest is an important aspect of treatment. Where Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of subcutaneous there is extensive tissue necrosis, surgical debride- tissues that, in immunologically normal individu- ment may be necessary. als, is usually caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. A particularly severe, deep form of cellulitis, in- ‘Erysipelas’ is a term applied to superficial volving fascia and muscles, is known as ‘necrotiz- streptococcal cellulitis that has a well-demarcated ing fasciitis’. This disorder achieved notoriety a few edge.
    [Show full text]
  • Case for Diagnosis* Caso Para Diagnóstico*
    RevABDV81N5.qxd 09.11.06 09:42 Page 490 490 Qual o seu diagnóstico? Caso para diagnóstico* Case for diagnosis* Rodrigo Pereira Duquia1 Hiram Larangeira de Almeida Jr2 Ernani Siegmann Duvelius3 Manfred Wolter4 HISTÓRIA DA DOENÇA Paciente do sexo feminino, de 76 anos, há lesões liquenóides dorsais, solicitação do teste de dois anos apresentou linfadenopatias na região Mantoux e exames laboratoriais, com a suspeita de cervical (Figura 1) e axilar esquerda. Após um ano scrofuloderma e líquen scrofulosorum. Nessa oca- iniciou fistulização e drenagem de material esbran- sião a paciente apresentava-se em mau estado geral quiçado das lesões, emagrecimento e aparecimen- com febre persistente, emagrecimento importante to de lesões anulares liquenóides com centro atró- e astenia. fico na região dorsal (Figura 2), levemente prurigi- O Mantoux foi fortemente reator, 24mm, velo- nosas. Há seis meses realizou biópsia da região cer- cidade de sedimentação globular de 96mm, a cultura vical, que foi inconclusiva. Posteriormente foi enca- da secreção cervical foi negativa, e PCR foi positiva minhada para avaliação dermatológica, sendo reali- para Mycobacterium tuberculosis. zada coleta de material da região cervical, enviado O exame histopatológico das lesões do dorso então para cultura e reação em cadeia pela polime- revelou espongiose focal na epiderme com alguns rase (PCR). Além disso, realizaram-se biópsia das queratinócitos necróticos, apresentando na derme FIGURA 1: Lesões eritematosas com crosta hemática recobrindo as FIGURA 2: Lesões liquenóides, anulares, com atrofia central na fístulas na região cervical esquerda região dorsal. No detalhe à direita, a atrofia central e os bordos papulosos e anulares ficam mais evidentes Recebido em 22.02.2006.
    [Show full text]
  • (Tdap) Vaccine- Related Erythema Nodosum: Case Report and Review of Vaccine-Associated Erythema Nodosum
    Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) (2013) 3:191–197 DOI 10.1007/s13555-013-0035-9 CASE REPORT Combined Reduced-Antigen Content Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccine- Related Erythema Nodosum: Case Report and Review of Vaccine-Associated Erythema Nodosum Philip R. Cohen To view enhanced content go to www.dermtherapy-open.com Received: September 23, 2013 / Published online: November 1, 2013 Ó The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com ABSTRACT literature search was performed on erythema nodosum, vaccine, and vaccination. Background: Vaccination programs reduce the Results: Tdap, the most commonly used booster morbidity and mortality of diphtheria, vaccine against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis, pertussis, and tetanus. Erythema nodosum is a is well tolerated in all age groups. Local injection- reactive erythema that can be associated with site reactions are the most common adverse events, infections, drugs, and many conditions. The whereas headache, fatigue, gastrointestinal new onset of erythema nodosum after receiving symptoms, and fever are the most frequent vaccination is uncommon. systemic events. Erythema nodosum has not Purpose: Combined reduced-antigen content previously been reported in patients who have tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis received Tdap vaccine. The patient developed (Tdap) vaccine-associated erythema nodosum erythema nodosum within 48 h after receiving is described and the reports of vaccine-related Tdap vaccine; her symptoms cleared and nearly all erythema nodosum are summarized. skin lesions resolved within 2 weeks after initiating Methods: The clinical features of a 39-year-old oral treatment with ibuprofen, fexofenadine, and woman who developed erythema nodosum prednisone. Vaccine-associated erythema after receiving Tdap vaccine are reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuberculous Gumma Or Metastatic Tuberculous Abscess As Initial Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in an Immunocompetent Patient: an Unusual Presentation
    Rev Esp Sanid Penit 2014; 16: 59-62 39 A Marco, R Solé, E Raguer, M Aranda. Tuberculous gumma or metastatic tuberculous abscess as initial diagnosis of tuberculosis in an immunocompetent patient: an unusual presentation Revisions of Clinical Cases: Tuberculous gumma or metastatic tuberculous abscess as initial diagnosis of tuberculosis in an immunocompetent patient: an unusual presentation A Marco, R Solé1, E Raguer1, M Aranda1 Servicios Sanitarios del Centro Penitenciario de Hombres de Barcelona (CPHB) y Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Consorci Sanitari de Terrasa (HCST)1. ABStract Background and Objectives: Tuberculous cold abscesses or gumma are an unusual form of tuberculosis. We report a case of gumma as initial diagnosis of disseminated tuberculosis. Method: This case was studied in 2012 in Barcelona (Spain). Source data was compiled from the electronic clinical records, hospital reports and additional diagnostic testing. Results: Immunocompetent inmate, born in Cape Verde, living in Spain since the age of four. Positive tuberculin skin test. Initial examination without interest, but a palpable mass in lower back. Fine needle aspiration of the abscess was positive (PCR and Lowenstein) for M. tuberculosis. Computed tomography showed lung cavitary nodes in apical part and lung upper right side. After respiratory isolation, antituberculous therapy and an excellent evolution, the patient was discharged from hospital with disseminated tuberculosis diagnosis. Discussion: It is advisable to monitor the injuries since, although rare, it may be secondary to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, mainly in inmuno-compromised populations and in immigrants coming from hyper-endemic tuberculosis areas. Keywords: Prisons; Tuberculosis, cutaneous; Spain; Diagnosis, Differential; Endemic Diseases; Abscess; HIV.
    [Show full text]
  • Cutaneous Tuberculosis: a Twenty-Year Prospective Study
    INT J TUBERC LUNG DIS 3(6):494–500 © 1999 IUATLD Cutaneous tuberculosis: a twenty-year prospective study B. Kumar, S. Muralidhar Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India SUMMARY SETTING: A tertiary care hospital in northern India. the spectrum of cutaneous tuberculosis (22.1%), but OBJECTIVE: To study the patterns of clinical presenta- was seen more often in the presence of gumma and tion of cutaneous tuberculosis, to correlate them with scrofuloderma. There were more unvaccinated individ- Mantoux reactivity and BCG vaccination status, and to uals in the group with disseminated disease (80.3%) suggest a clinical classification based on these factors. than in those with localised disease (65.5%). DESIGN: Analysis of the records of patients with cuta- CONCLUSIONS: Lupus vulgaris was the most common neous tuberculosis who attended the hospital between clinical presentation, followed by scrofuloderma, tuber- 1975 and 1995. culids, tuberculosis verrucosa cutis and tuberculous RESULTS: A total of 0.1% of dermatology patients had gumma. Some patients presented more than one clinical cutaneous tuberculosis. Lupus vulgaris was the com- form of the disease. Classification of cutaneous tuber- monest form, seen in 154 (55%) of these patients, fol- culosis needs to be modified to include smear-positive lowed by scrofuloderma in 75 (26.8%), tuberculosis ver- and smear-negative scrofuloderma apart from the inclu- rucosa cutis in 17 (6%), tuberculous gumma(s) in 15 sion of disseminated disease. The presence of regional (5.4%) and tuberculids in 19 (6.8%). No correlation lymphadenopathy serves as a clinical indicator of dis- was found between Mantoux reactivity and the extent of seminated disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Bazin's Disease (Erythema Induratum)
    Images in Rheumatology Clinical Images: Bazin’s Disease (Erythema Induratum) MANAL AL-MASHALEH, MD, JBM, Visiting Fellow, Rheumatology Department; DON PACKHAM, MBBS, FRACP, Staff Specialist, Infectious Disease Department, Westmead Hospital; NICHOLAS MANOLIOS, MBBS(Hons), MD, PhD, FRACP, FRCPA, Director of Rheumatology, Associate Professor, University of Sydney, Rheumatology Department, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Address reprint requests to Dr. Manolios. E-mail: [email protected] Our case highlights the similarity between erythema nodosum Bazin’s disease (EI) is an under-recognized chronic recur- (EN) and erythema induratum (EI) and illustrates the impor- rent condition characterized by painless, deep-seated, subcuta- tance of Mantoux testing in investigations of patients with neous induration, which gradually extends to the skin surface, vasculitis, particularly those from tuberculous-endemic areas; forming bluish-red nodules or plaques, which then often ulcer- as well, it points to the need for biopsy if apparent EN has ate1,2. The morphologic, molecular, and clinical data suggest atypical or prolonged course or is complicated by ulceration, that EI represents a hypersensitivity reaction to tubercle bacil- and the resolution of EI with anti-TB treatment alone. lus3. As described, it is not unusual to have negative cultures A 16-year-old Indonesian girl with a 2 year history of and fail to detect M. tuberculosis by PCR amplification2,4. Sjögren’s syndrome (SSA/SSB-positive) and hepatitis C and taking no medications presented with a 2 week history of painful REFERENCES erythematous nodules over the anterior aspect of her lower limbs 1. Bayer-Garner IB, Cox MD, Scott MA, Smoller BR.
    [Show full text]
  • A Rare Case of Tuberculosis Cutis Colliquative
    Jemds.com Case Report A Rare Case of Tuberculosis Cutis Colliquative 1 2 3 4 5 Shravya Rimmalapudi , Amruta D. Morey , Bhushan Madke , Adarsh Lata Singh , Sugat Jawade 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis is one of the oldest documented diseases known to mankind and has Corresponding Author: evolved along with humans for several million years. It is still a major burden globally Dr. Bhushan Madke, despite the advancement in control measures and reduction in new cases1 Professor and Head, Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease. It is caused by Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast bacillus with inhalation of airborne droplets Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, 2,3 being the route of spread. The organs most commonly affected include lungs, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical intestines, lymph nodes, skin, meninges, liver, oral cavity, kidneys and bones.1 About Sciences, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. 1.5 % of tuberculous manifestations are cutaneous and accounts for 0.1 – 0.9 % of E-mail: [email protected] total dermatological out patients in India.2 Scrofuloderma is a type of cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) which is a rare presentation in dermatological setting and is DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2021/67 difficult to diagnose. It was earlier known as tuberculosis cutis colliquative develops as an extension of infection into the skin from an underlying focus, usually the lymph How to Cite This Article: Rimmalapudi S, Morey AD, Madke B, et al. A nodes and sometimes bone.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cross Study of Cutaneous Tuberculosis: a Still Relevant Disease in Morocco (A Study of 146 Cases)
    ISSN: 2639-4553 Madridge Journal of Case Reports and Studies Research Article Open Access A Cross study of Cutaneous Tuberculosis: A still relevant Disease in Morocco (A Study of 146 Cases) Safae Zinoune, Hannane Baybay, Ibtissam Louizi Assenhaji, Mohammed Chaouche, Zakia Douhi, Sara Elloudi, and Fatima-Zahra Mernissi Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Hassan II, Fez, Morocco Article Info Abstract *Corresponding author: Background: Burden of tuberculosis still persists in Morocco despite major advances in Safae Zinoune its treatment strategies. Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is rare, and underdiagnosed, due Doctor Department of Dermatology to its clinical and histopathological polymorphism. The purpose of this multi-center Hassan II University Hospital retrospective study is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, histopathological and Fès, Morocco evolutionary aspects of CTB in Fez (Morocco). E-mail: [email protected] Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive multicenter study from May 2006 Received: March 12, 2019 to May 2016. The study was performed in the department of dermatology at the Accepted: March 18, 2019 University Hospital Hassan II and at diagnosis centers of tuberculosis and respiratory Published: March 22, 2019 diseases of Fez (Morocco). The patients with CTB confirmed by histological and/or biological examination were included in the study. Citation: Zinoune S, Baybay H, Assenhaji LI, et al. A Cross study of Cutaneous Tuberculosis: Results: 146 cases of CTB were identified. Men accounted for 39.8% of the cases (58 A still relevant Disease in Morocco (A Study of 146 Cases). Madridge J Case Rep Stud. 2019; patients) and women 60.2% (88 cases), sex-ratio was 0.65 (M/W).
    [Show full text]
  • CSI Dermatology
    Meagen M. McCusker, MD [email protected] Integrated Dermatology, Enfield, CT AbbVie - Speaker Case-based scenarios, using look-alike photos, comparing the dermatologic manifestations of systemic disease to dermatologic disease. Select the clinical photo that best matches the clinical vignette. Review the skin findings that help differentiate the two cases. Review etiology/pathogenesis when understood and discuss treatments. Case 1: Scaly Serpiginous Eruption This patient was evaluated for a progressively worsening pruritic rash associated with dyspnea on exertion and 5-kg weight loss. Despite its dramatic appearance, the patient reported no itch. KOH examination is negative (But, who’s good at those anyway?) A. B. Case 1: Scaly Serpiginous Eruption This patient was evaluated for a progressively worsening pruritic rash associated with dyspnea on exertion and 5-kg weight loss. Despite its dramatic appearance, the patient reported no itch. KOH examination is negative (But, who’s good at those anyway?) A. Correct. B. Tinea Corporis Erythema Gyratum Repens Erythema Gyratum Repens Tinea corporis Rare paraneoplastic T. rubrum > T. mentagrophytes phenomenon typically > M. canis associated with lung Risk factors cancer>esophageal and breast Close contact, previous cancers. infection, Less commonly associated with occupational/recreational connective tissue disorders such exposure, contaminated as Lupus or Rheumatoid furniture or clothing, Arthritis gymnasium, locker rooms “Figurate erythema” migrates up 1-3 week incubation → to 1 cm a day centrifugal spread from point of Resolves with treatment of the invasion with central clearing malignancy This patient was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Case 2: Purpuric Eruption on the Legs & Buttocks A 12-year old boy presents with a recent history of upper respiratory tract infection, fever and malaise.
    [Show full text]
  • Delayed Granulomatous Lesion at the Bacillus Calmette-Gue´Rin Vaccination Site
    302 Letters to the Editor baseline warts (imiquimod 11% vs. vehicle 6%; p = 0.488), 2. Buetner KR, Spruance SL, Hougham AJ, Fox TL, Owens ML, more imiquimod-treated patients experienced a 50% reduc- Douglas JM Jr. Treatment of genital warts with an immune- tion in baseline wart area (38% vs. 14%; p = 0.013). Use of response modi er (imiquimod). J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 32: imiquimod was not associated with any changes in laboratory 230–239. values, including CD4 count. It was not associated with any 3. Beutner KR, Tyring SK, Trofatter KF, Douglas JM, Spruance S, adverse drug-related events, and no exacerbation of HIV/AIDS Owens ML, et al. Imiquimod, a patient-applied immune-response was attributed to the use of imiquimod. However, it appeared modi er for treatment of external genital warts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 789–794. that topical imiquimod was still less eVective at achieving total 4. Tyring SK, Arany I, Stanley MA, Tomai MA, Miller RL, clearance than in the studies with HIV-negative patients, which Smith MH, et al. A randomized, controlled, molecular study of is most likely a re ection of the impaired cell-mediated condylomata acuminata clearance during treatment with imiqui- immunity seen in the HIV-positive population (8). mod. J Infect Dis 1998; 178: 551–555. There has also been a report of improved success when topical 5. Arany I, Tyring SK, Stanley MA, Tomai MA, Miller RL, imiquimod was combined with more traditional destructive Smith MH, et al. Enhancement of the innate and cellular immune therapy for HPV infection in HIV-positive patients, particularly response in patients with genital warts treated with topical imiqui- in the setting of the use of highly-active antiretroviral therapy mod cream 5%.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis Presenting As an Annular Hyperkeratotic Plaque
    CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis Presenting as an Annular Hyperkeratotic Plaque Shahbaz A. Janjua, MD; Amor Khachemoune, MD, CWS; Sabrina Guillen, MD GOAL To understand cutaneous tuberculosis to better manage patients with the condition OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this activity, dermatologists and general practitioners should be able to: 1. Recognize the morphologic features of cutaneous tuberculosis. 2. Describe the histopathologic characteristics of cutaneous tuberculosis. 3. Explain the treatment options for cutaneous tuberculosis. CME Test on page 320. This article has been peer reviewed and approved Einstein College of Medicine is accredited by by Michael Fisher, MD, Professor of Medicine, the ACCME to provide continuing medical edu- Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Review date: cation for physicians. October 2006. Albert Einstein College of Medicine designates This activity has been planned and imple- this educational activity for a maximum of 1 AMA mented in accordance with the Essential Areas PRA Category 1 CreditTM. Physicians should only and Policies of the Accreditation Council for claim credit commensurate with the extent of their Continuing Medical Education through the participation in the activity. joint sponsorship of Albert Einstein College of This activity has been planned and produced in Medicine and Quadrant HealthCom, Inc. Albert accordance with ACCME Essentials. Drs. Janjua, Khachemoune, and Guillen report no conflict of interest. The authors discuss off-label use of ethambutol, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampicin. Dr. Fisher reports no conflict of interest. Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (TVC) is a form evolving cell-mediated immunity. TVC usually of cutaneous tuberculosis that results from acci- begins as a solitary papulonodule following a dental inoculation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis trivial injury or trauma on one of the extremi- in a previously infected or sensitized individ- ties that soon acquires a scaly and verrucous ual with a moderate to high degree of slowly surface.
    [Show full text]